内分泌学ユニットと彼らの助けのための手術室チームに感謝し、これらの患者の管理のサポートしたいと思います。この作業も利害の対立のための任意の資金源はありません。

ここで示すプロトコル ローザンヌ大学病院の人間研究倫理委員会のガイドラインに従います。
注: ここで説明した手順は、下垂体腺腫に対して古典的なアプローチに焦点を当てた。
1. 術前のプロトコル
<ol><li>体系的に内分泌学的および眼科の評価と術前顎顔面の CT スキャンや MRI を実行します。</li>
</ol>2. 位置決めと麻酔
<ol><li>全身麻酔を誘導し、気管挿管を実行します。</li>
	<li>一般的な麻酔・気管挿管後、仰臥位で患者を置きます。</li>
	<li>ヘッド ホルダーの頭の位置、頭の周り磁気神経ナビゲーションのためのバンドを固定します。</li>
	<li>20 ° 静脈の排水を改善し、対側頭部傾斜を実行中頭、神経外科医に向けて約 30 ° を少し回転するテーブルの頭を上げます。 注: 延長の程度や患者さんの頭の屈曲は依存対象手術: 少し (15-20 °)17セッラ トルコ アプローチは、前頭蓋底手術の中立を曲げて、下斜病変に対する 45 ° までの屈曲します。</li>
	<li>アルコール フリーの chlorexidine ソリューションで顔を殺菌します。キシロカインを希釈を含浸させた綿パッドと上がり前にきれいに消毒液鼻窩アドレナリン (1:1, 000, 000) の 1%。 注意: 局所麻酔と血管収縮に加え内視鏡的アプローチを有効に甲の中間の側面撤回を提供もこのウィッキングします。調節可能な保持アーム (特に中トルコ鞍相) 手術の特定のフェーズで使用される手術台に固定できます。ただし、いくつかの外科内視鏡外科分野のよりダイナミックなビューを修正することを好みます。これらのケースで彼らはどちらか両手で作業できるようにアシスタントに内視鏡を残すまたは彼らは彼ら自身の内視鏡を保持します。</li>
	<li>きれいに右腹部の象限と脂肪移植の術中の脳脊髄液 (CSF) 瘻の場合収穫の可能なサイトを表すので右ペリ臍地域の小さなウィンドウを残しながら腹部をおいましょう。 注: 麻酔科医に深い morphinic の鎮痛のための特別な注意を取る、プロシージャ、鼻粘膜の豊富な神経支配による出血を抑えるための鼻のフェーズでの平均血圧を制御します。</li>
</ol>3. 手術
注: 主に使用される鼻窩の側の選択は鼻によって決まりますが解剖学(隔偏差、メガ鼻甲介、ポリープ、以前の手術等)、水平 (横方向の拡張に対側アプローチ) 腫瘍の拡張機能、と腫瘍 (大きな腫瘍の binostril アプローチ) のサイズ。下垂体腺腫の大半は、一方的なアプローチで腫瘍とその拡張機能の良い露出を得るために十分です。
<ol><li>
鼻相
	<ol>
<li>内側下を識別し、甲を横方向に中央右の鼻および鼻の隔壁に、0 ° 短い硬性内視鏡 (長さ 18 cm 直径 4 mm) をご紹介します。隔偏差、異常や術前画像で検出された特定の腫瘍拡張の甲介の場合に、左の鼻孔アプローチを好みます。</li>
		<li>鼻腔内に入る他の機器に十分なスペースを提供するために鼻孔の優劣の面でいずれかの内視鏡の管を配置します。</li>
		<li>同側の蝶形骨口への幅広いアクセスを達成するために鈍いヘラで中央と優れた甲撤回横方向に優しく。取り消し操作中に骨折を避けるためにヘラで彼らの全体の長さを介して優れたおよび中間甲をサポートする注意してください。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
蝶相
	<ol>
<li>Nasoseptal 動脈からの出血を避けるためにモノポーラ蝶形骨 osteum と、choana の間で約 10-15 mm の垂直直線的に鼻粘膜を凝固 (の上縁で実行されている蝶口蓋動脈の枝、choana)。</li>
		<li>開いている、鼻中に対応する、骨の接触まで垂直方向に無愛想なヘラを使って凝固鼻粘膜が感じられます。</li>
		<li>鼻軟骨中隔との接合部まで前方鼻中をに従って、粘膜面のままに世話をしながら反対側の蝶形骨口を公開する左側にそれをプッシュします。</li>
		<li>公開し、蝶形骨吻骨鉗子と 1 つの口が切除を拡張する rongeur を削除します。蝶形骨洞のこの開口部には、exocranial 頭蓋骨底面の露出ことができます。</li>
		<li>トルコ鞍の開口部に干渉する場合、蝶形骨の粘膜を注意深く取り外します。</li>
		<li>トルコ鞍の広い露出を提供する rongeurs と蝶形骨鼻中隔 (多くの場合複数の隔壁が存在) を削除します。</li>
		<li>術前の磁気共鳴画像 (MRI) および/または CT スキャン数とこれら septations; の方向を慎重に分析します。これは、関連する解剖学を認識することが重要です。これら septations のいくつかは頸動脈のプロミネンスに直接挿入ことがあります、したがって、(図 1図 2図 3図 4) 手術のこの段階では重要なランドマークとして識別される必要があります。 注: CT スキャンは 64 検出器行ベースのシステムを使用して実行されました。三次元再構成は、薄いスライス データの一連を使用して処理されました。MRI プロトコルは、3 テスラの撮像素子で実行されました。プロトコルに矢状 T1 強調グラディエント エコー シーケンス (MPRAGE) 造影とが含まれている、160 連続したスライス、1 mm 等方性ボクセル繰り返し時間 (TR) 2,300 ms エコー時間 (TE) 2.98 ms、視野のセグメンテーションのための基礎として 256 mm3 D の T2 のシーケンス。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
トルコ鞍の相
	<ol>
<li>前方で正中線で斜凹部に優れたトルコ鞍を識別します。 注: 大規模なおよび/または侵襲的下垂体腫瘍、トルコ鞍底あります非常に薄いまたは完全に侵食されました。トルコ鞍の底は鞍結節部に対応するうつ病を前方と横方向に頸動脈プロミネンスによって制限 (C3 C5 セグメント)、optico 頸動脈凹部。</li>
		<li>頸動脈のプロミネンスの同定は横方向に, 5 mm 大きな骨カッターを調整したり、手術の終わりに位置を変更可能性があります骨フラップのヒンジでトルコ鞍底を開いた後。この時点で、拡大トルコ鞍骨切り横方向または前方骨 rongeurs と対象手術によると。 注: いくつかの外科医は、ダイヤモンド ドリルでトルコ鞍の底を開いて、小さな骨 rongeur と第二を開いて骨を拡大するを好むことがあります。この手順は、高速化できるし、拡張アプローチで一般的に使用されます。プロシージャの最後に骨を移動ことはできませんし、頚動脈への傷害を避けるために正中線でドリルには注意が必要があります。ニューロナビゲーションを使用して、手順をご案内します。</li>
		<li>細石刃を macroadenoma の正中線、または横偏側 microadenomas のケースとトルコ鞍の硬膜を開きます。に応じて、この硬膜開く横方向に拡張し、頚動脈への損傷を避けるために世話をします。</li>
		<li>硬膜の小さな前方開口部を実行することによって前方の凹部のクモ膜の侵害のリスクを抑え、トルコ鞍のコンテンツへのアクセス権を提供するために吸引の先端で硬膜を押し上げます。</li>
		<li>環状斜め用キュレット、鉗子、吸引のヒントと腫瘍組織を削除します。</li>
		<li>セラー内生理食塩水洗浄-アウト後、30 ° 角度の内視鏡を使用して検査によるトルコ鞍内スペースし特に海綿静脈洞への任意の残骸を確認。</li>
		<li>閉鎖手順の前に CSF の漏出を検出するため切除のプロシージャの終わりにバルサルバ法を求めます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
閉鎖
	<ol>
<li>セッラ ・術後 MRI のより正確な解釈を有効にするのに、絶対に必要な場合で、止血材料を配置しないでください。</li>
		<li>患者の生理食塩水灌漑で下垂体セッラとコットンとわずかな圧力内にある止血を入手します。</li>
		<li>生体吸収性人工硬膜の代替 extradurally して (例えばbioglue) 接着剤の薄い層で補強のパッチで痛覚を再構築します。</li>
		<li>骨弁を交換し、手術用の接着剤で固定します。 注: トルコ鞍底がドリルの場合、縫合の演壇や鼻中隔の後部から軟骨の部分が閉じるために使用骨欠損。合成物質 (例えば、Porex プレート) の使用の他のオプションも記載されています。</li>
		<li>任意の慢性的な炎症反応を避けるために蝶形骨洞の人工材料を放置しないでください。</li>
		<li>鼻粘膜、特に術後の鼻出血を防ぐために、両側に翼口蓋動脈の nasoseptal 枝部の止血に注意を払います。</li>
		<li>優しく鈍ヘラで本来の位置に優れたおよび中間甲を置き換えます。</li>
		<li>CSF の漏出はプロシージャの間に観察されている場合、は、小さな脂肪移植を併用したセッラをパックします。鼻のパッキングを使用しない限り、厳密には必要。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 術後管理
<ol><li>周術期における適切なホルモン置換を提供します。最初の 24 時間 (1 日あたり 100 mg) 中に静脈ヒドロコルチゾンを使用し、経口の置換 (入院中は一日少なくとも 30 mg ですがケースにケースから変数) を入力します。</li>
	<li>血液、尿浸透圧、電解質、尿中密度と共に 1 日 2 回を確認します。尿の量を常に監視します。術後 4 日目で前方の下垂体機能を評価するホルモン チェックを実行します。</li>
	<li>アモキシシリン/クラブラン酸で保つ 1.2 g 1 日 2 回 5 日目まで術後。アセトアミノフェンと NSAID を組み合わせながら標準の鎮痛治療し難治性疼痛に対するトラマドールを提供します。</li>
	<li>術後 crostous 鼻炎のリスクを制限する食塩水を鼻窩を常にきれいに。</li>
	<li>術後最初の週の間に手術部位の正しい治癒バルサルバ演習を避けることの重要性を患者に説明します。</li>
	<li>切除術中の側面が下垂体腺腫、異型の場合、小計を疑いがある場合にのみ、または合併症が疑われる場合、術後早期に mri 検査を実行します。標準手続き後 3 ヶ月で術後脳 MRI を実行します。</li>
	<li>術後 3 ヵ月の最初の評価を実行し内分泌のユニットとのコラボレーションでフォロー アップを編成および病理学および切除範囲に従ってそれらをスケジュールします。</li>
</ol>

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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Congress+of+Neurological+Surgeons+Systematic+Review+and+Evidence-Based+Guideline+on+Primary+Management+of+Patients+With+Nonfunctioning+Pituitary+Adenomas.">Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guideline on Primary Management of Patients With Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas.</a> Neurosurgery. 79 (4), E533-E535 (2016).</li><li>Teixeira, M., Souteiro, P., Carvalho, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolactinoma+management:+predictors+of+remission+and+recurrence+after+dopamine+agonists+withdrawal.">Prolactinoma management: predictors of remission and recurrence after dopamine agonists withdrawal.</a> Pituitary. , (2017).</li><li>Cappabianca, P., de Divitiis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopy+and+transsphenoidal+surgery.">Endoscopy and transsphenoidal surgery.</a> Neurosurgery. 54 (5), 1043-1048 (2004).</li><li>Jho, H. D., Carrau, R. L., Ko, Y., Daly, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+pituitary+surgery:+an+early+experience.">Endoscopic pituitary surgery: an early experience.</a> Surg Neurol. 47 (3), 213-222 (1997).</li><li>Borg, A., Kirkman, M. A., Choi, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endoscopic+Endonasal+Anterior+Skull+Base+Surgery:+A+Systematic+Review+of+Complications+During+the+Past+65+Years.">Endoscopic Endonasal Anterior Skull Base Surgery: A Systematic Review of Complications During the Past 65 Years.</a> World Neurosurg. 95, 383-391 (2016).</li><li>Buchfelder, M., Schlaffer, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Techniques+in+the+Surgical+Treatment+of+Acromegaly:+Applications+and+Efficacy.">Novel Techniques in the Surgical Treatment of Acromegaly: Applications and Efficacy.</a> Neuroendocrinology. 103 (1), 32-41 (2016).</li><li>Shirakawa, M., Yoshimura, S., Yamada, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+Endoscopic+Endonasal+Transsphenoidal+Surgery+Using+a+Neuronavigation:+Clinical+Results+of+178+Pituitary+Adenomas.">Effectiveness of Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery Using a Neuronavigation: Clinical Results of 178 Pituitary Adenomas.</a> Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience. 7 (1:71), (2016).</li><li>Dehdashti, A. R., Ganna, A., Karabatsou, K., Gentili, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pure+endoscopic+endonasal+approach+for+pituitary+adenomas:+early+surgical+results+in+200+patients+and+comparison+with+previous+microsurgical+series.">Pure endoscopic endonasal approach for pituitary adenomas: early surgical results in 200 patients and comparison with previous microsurgical series.</a> Neurosurgery. 62 (5), 1006-1015 (2008).</li><li>Starnoni, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+treatment+of+acromegaly+according+to+the+2010+remission+criteria:+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">Surgical treatment of acromegaly according to the 2010 remission criteria: systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> Acta Neurochir (Wien). 158 (11), 2109-2121 (2016).</li><li>Alahmadi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+technique+on+cushing+disease+outcome+using+strict+remission+criteria.">Impact of technique on cushing disease outcome using strict remission criteria.</a> Can J Neurol Sci. 40 (3), 334-341 (2013).</li><li>Donegan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surgical+Outcomes+of+Prolactinomas+in+Recent+Era:+Results+of+a+Heterogenous+Group.">Surgical Outcomes of Prolactinomas in Recent Era: Results of a Heterogenous Group.</a> Endocr Pract. 23 (1), 37-45 (2017).</li><li>Andereggen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=10-year+follow-up+study+comparing+primary+medical+vs.+surgical+therapy+in+women+with+prolactinomas.">10-year follow-up study comparing primary medical vs. surgical therapy in women with prolactinomas.</a> Endocrine. 55 (1), 223-230 (2017).</li><li>Onnestam, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=National+incidence+and+prevalence+of+TSH-secreting+pituitary+adenomas+in+Sweden.">National incidence and prevalence of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas in Sweden.</a> J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 98 (2), 626-635 (2013).</li><li>Malchiodi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thyrotropin-secreting+pituitary+adenomas:+outcome+of+pituitary+surgery+and+irradiation.">Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: outcome of pituitary surgery and irradiation.</a> J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99 (6), 2069-2076 (2014).</li><li>Yamada, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinicopathological+characteristics+and+therapeutic+outcomes+in+thyrotropin-secreting+pituitary+adenomas:+a+single-center+study+of+90+cases.">Clinicopathological characteristics and therapeutic outcomes in thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: a single-center study of 90 cases.</a> J Neurosurg. 121 (6), 1462-1473 (2014).</li></ol>

利害のない衝突。

下垂体腫瘍の大半、手術症状の患者19,20の場合ファーストライン治療のままです。プロラクチン (PRL) のためにだけ-腺を分泌、治療の最初の行は、ドーパミン作動薬と手術が第二選択医療が21を失敗したとき。
1990 年代初頭22,23に対する頭蓋底手術の分野における内視...

頭蓋底手術への内視鏡技術の導入が飛躍的に頭蓋底手術自体または標準の顕微鏡下のアプローチへの補助として使用された場合の結果。内視鏡下鼻アプローチ当初トルコ鞍病変1を治療するために導入されたが、最後の二十年の間にこの手法の適用が重要な技術の進歩のおかげで展開し手術経験を増加.内視鏡的アプローチは、今も拡張傍正中アプローチにより前部と前側壁の頭蓋骨病変のため使用されます。歯突起は前頭蓋底からアプローチが満足のいく結果2,3,4,5多くの専門センターで安全に実行する場合。
実際には、内視鏡では、重要な神経血管構造を横断することがなく自然なアクセスを介して病変の直接可視化ができます。複数のレビューを持って持続的な安全性と従来の顕微鏡ベースの内視鏡の相対的な利点と腫瘍切除やホルモン レベルの変化の程度など、大きな成果がなかったことを確認しました。2 つのアプローチ間で異なる。しかし神経学的合併症, 手術時間入院の長さと、患者の術後の不快感は低かった大幅6内視鏡的アプローチ。挑発的な文書によるとも経験の少ない外科医が非機能のコホート研究における顕微鏡を用いた非常に経験豊富な外科医として完全に内視鏡技術と同様の結果を達成する下垂体腺腫7。
内視鏡下鼻トランス蝶アプローチは海綿静脈洞浸潤や腫瘍摘出した場合でも、セラーの病変で実際に広く勧め。鞍上部拡張機能が非常に重要な場合、残8の自然降下を待っている間、完全に内視鏡 2 段階手順は実行する可能性があります。横隔膜が非常にタイトな場合 (「腰記号」)、鞍上部コンポーネント9に対処するため頭蓋アプローチを行うことができます。海綿静脈洞の浸潤に関する Knosp グレード 2 および 3 の非機能の下垂体腺腫の10、顕微鏡の技術に優れていると思われる内視鏡技術と内視鏡下鼻検査の検出に役立つことがあります、海綿静脈洞11の侵入。
内視鏡的摘出を妨げる可能性がありますの要因: 上記と頭蓋内内内動脈または「頸動脈にキス」、非対称の後延長、モンロー孔に達する腫瘍の存在する側または線維性拡張する腫瘍腫瘍周囲の脳実質9。これらの複雑なケースでは、患者に結合頭蓋アプローチが提案されます。また蝶形骨洞の含気化は、コンチャル型副鼻腔内視鏡的アプローチより12に挑戦をレンダリングするので、手術の可能性を決定する重要な要因です。
下垂体腺腫の約 500 の内視鏡下鼻アプローチの個人的な経験をここで著者は下垂体腫瘍に対するアプローチのさまざまな段階について説明します。手術は 3 つの段階に分けられる: 鼻腔、蝶とトルコ鞍の相。彼らは、完全に内視鏡の操作を行います。ここで説明したコホートには、マイクロ症例や海綿静脈洞、蝶形骨洞や鞍上部スペースにする変数拡張を持つ腺腫のマクロが含まれています。機能と非機能腺腫が含まれていた。
完全に内視鏡が様々 な頭蓋咽頭腫、下垂体転移、斜脊索腫、ペトロ斜髄膜腫など他の病変にも行われます。しかし、これらの病態は多くの場合より広範なアプローチを必要し、本稿の目的を超えてこれらの亜種の説明。
徴候
ここで説明する手順は、下垂体腺腫 (機能または機能していない)。鞍上部拡張手順については、禁忌ではなかったも拡張機能や海綿静脈洞の浸潤。手術前の CT スキャンでは蝶形骨洞の含気化と蝶形骨洞の隔壁の向きを行った。また視神経や内頸動脈の向き手術戦略を計画する重要な要因であった。
この手技では、他の有用なことができます腫瘍は頭蓋咽頭腫13, 症候性ラトケ裂嚢胞、下垂体転移14、またはリンパ腫15のようなトルコ鞍地域に位置します。また、その他の病変があります表皮とトルコ鞍のダイアフラムまたは蝶鏡の髄膜腫など石油斜地域の斜脊索腫5,16, 髄膜腫の内視鏡的アプローチを通して近づいてまたは前橋槽の皮様嚢腫。これらの場合ただし、広いアプローチが必要。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>The StealthStation surgical navigation system</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>ENT Fusion Software 9733652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-mm 18cm 0&#176; rigid endoscope</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28132AA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-mm 18cm 30&#176; rigid endoscope</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28132BVA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-mm 18cm 45&#176; rigid endoscope</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28132FVA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suction Tube</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164XA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coagulation Cannulas</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164MXB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bipolar Forceps</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164BDB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kerrison Bone Punches</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164MKA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kerrison Bone Punches</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164MKB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kerrison Bone Punches</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164MKC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Curettes</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164RN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Curettes</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164RO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Curettes</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164RI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Curettes</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164RG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Curettes</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164GLL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ring Curettes</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164GLR</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>de DIVITIS-CAPPABIANCA Scalpels</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Karl Storz</td>
			<td>28164TD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed drill</td>
			<td>Midas Rex Medtronic</td>
			<td>1898430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic agent</td>
			<td>Floseal, Baxter</td>
			<td>1503350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibrin sealant</td>
			<td>Tisseel, Baxter</td>
			<td>600065</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CT Lightspeed</td>
			<td>GE medical systems, Milwaukee, WI, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carestream Vue PACS</td>
			<td>Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Tesla Siemens Tim Trio scanner</td>
			<td>Siemens AG, Erlangen, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal approach: minimally invasive surgery for pituitary adenomas

内視鏡下鼻トランス蝶手術を下垂体腺腫と他の多くの下垂体腫瘍の外科治療のゴールド スタンダードとなりました。ニューロナビゲーション定款、技術の進歩、手術手技の改良はこの手術を低侵襲にレンダリングしています。この手術の合併症発生率は、この方法により優れた結果が得、一貫して非常に低い。
本稿は、個人的な経験に基づいており、この低侵襲手術により得られた結果の詳細を下垂体腺腫のため、段階的な外科的アプローチについて説明します。

2009 年以来、私たちの下垂体プログラムは完全内視鏡下鼻アプローチが優秀な術後結果を下垂体腫瘍の治療に使用されていますどこまで進化しています。2016 年まで 2009 年から (RTD とミリメートル) の 2 つのベテランの外科医は 473 完全内視鏡技術を介して下垂体腺腫患者で運営。組織は、表 1で説明: これらの場合のほとんどであった非機能下垂体腺腫 (57%...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas at JoVE.com

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

本稿の目的は、トルコ鞍に内視鏡下鼻アプローチの別の手順を説明します。

内視鏡内視鏡下鼻内のトランス蝶アプローチ: 下垂体腺腫に対する低侵襲手術

Endoscopic endonasal trans-sphenoidal surgery has become the gold standard for the surgical treatment of pituitary adenomas and many other pituitary ...

endoscopic-endonasal-trans-sphenoidal-approach-minimally-invasive

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.7K ビュー.  University Hospital of Lausanne. 本稿の目的は、トルコ鞍に内視鏡下鼻アプローチの別の手順を説明します。

ビデオ: Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Minimally Invasive Thumb-sized Pterional Craniotomy for Surgical Clip Ligation of Unruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve patient outcomes. We present our experience with a minimally invasive pterional approach for anterior circulation aneurysms performed in a major tertiary cerebrovascular center and compare the results with an aged matched dataset from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS). From August 2008 to December 2012, 22 elective aneurysm clippings on patients &#8804;55 years of age were performed by the same dual fellowship-trained cerebrovascular/endovascular neurosurgeon. One patient (4.5%) experienced transient post-operative complications. 18 of 22 patients returned for follow-up imaging and there were no recurrences through an average duration of 22 months. A search in the NIS database from 2008 to 2010, also for patients aged &#8804;55 years of age, yielded 1,341 hospitalizations for surgical clip ligation of unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Inpatient length of stay and hospital charges at our institution using the minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional technique were nearly half that of NIS (length of stay: 3.2 vs 5.7 days; hospital charges: $52,779 vs. $101,882). The minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy allows good exposure of unruptured small and medium-sized supraclinoid anterior circulation aneurysms. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage from key subarachnoid cisterns and constant bimanual microsurgical techniques avoid the need for retractors which can cause contusions, localized venous infarctions, and post-operative cerebral edema at the retractor sites. Utilizing this set of techniques has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

Minimally invasive thumb-sized pterional craniotomy for aneurysm clipping has afforded our patients with a shorter hospital stay at a lower cost compared to the national average.

未破裂前方循環動脈瘤の外科手術用クリップの連結のための低侵襲親指サイズのPterional開頭術

Less invasive surgical approaches for intracranial aneurysm clipping may reduce length of hospital stay, surgical morbidity, treatment cost, and improve ...

医学

Endoscopic Septoplasty with Limited Two-line Resection: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Septal Deviation

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal deviation. It has a long history with multiple variations. In this article, a modified endoscopic septoplasty procedure using the limited two-line resection (2LoRs) technique at the posterior and inferior junction of the cartilaginous and bony septum is presented based on embryologic and anatomic knowledge of the nasal septum and the biomechanics of cartilaginous behavior. With this procedure, the quadrangular cartilage can be preserved as much as possible, which is helpful in retaining the supporting framework and rigidness of the septum. 2LoRs has been proven effective and sound for the correction of nasal septal deviation with rare complications. This modified procedure can be applied to correct the deviated nasal septum in the absence of any external nasal deformity to improve nasal patency or to improve access to the middle meatus or to the axillary region of the middle turbinate. It may also be used to expand the indications of septoplasty to children and adolescents because of its minimally invasive approach.

Endoscopic septoplasty is a time-honored surgical procedure with multiple variations. This paper focuses on a step-by-step surgical approach to perform a modified septoplasty procedure known as limited two-line resection. This surgical technique can be applied to correct a deviated nasal septum in the absence of an external nasal deformity.

2 回線切除と内視鏡 Septoplasty: 隔偏差の低侵襲手術

Endoscopic septoplasty is a surgical procedure in otolaryngology that is commonly performed to treat nasal airway obstruction caused by nasal septal ...

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of benign and malignant lesions through a natural anatomical extra-cranial pathway, represented by the nasal cavities, avoiding brain retraction and neurovascular manipulation. This is reflected by the patients' prompt clinical recovery and the low risk of permanent neurological sequelae, representing the main caveat of conventional skull base surgery. This surgery must be tailored to each specific case, considering its features and relationship with surrounding neural structures, mostly based on preoperative neuroimaging. Advanced MRI techniques, such as tractography, have been rarely adopted in skull base surgery due to technical issues: lengthy and complicated processes to generate reliable reconstructions for inclusion in the neuronavigation system. 
This paper aims to present the protocol implemented in the institution and highlights the synergistic collaboration and teamwork between neurosurgeons and the neuroimaging team (neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuropsychologists, physicists, and bioengineers) with the final goal of selecting the optimal treatment for each patient, improving the surgical results and pursuing the advancement of personalized medicine in this field.

We present a protocol to integrate diffusion MRI tractography in patient work-up to endoscopic endonasal surgery for a skull base tumor. The methods for adopting these neuroimaging studies in the pre- and intra-operative phases are described.

内視鏡内視鏡頭蓋基外科における拡散MRIトラクトグラフィーの役割

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...

神経科学

Combined Endoscopic and Transoral Approach for Total Maxillectomy

The technique of maxillectomy has been revised since it was first described in the 1820s. During the past decade, the endoscopic approach has been widely practiced for resecting maxilla. Compared with the traditional approaches, the combined endoscopic and transoral approach has many advantages such as avoiding facial incisions and postoperative scars and better visualization of the surgical margin. However, this technique is complicated to master and possess several challenges. Here, we demonstrate this approach step-by-step to show how to perform a total maxillectomy. We also reported nine cases with malignant tumors originating from the maxilla, and for all of them total maxillectomy was performed with combined endoscopic and transoral approach. Our data showed that the combination of the endoscopic and transoral approach could be used to resect the total maxilla successfully, though the tumor extended to the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossa should be treated very carefully to avoid its spread in the local area. Furthermore, besides denture, other reconstruction methods should be attempted to improve the postoperative quality of life after the total maxillectomy.

The technique of maxillectomy has been revised since it was first described in the 1820s. During the past decade, the endoscopic approach has been widely ...

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy (Retrograde Mastoidectomy) using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Endoscopic middle ear surgery is a widely employed minimally invasive surgical technique to address middle ear and mastoid pathology. Bone drilling is the main technical challenge of endoscopic middle ear surgery. The accompanying video describes the detailed protocol of a constant-suction bone-drilling technique and the procedure of endaural exclusive endoscopic atticoantrotomy (retrograde mastoidectomy) using this technique. The main components of this bone-drilling technique include a soft and flexible suction tube, which is placed into the tympanic cavity to provide constant suction, and a soft sleeve, which is wrapped around the drill shaft to prevent the high-speed rotating shaft from damaging the lens of the endoscope. With these simple modifications, the traditional otological electrodrill can be used for drilling a tiny endaural incision in endoscopic middle ear surgery. Based on this bone-drilling technique, endaural endoscopic atticoantrotomy (retrograde mastoidectomy) can be successfully established for the removal of various amounts of bone, depending on the extent of the lesion. The short-term postoperative outcome seems promising.

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

In this paper, we present the protocol and short-term outcomes of endaural exclusive endoscopic atticoantrotomy using a constant suction bone-drilling technique.

内耳内視鏡的付着瘻切除術(逆行性乳房切除術)は、一定の吸引骨穿孔技術を使用して

Endoscopic middle ear surgery is a widely employed minimally invasive surgical technique to address middle ear and mastoid pathology. Bone drilling is the ...

The Microscopic Transcanal Approach in Stapes Surgery Revisited

The microscopic transcanal (aka transmeatal) surgical approach was first described in the 60s, offering a minimally invasive means of reaching the external auditory canal, the middle ear, and epitympanon. Such an approach avoids a retroauricular or endaural skin incision; however, working through a narrow space needs angled microsurgical instruments and specific training in otologic surgery. The transcanal approach restricts the working space; however, it offers a binocular microscopic vision into the middle ear without extended skin incisions and thus, reducing post-operative pain and bleeding. In addition, this minimally invasive approach avoids scar tissue complications, hypoesthesia of the auricle, and potential protrusion of the pinna. Despite its numerous advantages, this method is still not routinely performed by otologic surgeons. Since this minimally invasive technique is more challenging, there is a need for extensive training in order for it to be widely adopted by otologic surgeons. This article provides step-by-step surgical instructions for stapes surgery and reports possible indications, pitfalls, and limitations using this microscopic transcanal technique.

This article describes the microscopic transcanal technique for stapes surgery, providing step-by-step surgical instructions for familiarizing surgeons with this approach.

ステープ手術における顕微鏡経管アプローチの再考

The microscopic transcanal (aka transmeatal) surgical approach was first described in the 60s, offering a minimally invasive means of reaching the ...

Full-Endoscopic Surgery for Hypothalamic Hamartoma Resection

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare developmental anomalies of the inferior hypothalamus that often cause refractory epilepsy, including gelastic seizures. Surgical resection is an effective method to treat drug-resistant epilepsy and endocrinopathy in a suitable patient group. Open surgery, endoscopic surgery, ablative procedures, and stereotactic radiosurgery can be utilized. In this study, we aimed to describe the full-endoscopic approach for HH resection. The technique involves the use of an intraoperative ultrasonography (USG) system, a 30&#176; rigid endoscope system that has an outside diameter of 2.7 mm with two working channels, a stylet that has an outer diameter of 3.8 mm, a monopolar coagulation electrode, a fiberoptic light guide, and the endovision system. Microforceps and monopolar electrocautery are the two main surgical instruments for HH removal. The protocol is easy to apply after a particular learning curve has been passed and shorter than open surgical approaches. It leads to less blood loss. Full-endoscopic surgery for HH is a minimally invasive technique that can be applied safely and effectively with good seizure and endocrinological outcomes. It provides low surgical site pain and early mobilization.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>視床下部過誤腫切除術の全内視鏡手術

Hypothalamic hamartomas are rare, non-neoplastic congenital malformations mainly arising from the inferior hypothalamus or tuber cinereum. Surgical treatment is one of the most effective options, and the surgical approach must be precisely determined for each patient. Here, we describe the full-endoscopic technique for resecting hypothalamic hamartomas.

視床下部過誤腫切除術の全内視鏡手術

Hypothalamic hamartomas (HH) are rare developmental anomalies of the inferior hypothalamus that often cause refractory epilepsy, including gelastic ...

Full-Endoscopic Interlaminar Approach for Decompression of Lateral Recess Stenosis

For lateral recess stenosis, extensive decompression with laminectomy is still performed in most centers. However, tissue-sparing surgeries are becoming more common. Full-endoscopic spinal surgeries have the advantages of being less invasive and offering a shorter recovery time. Here, we describe the technique of the full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the decompression of lateral recess stenosis. The full-endoscopic interlaminar approach for the lateral recess stenosis procedure took approximately 51 min (range of 39-66 min). Blood loss could not be measured due to continuous irrigation. However, no drainage was required. There were no dura mater injuries reported in our institution. Furthermore, there were no injuries to the nerves, no cauda equine syndrome, and no hematoma formation. The patients were mobilized on the same day as surgery and discharged the next day. Therefore, the full-endoscopic technique for lateral recess stenosis decompression is a feasible procedure that lowers the operational time, complications, traumatization, and rehabilitation duration.

Technical advances and increased experience in full-endoscopic spinal surgeries enable these procedures to be performed with minimal incision, muscle retraction, and bone removal.

For lateral recess stenosis, extensive decompression with laminectomy is still performed in most centers. However, tissue-sparing surgeries are becoming ...

Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation of the Eustachian Tube via the Soft Palate Approach in Miniature Pigs

The eustachian tube (ET) is one of the most complex organs in the human body, and its dysfunction may lead to a variety of diseases. In recent years, an increasing number of scholars have opted to conduct ET-related studies using large experimental animals such as miniature pigs or sheep, yielding promising results. Typically, conventional endoscopic procedures are performed through the nasal approach for large experimental animals. However, due to the elongated and narrow nasal cavity in these animals, transnasal surgeries are challenging. 
To address this issue, we explored an ET surgery approach via the soft palate. The animal was placed in a supine position. After endotracheal intubation under general anesthesia, a mouth opener was used to fully expose the upper palate. Local infiltration with diluted adrenal fluid was performed for anesthesia of the area. A sickle knife was then used to make a longitudinal soft palate incision at the junction of the soft and hard palates. After hemostasis, an endoscope was inserted into the nasopharynx cavity, allowing the visualization of the pharyngeal opening of the ET on the posterior lateral wall of the nasal cavity. 
Subsequently, a specialized pusher was used to insert a balloon into ET. The balloon was inflated, maintained at 10 bar for 2 min, and then removed. The incision in the soft palate was then sutured to ensure proper alignment. The soft palate healed well after the operation. This surgical approach is suitable for ET-related procedures in large experimental animals (e.g., miniature pigs, sheep, and dogs). The surgical procedure is simple, with a short surgical time, and wound healing is rapid. Under endoscopy, the pharyngeal opening of the ET is visible, and it is thus a good choice for procedures such as balloon dilation of the ET.

In this study, we present a protocol to explore an eustachian tube surgery approach via the soft palate in miniature pigs. The surgical procedure is simple, with short surgical time, and wound healing is rapid; it is thus a good choice for procedures such as balloon dilation of the eustachian tube.

The eustachian tube (ET) is one of the most complex organs in the human body, and its dysfunction may lead to a variety of diseases. In recent years, an ...