本研究は、国立の研究、開発および革新ハンガリー オフィス (ÁH にグラント 116912) 費用事務所に支えられ (食品と農業コスト アクション FA1205: AQUAGAMETE)、Stipendium Hungaricum 奨学金プログラム (ザンビアにグラント)、新ハンガリー国家卓越性また、博士課程フェローシップ (EK にグラント)。

ここで説明したすべてのメソッドは、ハンガリー語の動物福祉法によって承認されています。
1. 試薬の準備
<ol><li>貯蔵液<ol>
<li>1 M トレハロースを準備するには、それが完全に溶けるまでよく dH2O. ミックス 1 mL にトレハロース二水和物の 0.378 g を追加します。</li>
		<li>1 M ショ糖を準備するには、それが完全に溶けるまでよく dH2O. ミックス 1 mL の中にショ糖の 0.342 g を追加します。</li>
		<li>1 M HEPES を準備するには、それが完全に溶けるまでよく dH2O. ミックス 1 mL に HEPES の 0.238 g を追加します。</li>
		<li>100 mg を 5 mL の PBS に追加することによって 20 mg/mL コラゲナーゼ (290 U/mg) を準備します。それが溶けるまで徹底的にミックスします。0.2 μ m のフィルターを通して無菌フィルター。0.2 mL PCR に 50 μ L 分注チューブし、- 20 ° C で凍結</li>
		<li>15 mg/mL のトリプシンを準備 (~ 10000 U/mg) 75 mg を 5 mL の PBS に追加することによって。それが溶けるまで徹底的にミックスします。0.2 μ m のフィルターを通して無菌フィルター。0.2 mL PCR に 50 μ L 分注チューブし、- 20 ° C で凍結</li>
		<li>1 mg/ml DNase 私 (〜 3000 U/mg) 5 mg を 5 mL の PBS に追加することによって。それが溶けるまで徹底的にミックスします。0.2 μ m のフィルターを通して無菌フィルター。0.2 mL PCR に 50 μ L 分注チューブし、- 20 ° C で凍結</li>
		<li>0.4% トリパン ブルー色素を準備するには、10 mL の PBS にトリパン ブルー色素の 40 mg を追加します。0.2 μ m のフィルターを通して無菌フィルター。1.5 mL チューブに分注 1 mL。</li>
		<li>200 mg/L の MS を準備-222 (Tricaine メタン スルホン酸) それが完全に溶けるまでよく dH2o ・ ミックスの 1 L に MS 222 の 200 mg を追加します。さらに、バッファーの 7.0 の中性 pH に重炭酸ナトリウムで MS 222 ソリューション。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>ガラス化のためのソリューション<ol>
<li>平衡ソリューション (ES) を準備: ES の 2 mL をメタノール (メタノール; 1.5 M), 121.5 μ L を混合することによって準備プロピレング リコール (PG; 1.5 M) の 220 μ L FBS (10%)、トレハロース ストック溶液 (0.1 M)、HEPES 原液 (25 mM) を 50 μ l 添加し、2 に L-15 の 1208.5 μ L の 200 μ L の 200 μ L mL のチューブ。</li>
		<li>ガラス固化ソリューション (VS) を準備: PG (3 M)、ジメチルスルホキシドの 426 μ L の 439 μ L を混合することによって対 2 mL を準備 (私2だから; 3 M)、200 μ L FBS (10%)、トレハロース原液 (0.1 M)、HEPES の 50 μ L を 200 μ l 添加のストック ソリューション (25 mM) とに L-15 の 685 μ L、2 mL 管。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>地球温暖化のためのソリューション<ol>
<li>地球温暖化の解決策 1 (WS1) の準備: FBS (10%)、スクロース原液 (3 M) の 450 μ L の 150 μ L を混合することによって 2 mL チューブに WS1 の 1.5 mL を準備および L-15 の 900 μ L。</li>
		<li>地球温暖化の解決策 2 (WS2) の準備: FBS (10%)、スクロース原液 (1 M) の 150 μ L の 150 μ L を混合することによって WS2 の 2 mL チューブ 1.5 mL を準備および L-15 の 1200 μ L。</li>
		<li>地球温暖化の解決策 3 (WS3) の準備: 混合 150 μ L FBS (10%) 2 mL チューブに WS2 の 1.5 mL を準備および L-15 の 1350 μ L。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>消化ソリューションを準備: の各サンプルは、コラゲナーゼ原液 (2 mg/mL) の 50 μ L、トリプシン原液 (1.5 mg/mL) の 50 μ L を混合することによって消化液の 500 μ L を準備、DNase の 10 μ L 私 (20 μ g/mL) と 2 mL の L-15 390 μ 管します。</li>
	<li>解剖用具を得る: はさみや刀、ピンセット、ピンセット、鍼治療の針。</li>
</ol>2. 精巣コレクション
<ol><li>200 mg/L の MS を含んでいる皿に配置することによって魚を安楽死させる-222 (pH = 7)。郭清を続行する前にエラが動いて停止した、その少なくとも 10 分が低酸素によって死を確認するその瞬間から渡されたことを確認します。</li>
	<li>ペーパー タオルを軽くたたいて魚を乾燥、解離性のマットに背側に置きます。<ol>
<li>まず簡単に郭清の骨盤と胸ひれを切った。</li>
		<li>水平方向に胸鰭の間魚の腹の皮膚を切り取るし、臀鰭まで皮膚と腹に沿って基になる筋肉をカットします。</li>
		<li>魚の体腔を開き、針を使って解剖マットに左と右の体壁を固定します。 注: 精巣がスイミング膀胱 (図 1) の両側に消化器官の上にあります。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>汚染を防ぐためには、胃腸の器官を取り出して、軽く 1 つの側面にそれらをプッシュしていない反対側から精巣を削除します。精巣は、体壁に接続されているので慎重にそれらを削除し、接続の腹膜を刀でカットします。</li>
	<li>さらに、汚染を防ぐためにまず滅菌精巣 70% のエタノールの 2 s、およびその後の場所にそれらを置くことによって氷の上の 96 ウェル プレートの L-15 でそれら。 注: それが必要な場合、脂肪組織からは大きくてきれいな精巣血管は、実体顕微鏡下で正確に</li>
</ol>3 精巣組織の超高速冷却
<ol><li>サンプルの種類に応じて適切なラベル マーク針入力し、平衡 (ES) とガラス固化ソリューション (VS) を準備します。</li>
	<li>滅菌鍼治療の針に大きいのウェル プレート皿とピン 2、3 精巣 (以上針のサイズによって) に精巣を転送します。<ol>
<li>まずピンセット上に精巣を位置します。精巣の真ん中に針のポイントを置き、慎重にピンセットで精巣を引き上げてください。</li>
		<li>精巣を穿刺後ゆっくり引き上げます針の上部。精巣は互いから分離され、彼らがないから落ちるまたは滑っていることを確認します。</li>
		<li>ガラスまで L-15 と 2 mL チューブに固定された精巣では、針に満たされた場所 (25 ° C; にストレージ時間を超えない 1 h)。 注意: 針の睾丸が固定されるべき精巣が乾燥するを防ぐために高速。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>平衡のソリューションに精巣に針を転送し、25˚C で 5 分間インキュベートします。</li>
	<li>ガラス固化ソリューションに針を転送し、, 30 25˚C で s。</li>
	<li>ガラス固化ソリューションから針を削除します, 迅速かつ優しく滅菌ペーパー タオルで組織から残りの溶液を吸収します。精巣ペーパー タオルに付着または落下を避けるために注意を使用します。</li>
	<li>すぐに発泡スチロールの箱は、液体窒素に針を配置します。 注: は、すぐにティッシュの液体窒素の蒸気への露出を避けるためこの手順をしないでください。液体窒素の低ボリュームを使用すると、サンプルのクロスコンタミネーションを防ぐため。</li>
	<li>5-10 分のクローズド発泡スチロール ボックスで液体窒素に針をしてください。</li>
	<li>開設 4.5 mL cryotube と同じ箱にそのキャップを precool します。</li>
	<li>5-10 分後に液体窒素の表面の下の別の cryotube に各針を転送し、cryotube を閉じます。 注意: は、常に時 (絶縁手袋) などの防護服を使用して露出は重度の凍傷をもたらす液体窒素を使用します。</li>
	<li>金属の杖の上に cryotube を置き、できるだけ早く精子の容器にそれを配置します。キャニスター ストレージ内のサンプルを格納使用までデュワー。</li>
</ol>4. 地球温暖化の手順
<ol><li>それぞれの針を別々 に暖かい。25 ° C で、すべて地球温暖化ソリューションが必要</li>
	<li>金属の杖から cryotube を外し、発泡スチロールの箱に格納されている液体窒素に突入します。</li>
	<li>(鉗子を使用して) 液体窒素の蒸気で、cryotube を開き、液体窒素に針をリリースします。</li>
	<li>針を最初の温暖化のソリューションに非常に高速転送し、(25 ° C) で 1 分間インキュベートします。転送中に空気で地球温暖化を防ぐためにすぐに針を転送することを確認します。</li>
	<li>2 番目の地球温暖化ソリューションに針を転送し、(25 ° C) で 3 分間インキュベートします。</li>
	<li>3 地球温暖化ソリューションに針を転送し、(25 ° C) で 5 分間インキュベートします。</li>
	<li>下曲がりピンセットで内側にスライドさせる針から精巣をリリースします。10% を添加した L-15 の 250 μ L に満ちた個別井戸 (96 ウェル プレート) に個別にそれぞれの暖められた精巣 FBS。サンプルによると井戸が分類されることを確認します。ウェル プレートまですべてのサンプルが暖めている氷の上、さらに仕事までを保ちます。</li>
</ol>5. ティッシュの消化力
<ol><li>独立した 2 mL の管で各サンプルに対して解離液の 500 μ L を準備します。サンプルのコードによるとチューブにラベルを付けます。室温で 5 分間準備解離ソリューションを孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>消化液に温めた組織を追加し、小さなハサミの少なくとも 30 の動きによって小さな断片にそれをカットします。</li>
	<li>25 ° C で 90 分間振動板の切断組織を孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>FBS の L-15 と 100 μ L の 400 μ L を追加することによって消化力プロセスを停止 (10% FBS v/v)。簡単にソリューションを振るし、1 分室温で孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>1.5 mL チューブに 50 μ m のフィルターを通して得られた解決策をフィルターします。チューブをそれに応じてラベルします。</li>
	<li>25 ° C で 10 分間 200 × g でフィルタ リング ソリューションを遠心します。</li>
	<li>慎重に上澄みを除去し、10% を添加した L15 の 20 μ L でペレットを再懸濁します FBS。手動でペレットを完全に溶解するまで管を振る。さらに使用するまで細胞懸濁液または 4 ° C で氷の上を保ちます。</li>
</ol>6. 生存率評価とセルを数える
<ol><li>細胞懸濁液と適切にラベル付けされた 0.2 mL PCR チューブの中 0.4% トリパン ブルー溶液 5 μ L ミックス 5 μ L。別のボリュームを使用している場合ことを確認希釈率 1:1 のまま。</li>
	<li>この懸濁液室温 (25 ° C) で 1 〜 3 分の間孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡下で検定の各サンプルの実行可能性を確認してください。</li>
	<li>15 の分野で (トリパン ブルーによる無染色) 生細胞数をカウントします。20 μ m の細胞懸濁液内のセルの合計数を計算します。懸濁液は、すべてのダウン ストリーム アプリケーションの準備が整いました。 注意: より大きなボディサイズと他の種の手順を最適化するときは、同じ重みの精巣フラグメントを使用します。結果に個々 の変動を避けるためにすべての実験群の 1 人の個人から精巣を使用します。ゼブラフィッシュ、場合我々 を利用した事実を左と右の精巣が等しい (または非常に類似した) 生殖細胞13数を含める必要があります (代表の結果を参照してください)。左の精巣は右精巣凍結融解中コントロールとして保たれました。生存率の割合を求めた新鮮な精巣から分離した細胞の数と比較して凍結融解精巣から分離した細胞の数。</li>
</ol>

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Comp. Endocrinol. 245, 77-83 (2017).</li><li>P&#353;eni&#269;ka, M., Saito, T., Rodina, M., Dzyuba, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryopreservation+of+early+stage+Siberian+sturgeon+Acipenser+baerii+germ+cells,+comparison+of+whole+tissue+and+dissociated+cells.">Cryopreservation of early stage Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii germ cells, comparison of whole tissue and dissociated cells.</a> Cryobiology. 72, 119-122 (2016).</li><li>Lee, S., Iwasaki, Y., Shikina, S., Yoshizaki, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+functional+eggs+and+sperm+from+cryopreserved+whole+testes.">Generation of functional eggs and sperm from cryopreserved whole testes.</a> Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA. 110 (5), 1640-1645 (2013).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

本研究の主な目的は、針を適応する鳥類と哺乳類10、11,12魚の精巣 (モデルとしてのゼブラフィッシュの凍結保存するために開発された超高速冷却手順を浸漬生物)。ゼブラフィッシュ遺伝子資源の凍結保存に関する従来の研究のほとんどは、ゼブラフィッシュ精子2,3,<sup c...

科学とバイオ テクノロジーの新しいトレンドは、マウスやショウジョウバエ、ゼブラフィッシュ モデル有機体生物医学的でおよび他の科学の1として使用される他種の新しい突然変異系統の何千もの作成につながっています。さらに、新技術の開発し、利用可能になるが、突然変異系統の数は着実に2を増加します。これの繁殖コロニーを維持する一般的な慣行を超えて遺伝資源の安全なストレージの必要性に します。凍結保存を不特定期間の遺伝資源の安全な保管を可能にする方法としては繁殖期の延長は親魚、継続的なメンテナンスの必要性を回避して、それはより多くのコスト-のように多くの利点を提供していて、労働効率2。
過去数年間2,3,4中に開発された精子凍結保存のためのプロトコルは、ゼブラフィッシュ男性遺伝物質の正常なストレージのための機会を提供しています。しかし、卵や魚の胚の凍結保存は、まだ彼らの複雑な構造と卵黄素材の大量のためことはできません。最近では、始原生殖細胞 (PGCs) 精原幹細胞 (Ssc) の移植の実践は機能的な精子や卵子に移植5後開発することによってこの障壁をバイパスをご利用いただけます。したがって、Ssc の凍結保存には、希少で貴重な遺伝資源の保全の新たなフロンティアが提供しています。
でも、凍結は、多くの利点を提供しています、緩速凍結過程は細胞損傷の2につながる可能性がありますいくつかの条件を生成します。細胞内および細胞外凍結、脱水、凍結毒性が挙げられます。細胞内氷被害、細胞、細胞外の氷は細胞から緩速凍結中の水の拡散は脱水6につながる可能性がありますしながら細胞の機械的粉砕する可能性があります。最近では、魚の配偶子7,8,9の凍結保存で氷形成の負の影響を防止する手法としてガラスを適用されています。それは、内部および外部のメディアに氷7,10に 0.28-0.5% なし/ガラスの非晶質状態に超急速冷却法を提示します。精巣や卵巣組織のガラス化を成功が証明されて鳥と哺乳類10、11,12、こうして魚、同様の応用の可能性を開きます。
本研究では全体のゼブラフィッシュ精巣の凍結保存用浸漬針ガラス (NIV) の手順を提案する.ゼブラフィッシュ初期生殖細胞汚染も初期生殖細胞の比較的高い金額を他の細胞、特に精子の低い存在を生み出すため凍結のプロセスを分離するための信頼性の高い方法を紹介します。我々 の知る限り、これは魚の生殖腺組織およびゼブラフィッシュ生殖細胞の超急速冷却のため詳細な可視化プロトコルを示す最初の研究。さらに、メソッドの再現性、5 つの異なるゼブラフィッシュ系統に示されて: AB 野生型、キャスパー (ロイ-/-;真珠-/-)、ヒョウ (レオt1/t1)、ヴァーサ号 [Tg (vas::eGFP)] ウィルムス腫瘍 [Tg (wt1b::eGFP 1)] 形質転換線。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="948">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:232px;">Leibovitz media (L-15)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">L1518</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Supplemented with L-glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:232px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">F9665</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:232px;">Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:232px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">H3375</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:232px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td>57-50-1</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Trehalose</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td>99-20-7</td>
			<td style="width:296px;">Dihydrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Reanal</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">20740-0-08-65</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Propylene glycol</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Reanal</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">08860-1-08-65</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Reanal</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">00190-1-01-65</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Collagenase</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">9001-12-1</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">T8003</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:232px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Panreac AppliChem</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">A3778</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">T6146</td>
			<td style="width:296px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:232px;">Phospate buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>Tablets for preparation of 200 ml PBS solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

cryopreservation of zebrafish spermatogonia by whole testes needle immersed ultra-rapid cooling

科学とバイオ テクノロジーの現在の傾向は、何千ものそれによって繁殖コロニーを維持する一般的なプラクティスを超える遺伝資源の安全な保管のための新しい方法の必要性につながるモデル有機体内の新しい行の作成に します。本研究の主な目的は、針を合わせて全体のゼブラフィッシュ精巣を凍結保存するガラス (NIV) の手順を浸漬でした。初期段階全体精巣生殖細胞の凍結保存わたしを楽しめ、ゼブラフィッシュの貯蔵のため遺伝資源移植後彼らは雄性と雌性の配偶子に成熟することができます特に以来。精巣を摘出、2 凍害メディア (1.5 M メタノールと 1.5 M プロピレング リコール; 平衡ソリューションと 3 M ジメチルスルホキシドと 3 M プロピレング リコールを含むガラス固化ソリューション) で平衡鍼灸針の固定液体窒素に墜落しました。サンプルは、3 つの結果として地球温暖化ソリューションのシリーズで暖められました。この手法の主な利点 (1) 精子の不足は、暖められた精巣のため下流の操作が容易の消化後(2) 超急速冷却液体窒素したがって冷却と凍結保護剤、その毒性を低減の必要濃度の削減を最大化する組織の最適な露出を有効にします。(いくつか精巣の凍結保護剤と液体窒素への露出 3) 同期(4) の再現性は 5 つの異なるゼブラフィッシュ系統で 50% 以上の生存率を得ることによって示されます。

平均では、魚の大きさに応じて 40,000 および 200,000 の細胞間単一新鮮なゼブラフィッシュ精巣から分離された初期生殖細胞の数で変化。すべての 5 系統で新鮮なゼブラフィッシュ精巣を消化、初期生殖細胞細胞懸濁液 (図 2) で現在のセルだけがなかった。初期生殖細胞の横に多数の精子がも見つかりました。その一方で、凍結保存した精巣の消?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Spermatogonia by Whole Testes Needle Immersed Ultra-Rapid Cooling at JoVE.com

Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Spermatogonia by Whole Testes Needle Immersed Ultra-Rapid Cooling

全体の睾丸針によるゼブラフィッシュを精原細胞の凍結保存に超急速冷却浸漬

本研究の主な目的は、針を合わせて全体のゼブラフィッシュ精巣を凍結保存するガラス (NIV) の手順を浸漬でした。さらに、5 つの異なるゼブラフィッシュ系統における法の再現性がテストされました。

Current trends in science and biotechnology lead to creation of thousands of new lines in model organisms thereby leading to the necessity for new methods ...

cryopreservation-zebrafish-spermatogonia-whole-testes-needle-immersed

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.2K ビュー.  Szent István University. 本研究の主な目的は、針を合わせて全体のゼブラフィッシュ精巣を凍結保存するガラス (NIV) の手順を浸漬でした。さらに、5 つの異なるゼブラフィッシュ系統における法の再現性がテストされました。

ビデオ: Cryopreservation of Zebrafish Spermatogonia by Whole Testes Needle Immersed Ultra-Rapid Cooling

Transplantation of Whole Kidney Marrow in Adult Zebrafish

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an organism. The functional definition of a HSC is a transplanted cell that has the ability to reconstitute all the blood lineages of an irradiated recipient long term. This designation was established by decades of seminal work in mammalian systems. Using hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and reverse genetic manipulations in the mouse, the underlying regulatory factors of HSC biology are beginning to be unveiled, but are still largely under-explored. Recently, the zebrafish has emerged as a powerful genetic model to study vertebrate hematopoiesis. Establishing HCT in zebrafish will allow scientists to utilize the large-scale genetic and chemical screening methodologies available in zebrafish to reveal novel mechanisms underlying HSC regulation. In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish. We show the dissection and preparation of zebrafish whole kidney marrow, the site of adult hematopoiesis in the zebrafish, and the introduction of these donor cells into the circulation of irradiated recipient fish via intracardiac injection. Additionally, we describe the post-transplant care of fish in an "ICU" to increase their long-term health. In general, gentle care of the fish before, during, and after the transplant is critical to increase the number of fish that will survive more than one month following the procedure, which is essential for assessment of long term (&lt;3 month) engraftment. The experimental data used to establish this protocol will be published elsewhere. The establishment of this protocol will allow for the merger of large-scale zebrafish genetics and transplant biology.

In this article, we demonstrate a method to perform HCT in adult zebrafish.

アダルトゼブラフィッシュの全腎骨髄の移植

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are a rare population of pluripotent cells that maintain all the differentiated blood lineages throughout the life of an ...

生物学

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

ゼブラフィッシュの全マウント高分解能二重蛍光上皮内ハイブリダイゼーション

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Generating Chimeric Zebrafish Embryos by Transplantation

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an organism that contains cells from more than one animal; mosaics are one type of chimera in which cells from more than one genotype are mixed, usually wild-type and mutant. In the zebrafish, chimeras can be readily made by transplantation of cells from a donor embryo into a host embryo at the appropriate embryonic stage. Labeled donor cells are generated by injection of a lineage marker, such as a fluorescent dye, into the one-cell stage embryo. Labeled donor cells are removed from donor embryos and introduced into unlabeled host embryos using an oil-controlled glass pipette mounted on either a compound or dissecting microscope. Donor cells can in some cases be targeted to a specific region or tissue of the developing blastula or gastrula stage host embryo by choosing a transplantation site in the host embryo based on well-established fate maps.

A step-by-step guide to generating targeted chimeric zebrafish embryos by transplantation at the blastula or gastrula stage.

移植によるキメラゼブラフィッシュ胚の生成

One of the most powerful tools used to gain insight into complex developmental processes is the analysis of chimeric embryos. A chimera is defined as an ...

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to the original protocol that both streamline the procedure and increase sample uniformity.  First, we normalize all sperm volumes using freezing media that does not contain the cryoprotectant. Second, cryopreserved sperm are stored in cryovials instead of capillary tubes.  The rates of sperm freezing and thawing (&delta;&deg;C/time) are probably the two most critical variables to control in this procedure.  For this reason, do not substitute different tubes for those specified.  Working in teams of 2 it is possible to freeze the sperm of 100 males per team in ~2 hrs.  Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility (measured as the number of viable embryos generated in an in vitro fertilization divided by the total number of eggs fertilized) and this percent fertility is stable over many years.

A High-Throughput Method For Zebrafish Sperm Cryopreservation and In Vitro Fertilization

This is a high-throughput sperm cryopreservation protocol for zebrafish. Sperm cryopreserved using this protocol has an average of 25% fertility in subsequent vitro fertilization and is stable over many years.

ゼブラフィッシュ精子の凍結保存用ハイスループット法とインビトロ受精

This is a method for zebrafish sperm cryopreservation that is an adaptation of the Harvey method (Harvey et al., 1982).  We have introduced two changes to ...

Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2 described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3.

This is a method for generating gynogenetic diploid zebrafish embryos (embryos whose only genetic contribution comes from the mother) by blocking the second meiotic division immediately after fertilization with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm. EP embryos are not fully homozygous due to recombination during the first meiotic division, however they are homozygous at all loci that have not been separated from their centromere by recombination.

初期の圧力による雌性発生二倍体のゼブラフィッシュを作成

Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

の分離キイロショウジョウバエ精巣

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Cryopreservation of Mouse Embryos by Ethylene Glycol-Based Vitrification

Cryopreservation of mouse embryos is a technological basis that supports biomedical sciences, because many strains of mice have been produced by genetic modifications and the number is consistently increasing year by year. Its technical development started with slow freezing methods in the 1970s1, then followed by vitrification methods developed in the late 1980s2. Generally, the latter technique is advantageous in its quickness, simplicity, and high survivability of recovered embryos. However, the cryoprotectants contained are highly toxic and may affect subsequent embryo development. Therefore, the technique was not applicable to certain strains of mice, even when the solutions are cooled to 4&deg;C to mitigate the toxic effect during embryo handling. At the RIKEN BioResource Center, more than 5000 mouse strains with different genetic backgrounds and phenotypes are maintained3, and therefore we have optimized a vitrification technique with which we can cryopreserve embryos from many different strains of mice, with the benefits of high embryo survival after vitrifying and thawing (or liquefying, more precisely) at the ambient temperature4.
Here, we present a vitrification method for mouse embryos that has been successfully used at our center. The cryopreservation solution contains ethylene glycol instead of DMSO to minimize the toxicity to embryos5. It also contains Ficoll and sucrose for prevention of devitrification and osmotic adjustment, respectively. Embryos can be handled at room temperature and transferred into liquid nitrogen within 5 min. Because the original method was optimized for plastic straws as containers, we have slightly modified the protocol for cryotubes, which are more easily accessible in laboratories and more resistant to physical damages. We also describe the procedure of thawing vitrified embryos in detail because it is a critical step for efficient recovery of live mice. These methodologies would be helpful to researchers and technicians who need preservation of mouse strains for later use in a safe and cost-effective manner.

An ethylene glycol-based vitrification method for mouse embryos is described. It is advantageous to other methods in its simplicity and low embryonic toxicity, and therefore can be broadly applicable to many strains of mice, including inbred and gene-modified mice.

エチレングリコール系ガラス化によるマウス胚の凍結保存

Cryopreservation of mouse embryos is a technological basis that supports biomedical sciences, because many strains of mice have been produced by genetic ...

Harvesting and Cryo-cooling Crystals of Membrane Proteins Grown in Lipidic Mesophases for Structure Determination by Macromolecular Crystallography

An important route to understanding how proteins function at a mechanistic level is to have the structure of the target protein available, ideally at atomic resolution. Presently, there is only one way to capture such information as applied to integral membrane proteins (Figure 1), and the complexes they form, and that method is macromolecular X-ray crystallography (MX). To do MX diffraction quality crystals are needed which, in the case of membrane proteins, do not form readily. A method for crystallizing membrane proteins that involves the use of lipidic mesophases, specifically the cubic and sponge phases1-5, has gained considerable attention of late due to the successes it has had in the G protein-coupled receptor field6-21 (<a href="http://www.mpdb.tcd.ie" target="_blank">www.mpdb.tcd.ie</a>). However, the method, henceforth referred to as the in meso or lipidic cubic phase method, comes with its own technical challenges. These arise, in part, due to the generally viscous and sticky nature of the lipidic mesophase in which the crystals, which are often micro-crystals, grow. Manipulating crystals becomes difficult as a result and particularly so during harvesting22,23. Problems arise too at the step that precedes harvesting which requires that the glass sandwich plates in which the crystals grow (Figure 2)24,25 are opened to expose the mesophase bolus, and the crystals therein, for harvesting, cryo-cooling and eventual X-ray diffraction data collection.
The cubic and sponge mesophase variants (Figure 3) from which crystals must be harvested have profoundly different rheologies4,26. The cubic phase is viscous and sticky akin to a thick toothpaste. By contrast, the sponge phase is more fluid with a distinct tendency to flow. Accordingly, different approaches for opening crystallization wells containing crystals growing in the cubic and the sponge phase are called for as indeed different methods are required for harvesting crystals from the two mesophase types. Protocols for doing just that have been refined and implemented in the Membrane Structural and Functional Biology (MS&amp;FB) Group, and are described in detail in this JoVE article (Figure 4). Examples are given of situations where crystals are successfully harvested and cryo-cooled. We also provide examples of cases where problems arise that lead to the irretrievable loss of crystals and describe how these problems can be avoided. In this article the Viewer is provided with step-by-step instructions for opening glass sandwich crystallization wells, for harvesting and for cryo-cooling crystals of membrane proteins growing in cubic and in sponge phases.

Herein is described procedures implemented in the Caffrey Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group to harvest and cryo-cool membrane protein crystals grown in lipidic cubic and sponge phases for use in structure determination using macromolecular X-ray crystallography.

高分子結晶学による構造決定のための脂質メソフェーズで栽培膜タンパク質の収穫とクライオ冷却結晶

An important route to understanding how proteins function at a mechanistic level is to have the structure of the target protein available, ideally at ...

Imaging Centrosomes in Fly Testes

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell differentiation. Centrosomes are essential to determine the cell division axis during mitosis and to nucleate cilia during interphase. The identity of the proteins that mediate these dynamic changes remains only partially known, and the function of many of the proteins that have been implicated in these processes is still rudimentary. Recent work has shown that Drosophila spermatogenesis provides a powerful system to identify new proteins critical for centrosome function and formation as well as to gain insight into the particular function of known players in centrosome-related processes. Drosophila is an established genetic model organism where mutants in centrosomal genes can be readily obtained and easily analyzed. Furthermore, recent advances in the sensitivity and resolution of light microscopy and the development of robust genetically tagged centrosomal markers have transformed the ability to use Drosophila testes as a simple and accessible model system to study centrosomes. This paper describes the use of genetically-tagged centrosomal markers to perform genetic screens for new centrosomal mutants and to gain insight into the specific function of newly identified genes.

Imaging of centrosomal proteins during Drosophila spermatogenesis is a powerful method to identify new proteins critical for centrosome biology as well as to elucidate the particular function of known players in this process.

フライ精巣における撮像中心体

Centrosomes are conserved microtubule-based organelles whose structure and function change dramatically throughout the cell cycle and cell ...

Analysis of Apoptosis in Zebrafish Embryos by Whole-mount Immunofluorescence to Detect Activated Caspase 3

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis in zebrafish embryos. The whole-mount analysis provides spatial information in regard to tissue specificity of apoptosing cells, although sectioning and/or colabeling is ultimately required to pinpoint the exact cell types undergoing apoptosis. The whole-mount Casp3 assay is optimized for analysis of fixed embryos between the 4-cell stage and 32 hr-post-fertilization and is useful for a number of applications, including analysis of zebrafish mutants and morphants, overexpression of mutant and wild-type mRNAs, and exposure to chemicals. Compared to acridine orange staining, which can identify apoptotic cells in live embryos in a matter of hours, Casp3 and TUNEL assays take considerably longer to complete (2-4 days). However, because of the dynamic nature of apoptotic cell formation and clearance, analysis of fixed embryos ensures accurate comparison of apoptotic cells across multiple samples at specific time points. We have also found the Casp3 assay to be superior to analysis of apoptotic cells by the whole-mount TUNEL assay in regard to cost and reliability. Overall, the Casp3 assay represents a robust, highly reproducible assay in which to analyze apoptotic cells in early zebrafish embryos.

Certain genetic perturbations or exposure to toxins can disrupt normal developmental processes leading to death of specific cell types. The analysis of activated Caspase 3 by whole-mount immunofluorescence in zebrafish embryos reveals stage- and tissue-specific localization of cells specifically undergoing apoptosis.

活性化カスパーゼ3を検出するために、ホールマウント免疫蛍光法によりゼブラフィッシュ胚におけるアポトーシスの分析

Whole-mount immunofluorescence to detect activated Caspase 3 (Casp3 assay) is useful to identify cells undergoing either intrinsic or extrinsic apoptosis ...