この研究は、国立衛生研究所によって支えられた (d. k. に GM079351 RO1)。ドロテア Godt に彼女の元のプロトコルに基づいて蛹卵巣の解剖に彼女の有用なアドバイスありがちましょう。我々 はまた、彼女の援助と原稿のコメントをエイミー Reilein を感謝します。

1. 仔
<ol><li>10 の男性と 15 女性ショウジョウバエ成虫酵母を添加した通常豊かなフライ食品の瓶で目的遺伝子の約を組み合わせます。バイアルを過密を避けるため、もはや 2-4 h14以上の卵を産む雌成虫の交尾を許可します。</li>
	<li>はえの食糧と異なるバイアルに対して開くバイアルをタップして、大人をバイアルから新しい瓶に転送します。3-4 日間室温で幼虫に成長する卵を許可します。</li>
</ol>2. 女性の幼虫を選択します。
<ol><li>しっとり細かいブラシを使用すると、柔らかい毛、放浪の 3 齢幼虫をバイアルからもリン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) × 1 であふれんばかりに満たされたガラスに転送するバイアルの壁に沿ってブラシで回転運動を作る。1x PBS で満たされた一つの井戸にそれらを転送することによって幼虫を食べ物のかすを洗浄します。</li>
	<li>鉗子を使用して男性と女性の幼虫を区切ります。その前方15から下脂肪体に体の約 3 分の 2 の側面に埋め込まれた大きくて丸いと半透明の精巣のペア、オス幼虫を識別します。メス幼虫は平均より大きく、男性よりも少ない半透明より困難に検出は、はるかに小さい生殖腺を持っています。</li>
	<li>オス幼虫に対する女性の幼虫を収集するを選択します。井戸から少なくとも 10 女性を収集します。1x PBS でいっぱいも別に女性の幼虫を配置します。</li>
	<li>新鮮なはえの食糧の新しいガラスびんに優しく女性の幼虫を転送する使用鉗子は、酵母を添加しました。</li>
	<li>Pupariation16を容易にするために暗い場所に女性の幼虫をバイアルを配置します。一日中、pupariation の幼虫を監視します。各幼虫は固定化し、イラガ前蛹に発展、バイアルに対してイラガ前蛹をサークル、最初、イラガ前蛹になるとおおよその時間を記録します。前気門の前突および蛹殻形成17のタイミングで前蛹を識別します。(蛹殻形成過程、APF の後の時間で測定) 希望の時間ポイントを開発する前蛹を許可します。 注: 約 10 h 間隔内で蛹殻形成過程を受ける動物、イラガ前蛹考えられます。内部の脱皮が行われた後、蛹期は蛹殻形成後約 12 時間を開始します。</li>
</ol>3. 抗体の汚損のため蛹の準備
<ol><li>
蛹の脂肪体をクリアするため、後の手順で使用する細いガラス ピペットを形成します。
	<ol>
<li>ブンゼン バーナーでガラス パスツール ピペット先端を溶かします。ガラスが溶け、薄く先端を形成するのにピペットの残りの部分から水平方向に先端をプルするのに鉗子を使用します。</li>
		<li>冷却した後、きちんとした円形の開口部を形成するピペット先端部の小さな部分を破る。電球をピペットのもう一方の端に取り付けます。</li>
		<li>1x PBS でピペットをロードします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>バイアルの壁に接着しているの蛹を収穫するには、蛹とバイアル間接触の地帯に沿って水の小滴を適用します。タンパク質に 1-2 分を待って接着剤を優しくしっとり細かいブラシで壁に蛹を持ち上げる前に解散。1x PBS でいっぱいよくガラスに蛹を転送します。単一の井戸井戸の混雑を避けるため蛹あたりを捧げます。</li>
	<li>1 組の鉗子で蛹の後端をつかんで、蛹の頭が見える位置まで慎重に別のペアに蛹のケースの前方の部分を引き裂きます。</li>
	<li>鉗子で蛹の頭の前方の先端をグリップ、ケース蛹から蛹を軽く引いてください。 注: 脂肪体の部分はこのプロセス中にこぼれることがあります。</li>
	<li>分離し、腹部の袋だけが残るまで後部半分から蛹の前半分を破棄します。</li>
	<li>
腹部の袋から脂肪細胞を抽出します。
	<ol>
<li>別の手の 1x PBS でいっぱい細いガラス ピペットを押しながら片方の手でピンセットで井戸の底に対して腹部の袋を把握します。</li>
		<li>蛹卵巣を取り巻く脂肪体細胞を洗い流すため腹部に袋とゆっくりピペット 1 × PBS の開幕に向けて細いピペット先端部を目指してください。 注: 卵巣は、腹部の袋の中に残るべきである小さい、半透明、紋、長方形の構造体のペアです。</li>
		<li>体の脂肪細胞の脂肪体の少なくとも 3 分の 2 がなくなるまで、または卵巣が腹部の袋の口の近くに表示されるまでを洗い流します。非常にゆっくりと、この手順を実行することが重要だ偶然腹部の卵巣を洗うようにします。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>脂肪体細胞洗浄中にうち卵巣が残っているかどうかをチェックする井戸を調べます。卵巣が井戸の中に表示されていない場合は、腹部に残っている必要があります。卵巣が出てきた、よく新しい蛹を配置し、この手順を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>固定バッファー (1 x PBS, 4% パラホルムアルデヒド) でいっぱいクリア coverglass 室に腹部を転送し、上に蓋を置き。染色と実装プロセスに耐えられる卵巣に十分な数を確保するため必要以上より卵巣を解剖。 注意: 固定バッファーには、有毒であるパラホルムアルデヒドが含まれています。適切な保護手袋、保護メガネなどを着用してください。</li>
</ol>4. 免疫組織化学
<ol><li>染色のプロセスを通して卵巣が抗体溶解液に完全に没頭していることを確保するためカバー ガラス井戸の底に任意浮動卵巣優しくプッシュする鉗子を使用します。</li>
	<li>場所は、Nutator の平らな表面に両面テープのストリップをテープの粘着面で、カバーグラスチェンバーを置きます。</li>
	<li>室温で 15 分間ステップ 3.7 から固定バッファーで卵巣を孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>卵巣をすすぎ三回 1 %1 × PBS でトリトン X-100 5、10、および 45 分 (合計で 1 h)、それぞれ、徹底的な透過を許可します。</li>
	<li>0.5 %1 × PBS で 10% ヤギ血清で卵巣をブロック 30 分トリトン X-100。</li>
	<li>600 で卵巣を一晩インキュベート 4 ° C でトリトン X-100 0.5 %1 × PBS で適切な濃度に希釈して好みの一次抗体の μ L</li>
	<li>0.5 %1 × PBS で 5 分間 3 回卵巣をすすぎトリトン X-100。</li>
	<li>室温でトリトン X-100 0.5 %1 × PBS で適切な濃度に希釈して好みの二次抗体の 600 μ L で 2 h は、卵巣を孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>1 × PBS 0.5% トリトン X-100 と 1x PBS で 5 分に 1 回で 5 分間 2 回卵巣をすすいでください。</li>
</ol>5. 解剖と蛹卵巣をマウント
<ol><li>顕微鏡のスライドに 1 × PBS の小滴を配置します。腹部の袋に、ガラスも、カバーグラスチェンバーから転送する使用鉗子は 1x PBS でいっぱい。単一の井戸井戸の混雑を避けるため蛹あたりを捧げます。</li>
	<li>鉗子で腹部の袋と、残りの脂肪体を引き裂きます。 注: 小さな、半透明、紋、長方形の構造体のペアは、卵巣は井戸の中見えるはずです。すべての脂肪体は徹底的に引き裂かれたことを確認することが重要だ、卵巣が脂肪体囲まれてしばしば密接離れて。</li>
	<li>1x PBS 顕微鏡のスライド把持鉗子の先端間の卵巣のセンターでのドロップに井戸から卵巣を転送します。非常に失うまたは転送中にそれらを破壊するそうなので卵巣を圧迫することがなくしっかりしたグリップを使用することが重要です。解決策が時間をかけて乾くときのスライドに 1 × PBS を数滴を追加します。</li>
	<li>一度、すべての卵巣は解剖され顕微鏡スライド、22 mm × 22 mm coverslip と卵巣の上にそっと coverslip の場所に取り付け中のピペット 40 μ に転送します。スライド画像の前に一晩を乾燥しなさい</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Losick, V., Morris, L., Fox, D., Spradling, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+Stem+Cell+Niches:+A+Decade+of+Discovery+Suggests+a+United+View+of+Stem+Cell+Regulation.">Drosophila Stem Cell Niches: A Decade of Discovery Suggests a United View of Stem Cell Regulation.</a> Dev Cell. 21 (1), 159-171 (2011).</li><li>Kirilly, D., Xie, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+ovary:+an+active+stem+cell+community.">The Drosophila ovary: an active stem cell community.</a> Cell Res. 17 (1), 15-25 (2007).</li><li>Dansereau, D. A., Lasko, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Development+of+Germline+Stem+Cells+in+Drosophila.">The Development of Germline Stem Cells in Drosophila.</a> Method Mol Biol. 450, 3-26 (2008).</li><li>Pearson, J., L&#243;pez-Onieva, L., Rojas-R&#237;os, P., Gonz&#225;les-Reyes, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+Drosophila+stem+cell+biology.">Recent advances in Drosophila stem cell biology.</a> Int J Dev Biol. 53, 1329-1339 (2009).</li><li>Arwert, E. N., Hoste, E., Watt, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+stem+cells,+wound+healing+and+cancer.">Epithelial stem cells, wound healing and cancer.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 12 (3), 170-180 (2012).</li><li>Barker, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crypt+stem+cells+as+the+cells-of-origin+of+intestinal+cancer.">Crypt stem cells as the cells-of-origin of intestinal cancer.</a> Nature. 457 (7229), 608-611 (2009).</li><li>Daley, G. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+myeloid+leukemia:+proving+ground+for+cancer+stem+cells.">Chronic myeloid leukemia: proving ground for cancer stem cells.</a> Cell. 119 (3), 314-316 (2004).</li><li>Reilein, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+direct+stem+cell+derivatives+defined+by+stem+cell+location+and+graded+Wnt+signaling.">Alternative direct stem cell derivatives defined by stem cell location and graded Wnt signaling.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 19 (5), 433-444 (2017).</li><li>Eliazer, S., Buszczack, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+a+niche:+studies+from+the+Drosophila+ovary.">Finding a niche: studies from the Drosophila ovary.</a> Stem Cell Res Ther. 2 (6), 45 (2011).</li><li>Godt, D., Laski, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+cell+rearrangement+and+cell+recruitment+in+Drosophila+ovary+morphogenesis+and+the+requirement+of+bric+&#224;+brac.">Mechanisms of cell rearrangement and cell recruitment in Drosophila ovary morphogenesis and the requirement of bric &#224; brac.</a> Development. 121 (1), 173-187 (1995).</li><li>King, R. C., Aggarwal, S. K., Aggarwal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+the+female+Drosophila+reproductive+system.">The development of the female Drosophila reproductive system.</a> J Morphol. 124 (2), 143-166 (1968).</li><li>Vlachos, S., Jangam, S., Conder, R., Chou, M., Nystul, T., Harden, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Pak-regulated+cell+intercalation+event+leading+to+a+novel+radial+cell+polarity+is+involved+in+positioning+of+the+follicle+stem+cell+niche+in+the+Drosophila+ovary.">A Pak-regulated cell intercalation event leading to a novel radial cell polarity is involved in positioning of the follicle stem cell niche in the Drosophila ovary.</a> Development. 142 (1), 82-91 (2015).</li><li>Irizarry, J., Stathopoulos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FGF+signaling+supports+Drosophila+fertility+by+regulating+development+of+ovarian+muscle+tissues.">FGF signaling supports Drosophila fertility by regulating development of ovarian muscle tissues.</a> Dev Biol. 404 (1), 1-13 (2015).</li><li>Maimon, I., Gilboa, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+and+Staining+of+Drosophila+Larval+Ovaries.">Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries.</a> J Vis Exp. (51), e2537 (2011).</li><li>Kerkis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Growth+of+the+Gonads+in+DROSOPHILA+MELANOGASTER.">The Growth of the Gonads in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.</a> Genetics. 16 (3), 212-224 (1931).</li><li>Yamanaka, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroendocrine+Control+of+Drosophila+Larval+Light+Preference.">Neuroendocrine Control of Drosophila Larval Light Preference.</a> Science. 341 (6150), 1113-1116 (2013).</li><li>Bainbridge, S., Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staging+the+metamorphosis+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Staging the metamorphosis of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Development. 66, 57-80 (1981).</li><li>Courdec, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+bric+&#224;+brac+locus+consists+of+two+paralagous+genes+encoding+BTB/POZ+domain+proteins+and+acts+as+a+homeotic+and+morphogenetic+regulator+of+imaginal+development+in+Drosophila.">The bric &#224; brac locus consists of two paralagous genes encoding BTB/POZ domain proteins and acts as a homeotic and morphogenetic regulator of imaginal development in Drosophila.</a> Development. 129, 2419-2433 (2002).</li><li>Arrese, E. L., Soulages, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=INSECT+FAT+BODY:+ENERGY,+METABOLISM,+AND+REGULATION.">INSECT FAT BODY: ENERGY, METABOLISM, AND REGULATION.</a> Annu Rev Entomol. 55, 207-225 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Xi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fat+Body+Development+and+its+Function+in+Energy+Storage+and+Nutrient+Sensing+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Fat Body Development and its Function in Energy Storage and Nutrient Sensing in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Tissue Sci Eng. 6 (1), (2014).</li><li>Wong, L. C., Schedl, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissection+of+Drosophila+Ovaries.">Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries.</a> J Vis Exp. (1), e52 (2006).</li></ol>

著者の利害の衝突を宣言するあります。

このプロトコルの最も重要かつ困難なステップには、固定する前に蛹卵巣の準備が含まれます。抗体と、卵巣、小さくて蛹腹部内脂肪体細胞によって埋められること十分に汚れることを確認、鉗子、腹部の袋に大きな開口部を引き裂くだけでなくが、また妨げる脂肪体細胞を抽出することが重要です、抗体からの卵巣。この手順が正常に実行が必要です腹部の袋から脂肪体細胞を洗いながら?...

ショウジョウバエの卵巣を用いた幹細胞研究は、幹細胞ニッチ1,2,3,4の最初のドキュメンテーションから広く展開しています。リネージュ トレース遺伝的ツール、解剖がよく幹細胞を研究に使用されているショウジョウバエ卵巣の開発と幹細胞維持、増殖、および幹細胞ニッチの運命を制御するシグナルします。これらのシグナル伝達経路の知識は、異常な幹細胞活動5,6,7から由来する癌の潜在的な原因への洞察力をもたらす可能性があります。また、最近、卵胞幹細胞 (Fsc)、として知られているショウジョウバエ卵巣の体性幹細胞、彼らの組織の8の多くの側面で哺乳類の腸管幹細胞のように強く示されています。このため、ショウジョウバエ卵巣が幹細胞の挙動を研究するための非常に有用なモデル システムです。
幼虫及び成虫の卵巣はそれぞれ初期の幹細胞の開発とニッチで最終的な幹細胞組織への手がかりを提供、蛹卵巣は生殖細胞と体細胞で再編成、彼らのアイデンティティを確立中間構造9,10. 分化と空間構成に関する質問のままいくつかの研究は、蛹卵巣10、11,12,13組織開発の側面を検討しているが蛹の発育中の卵巣細胞型。特に、Fsc の仕様は、この期間中に発生します。このプロトコルの概要を解剖の目的の時点で蛹卵巣染色法-蛹卵巣における大人の段階に幼虫から詳細を分析時間コース実験で使用できるテクニック。
小型、半透明、蛹卵巣蛹腹部内の到達不能にする、このプロトコルは抗体アクセスを妨げる腹部脂肪体組織を除去するカスタムメイドの薄い先端パスツール ピペットなどのツールを利用して、卵巣。蛹の"Nutator"の卵巣を揺動の穏やかなプラットフォームを提供しています高い視認性を汚す抗体中に使用される明確なチェンバード coverglassMaimon、ギルボア14による幼虫卵巣の解剖のプロトコルに基づいて、トリトン X-100 の比較的高い濃度で採用されている染色の手順の最初の手順に細胞膜透過と抗体アクセスを最大化する、卵巣細胞。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps, biology</td><td>Fine Scientific Tools</td><td>11252-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nunc Lab-Tek Chambered Coverglass</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>155383</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissection microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>SMZ-10A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal Microscope</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>LSM 700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Analysis software</td><td>Carl Zeiss</td><td>Zen</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>9 Depression Glass Spot Plates</td><td>Pyrex</td><td>7220-85</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipet</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-678-6B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pasteur pipet bulb</td><td>Various vendors</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bunsen burner</td><td>Various vendors</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherfinest Premium Frosted Microscope Slides</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-544-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>22 x 22 mm glass coverslips No 1</td><td>VWR</td><td>48366-067</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dapi Fluoromount-G</td><td>SouthernBiotech</td><td>0100-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Double-sided tape</td><td>Scotch</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nutator</td><td>Clay Adams</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine brush #0, #3-#5</td><td>Various vendors</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gilson Pipetman Starter Kit</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>F167300</td><td>Contains p20, p200, p1000 pipettors</td></tr><tr><td>16% Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td>Dilute to 4% paraformaldehyde in 1x PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Triton</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>9002-93-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10x PBS</td><td>Ambion</td><td>AM9624</td><td>Dilute to 1x PBS</td></tr><tr><td>Normal Goat Serum</td><td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td><td>5000121</td><td>Dilute to 10% normal goat serum in PBST with 0.5% Triton concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Primary antibodies (in protocol: 7G10 anti-Fasciclin III diluted 1:250, rabbit anti-phosphohistone H3 diluted 1:1000)</td><td>Various vendors (in protocol: Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank, Millipore)</td><td></td><td>Dilute in PBST with 0.5% Triton concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibodies (in protocol: Alexa-546, FITC-conjugated anti-rabbit serum)</td><td>Various vendors (in protocol: Molecular Probes, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.)</td><td></td><td>Dilute in PBST with 0.5% Triton concentration</td></tr><tr><td>Fly vials</td><td>Denville Scientific</td><td>V9406</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Balls, For Wide Vials</td><td>Genesee Scientific</td><td>51-102W</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yeast, Bakers Dried Active</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>101400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fly food</td><td>Produced in laboratory</td><td></td><td>Mixture of water, brewer&#039;s yeast, cornmeal, molasses, agar, EtOH, penicillin, methyl 4-hydrobenzoate, and propionic acid</td></tr><tr><td>Male and female &lt;em&gt;Drosophila&lt;/em&gt; flies (genotype used in protocol: yw; P[Fz3-RFP, w+]/TM2)</td><td>Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

dissection and staining of drosophila pupal ovaries

大人のショウジョウバエ卵巣とは異なり蛹卵巣は比較的アクセスし、彼らの小型のため確認することは困難、サイズ、半透明、蛹のケース内で被覆。蛹卵巣の解剖の課題はまた蛹内の物理的な場所にある: 卵巣蛹腹部内脂肪体細胞に囲まれているし、これらの脂肪細胞は適切な抗体の汚損のため許可を削除必要があります。これらの課題を克服するためには、このプロトコルは、蛹の腹部からの脂肪体細胞を抽出するためのカスタマイズされたパスツール pipets を利用しています。また、蛹の可視性を改善するために染色のプロセス中に、カバーグラスチェンバーを遠心管の代わりに使用します。ただし、これらとこのプロトコルで使用するツールの他の利点にもかかわらず、これらの技術の実行が成功は、まだ蛹卵巣のサイズが小さいため練習のいくつかの日を伴うことがあります。このプロトコルに記載されているテクニックは、蛹の開発のさまざまな段階で卵巣を解析時間コース実験に適用でした。

この手順が正常に実行明確な抗体の汚損構造とショウジョウバエ蛹卵巣の細胞組織を明らかにする必要があります。このプロトコルで説明されている免疫組織化学は、幼生及び成体卵巣における一般染色の種類の細胞を識別するために使用できます。派生した蛹の茎の細胞群細胞18 (白ファシクリン III で説明します)、図 3</stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries at JoVE.com

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

ショウジョウバエ卵巣は、幹細胞ニッチの開発を研究するためのエクセレント モデル システムです。幼虫及び成虫の卵巣を解剖するための方法を公開されている、蛹卵巣解剖詳しく公開されていない別のテクニックが必要です。ここでは、解離性、染色、および蛹卵巣をマウントするためのプロトコルを概説します。

郭清およびショウジョウバエ蛹卵巣の汚損

Unlike adult Drosophila ovaries, pupal ovaries are relatively difficult to access and examine due to their small size, translucence, and encasing within a ...

dissection-and-staining-of-drosophila-pupal-ovaries

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

9.3K ビュー.  Columbia University. ショウジョウバエ卵巣は、幹細胞ニッチの開発を研究するためのエクセレント モデル システムです。幼虫及び成虫の卵巣を解剖するための方法を公開されている、蛹卵巣解剖詳しく公開されていない別のテクニックが必要です。ここでは、解離性、染色、および蛹卵巣をマウントするためのプロトコルを概説します。

ビデオ: Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Pupal Ovaries

Dissection of Drosophila Ovaries

ショウジョウバエの卵巣の解剖

生物学

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in architecture, is well-characterized, and is amenable to genetic analysis. Each egg chamber consists of germ-line cells surrounded by a single epithelial layer of somatic follicle cells. Subsets of follicle cells undergo differentiation during specific stages to become several different cell types. Standard techniques primarily allow for a lateral view of egg chambers, and therefore a limited view of follicle cell organization and identity. The upright imaging protocol describes a mounting technique that enables a novel, vertical view of egg chambers with a standard confocal microscope. Samples are first mounted between two layers of glycerin jelly in a lateral (horizontal) position on a glass microscope slide. The jelly with encased egg chambers is then cut into blocks, transferred to a coverslip, and flipped to position egg chambers upright. Mounted egg chambers can be imaged on either an upright or an inverted confocal microscope. This technique enables the study of follicle cell specification, organization, molecular markers, and egg development with new detail and from a new perspective.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers

The upright imaging method described in this protocol allows for the detailed visualization of the poles of a developing Drosophila melanogaster egg. This end-on view provides a new perspective into the arrangements and morphologies of multiple cell types in the follicular epithelium.

のアップライトイメージング<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;エッグチェンバース

Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis provides an ideal context for studying varied developmental processes since the ovary is relatively simple in ...

発生生物学

Visualizing the Effects of Oxidative Damage on Drosophila Egg Chambers using Live Imaging

Live imaging of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries has been instrumental in understanding a variety of basic cellular processes during development, including ribonucleoprotein particle movement, mRNA localization, organelle movement, and cytoskeletal dynamics. There are several methods for live imaging that have been developed. Due to the fact that each method involves dissecting individual ovarioles placed in media or halocarbon oil, cellular damage due to hypoxia and/or physical manipulation will inevitably occur over time. One downstream effect of hypoxia is to increase oxidative damage in the cells. The purpose of this protocol is to use live imaging to visualize the effects of oxidative damage on the localization and dynamics of subcellular structures in Drosophila ovaries after induction of controlled cellular damage. Here, we use hydrogen peroxide to induce cellular oxidative damage and give examples of the effects of such damage on two subcellular structures, mitochondria and Clu bliss particles. However, this method is applicable to any subcellular structure. The limitations are that hydrogen peroxide can only be added to aqueous media and would not work for imaging that uses halocarbon oil. The advantages are that hydrogen peroxide is readily available and inexpensive, acts quickly, its concentrations can be modulated, and oxidative damage is a good approximation of damage caused by hypoxia as well as general tissue damage due to manipulation.

The objective of this protocol is to use live imaging to visualize the effects of oxidative damage on the localization and dynamics of subcellular structures in Drosophila ovaries.

ライブイメージングを用いたショウジョウバエ卵チャンバに対する酸化損傷の効果の可視化

Live imaging of Drosophila melanogaster ovaries has been instrumental in understanding a variety of basic cellular processes during development, including ...

Confocal and Super-Resolution Imaging of Polarized Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion of Basement Membrane Proteins During Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane (BM) - a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix present at the basal side of epithelial cells - is critical for the establishment and maintenance of epithelial tissue morphology and organ morphogenesis. Moreover, the BM is essential for tissue modeling, serving as a signaling platform, and providing external forces to shape tissues and organs. Despite the many important roles that the BM plays during normal development and pathological conditions, the biological pathways controlling the intracellular trafficking of BM-containing vesicles and how basal secretion leads to the polarized deposition of BM proteins are poorly understood. The follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary is an excellent model system to study the basal deposition of BM membrane proteins, as it produces and secretes all major components of the BM. Confocal and super-resolution imaging combined with image processing in fixed tissues allows for the identification and characterization of cellular factors specifically involved in the intracellular trafficking and deposition of BM proteins. This article presents a detailed protocol for staining and imaging BM-containing vesicles and deposited BM using endogenously tagged proteins in the follicular epithelium of the Drosophila ovary. This protocol can be applied to address both qualitative and quantitative questions and it was developed to accommodate high-throughput screening, allowing for the rapid and efficient identification of factors involved in the polarized intracellular trafficking and secretion of vesicles during epithelial tissue development.

Confocal and Super-Resolution Imaging of Polarized Intracellular Trafficking and Secretion of Basement Membrane Proteins During Drosophila Oogenesis

The basement membrane is essential for tissue and organ morphogenesis during development. To better understand the mechanisms leading to proper placement of this structure, the protocol presented describes methods to visualize and characterize the intracellular trafficking and secretion of basement membrane proteins in epithelial cells using confocal and super-resolution microscopy.

ショウジョウバエの卵子形成期における分極細胞内輸送と基底膜タンパク質の分泌の共焦点および超解像イメージング

The basement membrane (BM) - a specialized sheet of extracellular matrix present at the basal side of epithelial cells - is critical for the establishment ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

の解剖と染色ショウジョウバエ幼虫卵巣

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

ショウジョウバエの蛹の腹部の免疫組織化学

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called imaginal discs. These discs give rise to a high percentage of adult structures that are found within the adult fly. Here we describe a protocol that has been optimized to recover these discs and prepare them for analysis with antibodies, transcriptional reporters and protein traps. This procedure is best suited for thin tissues like imaginal discs, but can be easily modified for use with thicker tissues such as the larval brain and adult ovary. The written protocol and accompanying video will guide the reader/viewer through the dissection of third instar larvae, fixation of tissue, and treatment of imaginal discs with antibodies. The protocol can be used to dissect imaginal discs from younger first and second instar larvae as well. The advantage of this protocol is that it is relatively short and it has been optimized for the high quality preservation of the dissected tissue. Another advantage is that the fixation procedure that is employed works well with the overwhelming number of antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. In our experience, there is a very small number of sensitive antibodies that do not work well with this procedure. In these situations, the remedy appears to be to use an alternate fixation cocktail while continuing to follow the guidelines that we have set forth for the dissection steps and antibody incubations.

Dissection and Immunostaining of Imaginal Discs from Drosophila melanogaster

The adult structures of Drosophila are derived from sac-like structures called imaginal discs. Analysis of these discs provides insight into many developmental processes including tissue determination, compartment boundary establishment, cell proliferation, cell fate specification, and planar cell polarity. This protocol is used to prepare imaginal discs for light/fluorescent microscopy.

解剖や成虫の免疫染色から<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

A significant portion of post-embryonic development in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, takes place within a set of sac-like structures called ...

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Fluorescence microscopy is an indispensable tool for the direct assessment of mitochondrial structure and function in live cells and for studying the mitochondrial structure-function relationship, which is primarily modulated by the molecules governing fission and fusion events between mitochondria. This paper describes and demonstrates specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live as well as in fixed tissue in the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The tissue of choice here is the Drosophila ovary, which can be isolated and made amenable for ex vivo live confocal microscopy. Furthermore, the paper describes how to genetically manipulate the mitochondrial fission protein, Drp1, in Drosophila ovaries to study the involvement of Drp1-driven mitochondrial fission in modulating the mitochondrial structure-function relationship. The broad use of such methods is demonstrated in already-published as well as in novel data. The described methods can be further extended towards understanding the direct impact of nutrients and/or growth factors on the mitochondrial properties ex vivo. Given that mitochondrial dysregulation underlies the etiology of various diseases, the described innovative methods developed in a genetically tractable model organism, Drosophila, are anticipated to contribute significantly to the understanding of the mechanistic details of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship and to the development of mitochondria-directed therapeutic strategies.

Studying Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Drosophila Ovaries

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial functionality. Specific methods for studying mitochondrial structure and function in live and fixed Drosophila ovaries are described and demonstrated in this paper.

ミトコンドリアの構造と機能の研究に<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;卵巣

Analysis of the mitochondrial structure-function relationship is required for a thorough understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial ...

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and diseases, such as obesity and fatty liver. Usually, lipids are stored in lipid droplets, which are the multifunctional lipid storage organelles in cells. Lipid droplets vary in size and number in different tissues and under different conditions. It has been reported that lipid droplets are tightly controlled through regulation of its biogenesis and degradation. In Drosophila melanogaster, the oenocyte is an important tissue for lipid metabolism and has been recently identified as a human liver analogue regarding lipid mobilization in response to stress. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid droplet metabolism in oenocytes remain elusive. To solve this problem, it is of utmost importance to develop a reliable and sensitive method to directly visualize lipid droplet dynamic changes in oenocytes during development and under stressful conditions. Taking advantage of the lipophilic BODIPY 493/503, a lipid droplet-specific fluorescent dye, described here is a detailed protocol for the dissection and subsequent lipid droplet staining in the oenocytes of Drosophila larvae in response to starvation. This allows for qualitative analysis of lipid droplet dynamics under various conditions by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, this rapid and highly reproducible method can also be used in genetic screens for indentifying novel genetic factors involving lipid droplet metabolism in oenocytes and other tissues.

Dissection and Lipid Droplet Staining of Oenocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Presented here are detailed methods for the dissection and lipid droplet staining of oenocytes in Drosophila larvae using BODIPY 493/503, a lipid droplet-specific fluorescent dye.

ショウジョウバエ幼虫における大鼻細胞の解剖と脂質液滴染色

Lipids are essential for animal development and physiological homeostasis. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism results in various developmental defects and ...

Dissecting, Fixing, and Visualizing the Drosophila Pupal Notum

The pupae of Drosophila melanogaster are immobile for several days during metamorphosis, during which they develop a new body with a thin transparent adult integument. Their immobility and transparency make them ideal for in vivo live imaging experiments. Many studies have focused on the dorsal epithelial monolayer of the pupal&#160;notum because of its accessibility and relatively large size. In addition to the studies of epithelial mechanics and development, the notum has been an ideal tissue to study wound healing. After an injury, the entire epithelial repair process can be captured by live imaging over 6-12 h. Despite the popularity of the notum for live imaging, very few published studies have utilized fixed notum samples. Fixation and staining are common approaches for nearly all other Drosophila tissues, taking advantage of the large repertoire of simple cellular stains and antibodies. However, the pupal notum is fragile and prone to curling and distortion after removal from the body, making it challenging to complement live imaging. This protocol offers a straightforward method for fixing and staining the pupal notum, both intact and after laser-wounding. With this technique, the ventral side of the pupa is glued down to a coverslip to immobilize the pupa, and the notum is carefully removed, fixed, and stained. The notum epithelium is mounted on a slide or between two coverslips to facilitate imaging from the tissue&#39;s dorsal or ventral side.

Dissecting, Fixing, and Visualizing the Drosophila Pupal Notum

The present protocol details the preparation and visualization of fixed tissue of the Drosophila pupal notum. It can be used for either intact or wounded tissue, and the original architecture of the tissue is preserved. The procedures for dissecting, fixing, and staining are all described in this article.

ショウジョウバエの蛹の解剖学的、固定、視覚化

The pupae of Drosophila melanogaster are immobile for several days during metamorphosis, during which they develop a new body with a thin transparent ...

郭清およびショウジョウバエ蛹卵巣の汚損

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章