Name: isolation and characterization of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells from preterm and term infants
Uploaded: 2019-01-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants at JoVE.com

This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (grant number: 25461644) and Young Scientists (B) (grant numbers: 15K19614, 26860845, 17K16298) of JSPS KAKENHI.

The use of human samples for this study was approved by the ethical committee of Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine (approval no. 1370 and 1694) and conducted in accordance with the approved guidelines.
1. Isolation and Culture of UC-MSCs
NOTE: UC-MSCs have been successfully isolated, cultured, and expanded (more than passage number 4) from more than 200 UCs subjected to this protocol. Among more than 200 UCs, 100% have shown successful UC-MS...

<ol>
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MSCs can be isolated from a variety of tissues and are heterogeneous population of cells that do not all express the same phenotypic markers. Here, we outlined a protocol that guides the collection and dissection of UC from preterm and term infants and enables isolation and culture of UC-MSCs. Following this protocol, we have successfully isolated UC-MSCs that fulfill the ISCT criteria19 from fetuses/infants delivered at 19-40 weeks of gestation and demonstrated that they represent some aspects of...

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are originally isolated and characterized from bone marrow (BM)1,2 but can also be obtained from a wide variety of tissues including adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and fetal appendages3. MSCs are recognized as a heterogeneous cell population that can proliferate and differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. In addition, MSCs possess the ability to migrate to sites of injury, suppress and modulate immune responses, and remodel and repair injury. Currently, MSCs from different sources have attracted growing interest as a source for cell therapy against a number of intractable diseases, including graft-versus-host disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebral infarction4,5.
Although BM is the most well-characterized source of MSCs, the invasiveness of BM aspiration ethically limits its accessibility. Proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs obtained from BM generally decline with the age of the donor. In contrast, fetal MSCs obtained from fetal appendages such as placenta, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC) have advantages including less ethical concerns regarding sampling and robust proliferation and differentiation capacity6,7. Among fetal appendages that are usually discarded as medical waste, UCB and UC are considered a fetal organ, while placenta is considered fetomaternal. In addition, placenta and UCB need to be sampled and collected at the exact moment of newborn delivery, whereas placenta and UC can be collected and processed after newborn delivery. Accordingly, UC is a promising MSC source for cell therapy8,9.
Human UC starts to develop with progressive expansion of the amniotic cavity at 4-8 weeks of gestation, continues to grow until 50-60 cm in length, and can be isolated during the whole period of newborn delivery10. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of intractable diseases, we use UC-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from infants delivered at various gestational ages11,12. In this protocol, we describe how to isolate and characterize UC-MSCs from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1455px;" width="1455">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">50mL plastic tube</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">AS One Coporation, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Violamo 1-3500-22</td>
			<td style="width:312px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">12-well plate</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Iwaki 3815-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">60mm dish</td>
			<td>AGC Techno Glass, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Iwaki 3010-060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Cell strainer (100 &#956;m)</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Falcon 35-2360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Cell strainer (70 &#956;m)</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Falcon 35-2350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Alpha MEM</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">135-15175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">172012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Reduced serum medium</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, waltham, MA</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">OPTI-MEM Gibco 31985-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Antibiotic-antimycotic</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Gibco 15240-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Wako Pure Chemical, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">209-16941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Takara BIO, Shiga,Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">T900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Purified enzyme blends</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Roche, Mannheim, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Liberase DH Research Grade 05401054001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD14</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">347497</td>
			<td>Lot: 3220644, RRID: AB_400312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD19</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">340364</td>
			<td>Lot: 3198741, RRID: AB_400018</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD34</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">555822</td>
			<td>Lot: 3079912, RRID: AB_396151</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD45</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">555483</td>
			<td>Lot: 2300520, RRID: AB_395875</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD73</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">550257</td>
			<td>Lot: 3057778, RRID: AB_393561</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD90</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">555596</td>
			<td>Lot: 3128616, RRID: AB_395970</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against CD105</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">560839</td>
			<td>Lot: 4339624, RRID: AB_2033932</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse primary antibody against HLA-DR</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">347367</td>
			<td>Lot: 3219843, RRID: AB_400293</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse IgG1 k isotype</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">555749</td>
			<td>Lot: 3046675, RRID: AB_396091</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse IgG2a k isotype</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">555574</td>
			<td>Lot: 3035934, RRID: AB_395953</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">PE-conjugated mouse IgG2b k isotype</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">555743</td>
			<td>Lot: 3098896, RRID: AB_396086</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Viability dye</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Fixable Viability Stain 450 562247</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Blocking reagent</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Dainippon Pharmaceutical, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">Block Ace UKB80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">FCM</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>BD FACSAria&#160; III Cell Sorter</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">FCM software</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">BD Bioscience, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>BD FACSDiva</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Adipogenic differentiation medium</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td>StemPro Adipogenesis Differentiation kit A10070-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Osteogenic differentiation medium</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td>StemPro Osteogenesis Differentiation kit A10072-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Chondrogenic differentiation medium&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA</td>
			<td>StemPro Chondrogenesis Differentiation kit A10071-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Polyscience, Warrigton, PA</td>
			<td>16% UltraPure Formaldehyde EM Grade #18814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Oil Red O</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">O0625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Arizarin Red S</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">A5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Toluidine Blue</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">198161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:428px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:336px;">Keyence, Osaka, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:379px;">BZ-X700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and characterization of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells from preterm and term infants

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally isolated and characterized from bone marrow (BM), then acquired from tissues including adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and fetal appendages such as placenta, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC). MSCs are a heterogeneous cell population with the capacity for (1) adherence to plastic in standard culture conditions, (2) surface marker expression of CD73+/CD90+/CD105+/CD45-/CD34-/CD14-/CD19-/HLA-DR- phenotypes, and (3) trilineage differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, as currently defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Although BM is the most widely used source of MSCs, the invasive nature of BM aspiration ethically limits its accessibility. Proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs obtained from BM generally decline with the age of the donor. In contrast, fetal MSCs obtained from UC have advantages such as vigorous proliferation and differentiation capacity. There is no ethical concern for UC sampling, as it is typically regarded as medical waste. Human UC starts to develop with continuing growth of the amniotic cavity at 4-8 weeks of gestation and keeps growing until reaching 50-60 cm in length, and it can be isolated during the whole newborn delivery period. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of intractable diseases, we have used UC-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from infants delivered at various gestational ages. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-MSCs from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

The procedures from UC collection to MSC culture are summarized in Figure 1. UC of approximately 5-10 cm in length can be collected from all newborns delivered by cesarean section. UC starts to develop at 4-8 weeks of gestation and continues to grow until 50-60 cm in length, as shown in Figure 2. There are two arteries (A), one vein (V), cord lining (CL), and Wharton&#39;s Jelly (WJ) in UC, as depicted in Fig...

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Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Human umbilical cord (UC) can be obtained during the perinatal period as a result of preterm, term, and postterm delivery. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally ...

This method can help answer key questions in the deliberation of UCMSC, such as the best source of USMSC for cell therapy. The main advantage of this technique is that it enables consistent isolation and vigorous proliferation of UCMSC from pre-term and term infants. The implications of this technique extend toward therapy of intractable diseases.Though this method can provide insight into the deliberation of UCMSC, it can also be applied to other MSC sources, such as adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and so on. Generally, an individual new to this method will struggle because there are so many variation in the steps of umbilical dissection and mesenchymal stem cell isolation. Visual demonstration of this method is critical as these steps are difficult to learn because there are several points prone to be overlooked.To begin dissecting the umbilical cord, first prepare a metal tray, sterilized scissors, and forceps, ten milliliter pipettes, 25 milliliter pipettes, and two 60 millimeter tissue culture dishes. Warm up PBS purified enzyme blends, a 500 milliliter of reduced serum medium and culture medium, to room temperature. Remove previously isolated umbilical cord from a 50 milliliter tube in alpha MEM, and place it in the plastic tray.Weigh the umbilical cord, and then use sterilized scissors to dissect five grams of the cord. To sterilize the umbilical cord, use ten milliliter pipette to pour ten milliliters of 70 percent ethanol over it. Then wash the cord twice by adding ten milliliters of PBS with ten milliliter pipette.Place the washed umbilical cord in the sterilized 60 millimeter tissue culture dish and add ten milliliters reduced serum medium and 0.5 milliliters purified enzyme blends. Use sterilized scissors and forceps to cut the cord into two to three millimeter pieces. Place the dish in a five percent carbon dioxide incubator and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Then cut the partially digested pieces into smaller pieces, and incubate them at 37 degrees Celsius in a five percent carbon dioxide incubator until the homogenate becomes viscous. Finally, make sure that the homogenate flows easily through a 25 milliliter pipette. First prepare four, 50 milliliter plastic tubes in a 500 milliliter bottle of culture medium.Use a 25 milliliter pipette to divide the umbilical cord homogenate into two, 50 milliliter plastic tubes with approximately 7.5 milliliters in each tube. Then add 20 milliliters of culture medium into each tube and mix well. Collect each homogenate with 25 milliliter pipette and filter through a 100 micrometer cell strainer placed on top of a new 50 milliliter collection tube.Centrifuge two tubes with filtrates at 1000g for five minutes at room temperature. After finished centrifugation, carefully aspirate the supernatant and discard it. Add five milliliters of culture medium to each tube, and re-suspend the cell pellets.Transfer the cell suspension into a new 60 millimeter plate and culture at 37 degrees Celsius in a five percent carbon dioxide incubator. To culture the UCMSC's, warm the PBS, trypsin EDTA, and culture medium, to room temperature. When cells are attached to the plate, remove the medium, and wash twice with five milliliters of PBS to remove debris and red blood cells.Add the culture medium and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a five percent carbon dioxide incubator. Replace the medium twice per week, and culture the cells until they reach 90 to 100 percent confluency. Then wash the cells twice with five milliliters of PBS, add 0.5 milliliters of trypsin EDTA, and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for five to ten minutes.When cells become rounded and detached, add nine milliliters of culture medium, and mix well to inactivate trypsin. Add the cell suspension into a new 100 millimeter plate. Grow the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in a five percent carbon dioxide incubator until they reach 90 to 100 percent confluency.Repeat trypsinization and dividing into two new plates, until the tenth passage. Surface marker expression of UCMSC's was used as criterion for their characterization. When incubated with appropriate antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry, they were found positive for MSC's signature markers, but negative for monocyte macrophage, negative for hematapoietic stem cell and ephithelial cell, negative for B cell, negative for pan leukocytes, and negative for major histocompatibility complex markers.To evaluate trilineage differentiation capacity of USCMSC's from preterm and term infants, the cells were induced to differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. UCMSC's successfully differentiated into all three types of mesodermal cells confirming their differentiation capacity. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember that there are four critical steps.Cutting the cord into two to three centimeter pieces, cutting into smaller pieces, making sure that the homogenate flows easily through a 25 milliliter pipette, and filtering the homogenate through a 100 micrometer cell strainer.

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Developmental Biology

Isolation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and their Cultivation on the Porous Bone Matrix

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold. Thus, the application of MSCs in repair and tissue regeneration processes depends principally on the efficient implementation of the techniques for placing these cells in a host tissue. For this reason, the design of biomaterials and cellular scaffolds has gained importance in recent years because the topographical characteristics of the selected scaffold must ensure adhesion, proliferation and differentiation into the desired cell lineage in the microenvironment of the injured tissue. This option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) employs bovine bone matrix as a cellular scaffold and is an efficient culture technique because the cells respond to the topographic characteristics of the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB), i.e., spreading on the surface, macroporous covering and colonizing the depth of the biomaterial, after the cell isolation process. We present the procedure for isolating and culturing MSCs on a bovine matrix.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific biomaterials. This work presents a novel option for the delivery of MSCs from human amniotic membrane (AM-hMSCs) that employs the bovine bone matrix Nukbone (NKB) as a scaffold.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have a differentiation potential towards osteoblastic lineage when they are stimulated with soluble factors or specific ...

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are distributed along the dendrites. Their morphology is largely dependent on neuronal activity, and they are dynamic. Dendritic spines express glutamatergic receptors (AMPA and NMDA receptors) on their surface and at the levels of postsynaptic densities. Each spine allows the neuron to control its state and local activity independently. Spine morphologies have been extensively studied in glutamatergic pyramidal cells of the brain cortex, using both in vivo approaches and neuronal cultures obtained from rodent tissues. Neuropathological conditions can be associated to altered spine induction and maturation, as shown in rodent cultured neurons and one-dimensional quantitative analysis 1. The present study describes a protocol for the 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies using human cortical neurons derived from neural stem cells (late cortical progenitors). These cells were initially obtained from induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells. This protocol allows the analysis of spine morphologies at different culture periods, and with possible comparison between induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells obtained from control individuals with those obtained from patients with psychiatric diseases.

Dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons are the sites of most excitatory synapses in mammalian brain cortex. This method describes a 3D quantitative analysis of spine morphologies in human cortical pyramidal glutamatergic neurons derived from induced&#160;pluripotent stem cells.

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived from Human Placenta Tissue

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose dependent. Human term placenta is rich in MSC and is a physically large tissue that is generally discarded following birth. Placenta is an ideal starting material for the large-scale manufacture of multiple cell doses of allogeneic MSC. The placenta is a fetomaternal organ from which either fetal or maternal tissue can be isolated. This article describes the placental anatomy and procedure to dissect apart the decidua (maternal), chorionic villi (fetal), and chorionic plate (fetal) tissue. The protocol then outlines how to isolate MSC from each dissected tissue region, and provides representative analysis of expanded MSC derived from the respective tissue types. These methods are intended for pre-clinical MSC isolation, but have also been adapted for clinical manufacture of placental MSC for human therapeutic use.

Herein we describe methods for the dissection of fetal and maternal tissues from human term placenta, followed by isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) from these tissues.

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are promising candidates for use in cell-based therapies. In most cases, therapeutic response appears to be cell-dose ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for cell-based therapies to replace current, invasive techniques. MSCs can differentiate into mesenchymal lineages, including cardiac cell types, but complete differentiation into functional cells has not yet been achieved. Previous methods of differentiation were based on pharmacological agents or growth factors. However, more physiologically relevant strategies can also enable MSCs to undergo cardiomyogenic transformation. Here, we present a differentiation method using MSC aggregates on cardiomyocyte feeder layers to produce cardiomyocyte-like contracting cells.
Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) have been shown to have a greater differentiation potential than commonly investigated MSC types, such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs). As an ontogenetically younger source, we investigated the cardiomyogenic potential of first-trimester (FTM) HUCPVCs compared to older sources. FTM HUCPVCs are a novel, rich source of MSCs that retain their in utero immunoprivileged properties when cultured in vitro. Using this differentiation protocol, FTM and term HUCPVCs achieved significantly increased cardiomyogenic differentiation compared to BMSCs, as indicated by the increased expression of cardiomyocyte markers (i.e., myocyte enhancer factor 2C, cardiac troponin T, heavy chain cardiac myosin, signal regulatory protein &#945;, and connexin 43). They also maintained significantly lower immunogenicity, as demonstrated by their lower HLA-A expression and higher HLA-G expression. Applying aggregate-based differentiation, FTM HUCPVCs showed increased aggregate formation potential and generated contracting cells clusters within 1 week of co-culture on cardiac feeder layers, becoming the first MSC type to do so. 
Our results demonstrate that this differentiation strategy can effectively harness the cardiomyogenic potential of young MSCs, such as FTM HUCPVCs, and suggests that in vitro pre-differentiation could be a potential strategy to increase their regenerative efficacy in vivo.

In Vitro Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Functional Cardiomyocyte-like Cells

Here, we present a method to efficiently harness the cardiac differentiation potential of young sources of human mesenchymal stem cells in order to generate functional, contracting, cardiomyocyte-like cells in vitro.

Myocardial infarction and the subsequent ischemic cascade result in the extensive loss of cardiomyocytes, leading to congestive heart failure, the leading ...

Isolation of Endothelial Progenitor Cells from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and colleagues1. Later, others documented the existence of similar types of EPCs originating from bone marrow2,3. More recently, Yoder and Ingram showed that EPCs derived from umbilical cord blood had a higher proliferative potential compared to ones isolated from adult peripheral blood4,5,6. Apart from being involved in postnatal vasculogenesis, EPCs have also shown promise as a cell source for creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs7,8. Various isolation protocols exist, some of which involve the cell sorting of mononuclear cells (MNCs) derived from the sources mentioned earlier with the help of endothelial and hematopoietic markers, or culturing these MNCs with specialized endothelial growth medium, or a combination of these techniques9. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation and culture of EPCs using specialized endothelial medium supplemented with growth factors, without the use of immunosorting, followed by the characterization of the isolated cells using Western blotting and immunostaining.

The goal of this protocol is to isolate endothelial progenitor cells from umbilical cord blood. Some of the applications include using these cells as a biomarker for identifying patients with cardiovascular risk, treating ischemic diseases, and creating tissue-engineered vascular and heart valve constructs.

The existence of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in peripheral blood and its involvement in vasculogenesis was first reported by Ashara and ...

Isolation and Characterization of Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Endomyocardial Bioptic Samples of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy Patients

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The isolation of these cells offers the possibility of studying their involvement in cardiac diseases, and, in addition, provides a useful primary cell model to investigate biological mechanisms.
Here, the method for the isolation of C-MSC from arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients&#39; bioptic samples is described. The endomyocardial biopsy sampling is guided in the right ventricular areas adjacent to the scar visualized by electro-anatomical mapping. The digestion of the biopsies in collagenase and their plating on a plastic dish in culture medium to allow C-MSC growth is described. The isolated cells can be expanded in culture for several passages. To confirm their mesenchymal phenotype, the description of immuno-phenotypical characterization is provided. C-MSC are able to differentiate into several cell types like adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteoblasts: in the context of ACM, characterized by adipocyte deposits in patients&#39; hearts, the protocols for the adipogenic differentiation of C-MSC and the characterization of lipid droplet accumulation are described.

In this article, a method to isolate cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells from endomyocardial bioptic samples of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy patients is provided. Their characterization and the protocol to boost their adipogenic differentiation are described.

A normal adult heart is composed of several different cell types, among which cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells represent an abundant population. The ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give rise to multiple cell types, including the myotome (MYO), sclerotome (SCL), dermatome (D), and syndetome (SYN), which in turn develop into skeletal muscle, axial skeleton, dorsal dermis, and axial tendon/ligament, respectively. Therefore, the generation of SMs and their derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is critical to obtain pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) for application in regenerative medicine and for disease research in the field of orthopedic surgery. Although the induction protocols for MYO and SCL from PSCs have been previously reported by several researchers, no study has yet demonstrated the induction of SYN and D from iPSCs. Therefore, efficient induction of fully competent SMs remains a major challenge. Here, we recapitulate human SM patterning with human iPSCs in vitro by mimicking the signaling environment during chick/mouse SM development, and report on methods of systematic induction of SM derivatives (MYO, SCL, D, and SYN) from human iPSCs under chemically defined conditions through the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and SM states. Knowledge regarding chick/mouse&#160;SM development was successfully applied to the induction of SMs with human iPSCs. This method could be a novel tool for studying human somitogenesis and patterning without the use of embryos and for cell-based therapy and disease modeling.

We present here a protocol for the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into each somite derivative (myotome, sclerotome, dermatome, and syndetome) in chemically defined conditions, which has applications in future disease modeling and cell-based therapies in orthopedic surgery.

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...