This work is supported by grants from (1) the National Key R&#38;D Program of China (2020YFE0201600); (2) the National Nature Science Foundation (81973877 and 82174408); (3) Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Transformation of Hospital TCM Preparation; (4) Research Projects within Budget of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2021LK047).
&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;

See the Table of Materials for details of all materials, reagents, and instruments used in this protocol. Figure 1 shows the overall protocol for RNA FISH; Table 1 contains the composition of all solutions and Table 2 contains the primer sequences used in this protocol.
1. Probe preparation
<ol>
	<li>Identify and acquire the FASTA sequence of a target lncRNA of interest, for example, from GenBan...

FISH for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

<ol>
	<li>Djebali, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Landscape+of+transcription+in+human+cells.">Landscape of transcription in human cells.</a> Nature. 489 (7414), 101-108 (2012).</li><li>Li, C. H., Chen, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insight+into+the+role+of+long+noncoding+RNA+in+cancer+development+and+progression.">Insight into the role of long noncoding RNA in cancer development and progression.</a> International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. 326, 33-65 (2016).</li><li>Pan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=lncRNA+FBXL19-AS1+regulates+osteosarcoma+cell+proliferation,+migration+and+invasion+by+sponging+miR-346.">lncRNA FBXL19-AS1 regulates osteosarcoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion by sponging miR-346.</a> OncoTargets and Therapy. 11, 8409-8420 (2018).</li><li>Jia, D., Niu, Y., Li, D., Liu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=lncRNA+C2dat1+promotes+cell+proliferation,+migration,+and+invasion+by+targeting+miR-34a-5p+in+osteosarcoma+cells.">lncRNA C2dat1 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by targeting miR-34a-5p in osteosarcoma cells.</a> Oncology Research. 26 (5), 753-764 (2018).</li><li>Liu, Y., Wang, D., Ji, Q., Yan, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LncRNA+MATN1-AS1+for+prediction+of+prognosis+in+osteosarcoma+patients+and+its+cellular+function.">LncRNA MATN1-AS1 for prediction of prognosis in osteosarcoma patients and its cellular function.</a> Molecular Biotechnology. 64 (1), 66-74 (2022).</li><li>Luo, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+to+study+long+noncoding+RNA+biology+in+cancer.">Methods to study long noncoding RNA biology in cancer.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 927, 69-107 (2016).</li><li>Zhao, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=lncRNA+TUSC7+inhibits+osteosarcoma+progression+through+the+miR-181a/RASSF6+axis.">lncRNA TUSC7 inhibits osteosarcoma progression through the miR-181a/RASSF6 axis.</a> International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 47 (2), 583-594 (2021).</li><li>Tong, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LncRNA+RUSC1-AS1+promotes+osteosarcoma+progression+through+regulating+the+miR-340-5p+and+PI3K/AKT+pathway.">LncRNA RUSC1-AS1 promotes osteosarcoma progression through regulating the miR-340-5p and PI3K/AKT pathway.</a> Aging. 13 (16), 20116-20130 (2021).</li><li>Qi, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ceRNA+in+cancer:+possible+functions+and+clinical+implications.">ceRNA in cancer: possible functions and clinical implications.</a> Journal of Medical Genetics. 52 (10), 710-718 (2015).</li><li>Tripathi, V., Fei, J., Ha, T., Prasanth, K. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+in+cultured+mammalian+cells.">RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization in cultured mammalian cells.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 1206, 123-136 (2015).</li><li>Femino, A. M., Fay, F. S., Fogarty, K., Singer, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+single+RNA+transcripts+in+situ.">Visualization of single RNA transcripts in situ.</a> Science. 280 (5363), 585-590 (1998).</li><li>Thomsen, R., Nielsen, P. S., Jensen, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dramatically+improved+RNA+in+situ+hybridization+signals+using+LNA-modified+probes.">Dramatically improved RNA in situ hybridization signals using LNA-modified probes.</a> RNA. 11 (11), 1745-1748 (2005).</li><li>Player, A. N., Shen, L. P., Kenny, D., Antao, V. P., Kolberg, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-copy+gene+detection+using+branched+DNA+(bDNA)+in+situ+hybridization.">Single-copy gene detection using branched DNA (bDNA) in situ hybridization.</a> The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 49 (5), 603-612 (2001).</li><li>Hazra, R., Spector, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+visualization+of+RNA+transcripts+and+proteins+in+whole-mount+mouse+preimplantation+embryos+using+single-molecule+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+and+immunofluorescence+microscopy.">Simultaneous visualization of RNA transcripts and proteins in whole-mount mouse preimplantation embryos using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence microscopy.</a> Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10, 986261 (2022).</li><li>Xu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=lncRNA+SNHG6+regulates+EZH2+expression+by+sponging+miR-26a/b+and+miR-214+in+colorectal+cancer.">lncRNA SNHG6 regulates EZH2 expression by sponging miR-26a/b and miR-214 in colorectal cancer.</a> Journal of Hematology &amp; Oncology. 12 (1), 3 (2019).</li><li>Yan, K., Tian, J., Shi, W., Xia, H., Zhu, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LncRNA+SNHG6+is+associated+with+poor+prognosis+of+gastric+cancer+and+promotes+cell+proliferation+and+EMT+through+epigenetically+silencing+p27+and+sponging+miR-101-3p.">LncRNA SNHG6 is associated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer and promotes cell proliferation and EMT through epigenetically silencing p27 and sponging miR-101-3p.</a> Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry: International Journal of Experimental Cellular Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology. 42 (3), 999-1012 (2017).</li><li>Zhu, X., Yang, G., Xu, J., Zhang, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Silencing+of+SNHG6+induced+cell+autophagy+by+targeting+miR-26a-5p/ULK1+signaling+pathway+in+human+osteosarcoma.">Silencing of SNHG6 induced cell autophagy by targeting miR-26a-5p/ULK1 signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma.</a> Cancer Cell International. 19, 82 (2019).</li><li>Birgani, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+non-coding+RNA+SNHG6+as+a+potential+biomarker+for+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Long non-coding RNA SNHG6 as a potential biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Pathology Oncology Research: POR. 24 (2), 329-337 (2018).</li><li>Nielsen, B. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+lncRNA+by+LNA-based+in+situ+hybridization+in+paraffin-embedded+cancer+cell+spheroids.">Detection of lncRNA by LNA-based in situ hybridization in paraffin-embedded cancer cell spheroids.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 2348, 123-137 (2021).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+noncoding+RNA+SNHG6+regulates+p21+expression+via+activation+of+the+JNK+pathway+and+regulation+of+EZH2+in+gastric+cancer+cells.">Long noncoding RNA SNHG6 regulates p21 expression via activation of the JNK pathway and regulation of EZH2 in gastric cancer cells.</a> Life Sciences. 208, 295-304 (2018).</li><li>Traylor-Knowles, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+hybridization+techniques+for+paraffin-embedded+adult+coral+samples.">In situ hybridization techniques for paraffin-embedded adult coral samples.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (138), e57853 (2018).</li><li>Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+molecule+RNA+FISH+(smFISH)+in+whole-mount+mouse+embryonic+organs.">Single molecule RNA FISH (smFISH) in whole-mount mouse embryonic organs.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. 83 (1), 79 (2019).</li></ol>

This RNA FISH protocol can not only detect the localization of lncRNAs in cells, but also detect the colocalization of other RNAs, DNA, or proteins in cells, which can also be used to detect the location of lncRNAs in paraffin-embedded tissues. However, the specific protocol in such cases is different because the paraffin-embedded tissues need to be dewaxed21. This experimental procedure can be applied in 48- or 96-well plates, but 384-well plates are too small to be used here.
<p class="jove_...

Our understanding of the human genome has been greatly expanded by recent advances in whole-genome technology. About 93% of the human genome can be transcribed into RNAs, but only 2% of the RNAs can be translated into proteins; the remaining 98% of RNAs that have no protein translation function are called non-coding RNA (ncRNA)1. As a class of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), containing over 200 nucleotides2, have attracted increasing attention due to their involvement in many physiological and pathological processes of the cells, such as differentiation, cycle control, apoptosis, migration, and invasion3,4,5. LncRNAs play their roles through various mechanisms, such as regulating chromatin structure and nuclear gene expression, controlling the mRNA splicing process, and posttranscriptional modification6. LncRNAs regulate the occurrence, development, and metastasis of malignancies at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. Transcriptional regulation is realized in the nucleus by affecting RNA transcription via binding to the chromosomal structures, while posttranscriptional regulation is realized in the cytoplasm by controlling the target genes via an endogenous competitive RNA (ceRNA) mechanism5, 7, 8. CeRNA has revealed a new mechanism of RNA interaction, namely that lncRNAs can act as a sponge to adsorb miRNAs and inhibit the miRNA-mediated degradation of related target genes9. Therefore, the information regarding the subcellular localization of lncRNAs, whether a specific lncRNA is located in the cytoplasm or nucleus, is important to help identify their biological functions.
At present, lncRNA localization is mainly detected by two methods, one is by nucleus/cytoplasm fraction isolation assay, and the other is by RNA FISH. In the former, RNAs in the cytoplasmic and the nuclear fractions are extracted respectively, and then PCR amplification is performed with specific lncRNA primers to detect the ratio of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm and nucleus. The advantage of this method is time efficiency, while the disadvantage is that the actual lncRNA localization is not directly reflected by the relative proportion of lncRNAs in the cytoplasm and nucleus. RNA FISH can detect lncRNA localization in cells through the design of lncRNA-specific antisense chain sequences followed by labeling with fluorescent dyes10. The RNA FISH methods have been improved with advances in probe techniques and detection methods, including fluorophore-labeled multiple oligo probe sets11, LNA probes12, and branched-DNA (bDNA) probes13. RNA FISH can not only detect the localization of lncRNA, but also detect the colocalization of other RNAs, DNA, or proteins by using double-color or multicolor immunofluorescence14.
In this work, we have included the detailed intracellular localization detection protocol of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) in osteosarcoma cells (143B) by RNA FISH as an example. SNHG6 is a 600-730 nucleotide lncRNA in its mature spliced form and identified as a novel oncogene in diverse human cancers, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, ovarian clear cell carcinoma, osteosarcoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma15,16,17,18. Studies have confirmed the involvement of SNHG6 in biological behaviors of cancer cells, such as proliferation, EMT, and autophagy, and shown the cytoplasmic localization of SNHG6 where it may affect the target genes by binding (sponging) the miRNAs15,16,17. This detailed detection protocol of SNHG6 intracellular localization by RNA FISH is presented herein.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic cell counter</td>
			<td>Shanghai Simo Biological Technology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>IC1000</td>
			<td>Counting cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture plate-12</td>
			<td>Shanghai YueNian Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>3513,corning</td>
			<td>Place the coverslips in the plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Cell line (143B)</td>
			<td>Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>CRL-8303</td>
			<td>osteosarcoma cancer cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube (15 mL, 50 mL)</td>
			<td>Shanghai YueNian Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>&#160;430790, Corning</td>
			<td>Centrifuge the cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>Shanghai YueNian Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>abs7026</td>
			<td>The cells are seeded on the coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3 label-SNHG6 DNA probe</td>
			<td>Shanghai GenePharma Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>A10005</td>
			<td>Detect SNHG6 location</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM media</td>
			<td>Shanghai YueNian Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>LM-E1141</td>
			<td>Cell culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry Bath Incubator</td>
			<td>Haimen Kylin-Bell Lab Instruments Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>DKT200-2&#160;</td>
			<td>Incubation at different high temperatures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 100%&#160;</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical ReagentCo., Ltd</td>
			<td>10009218</td>
			<td>dehydration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>Shanghai Waihai Biotechnology Co., LTD</td>
			<td>Olympus BX43 equipped with a camera of Olympus U-TV0.5XC-3(SN:5J01719),olympus</td>
			<td>Observation and positioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>DHP-9051</td>
			<td>The samples were incubated at 37 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting Medium</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>E675004</td>
			<td>Attach the coverslips to the slide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaker</td>
			<td>Haimen Kylin-Bell Lab Instruments Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>TS-8S</td>
			<td>Washing sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide</td>
			<td>Shanghai YueNian Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>188105</td>
			<td>The coverslips is placed on the slide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A600198</td>
			<td>Permeable membrane and nuclear membrane</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Trypsin (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Shanghai YueNian Biotechnology Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>25200056, Gibco</td>
			<td>trypsin treatment of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A600560</td>
			<td>detergent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rna fluorescence in situ hybridization for long non-coding rna localization in human osteosarcoma cells

The important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer have been studied, such as regulating the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, infiltration, and autophagy of cancer cells. Localization detection of lncRNAs in cells can provide insight into their functions. By designing the lncRNA-specific antisense chain sequence followed by labeling with fluorescent dyes, RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can be applied to detect the cellular localization of lncRNAs. Together with the development of microscopy, the RNA FISH techniques now even allow for visualization of the poorly expressed lncRNAs. This method can not only detect the localization of lncRNAs alone, but also detect the colocalization of other RNAs, DNA, or proteins by using double-color or multicolor immunofluorescence. Here, we have included the detailed experimental operation procedure and precautions of RNA FISH by using lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) in human osteosarcoma cells (143B) as an example, to provide a reference for researchers who want to perform RNA FISH experiments, especially lncRNA FISH.

Author Spotlight: RNA FISH for Locating lncRNA-SNHG6 in Osteosarcoma Cells 

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for Long Non-Coding RNA Localization in Human Osteosarcoma Cells

The scope of our research is to provide a detailed RNA FISH protocol that's providing a reference for scientists who want to perform RNA FISH experiments. Our research has established that RNA FISH can be used to localize lncRNA in human osteosarcoma cells. Our protocol provided a comprehensive experimental procedure and the precautions for RNA FISH using lncRNA-SNHG6 in human osteosarcoma cells as a reference.

Representative images of SNHG6 FISH in human osteosarcoma cells are shown (Figure 2). The negative control is treated with the negative Ctrl probe; positive control is treated with U6 probe 20. SNHG6 probe and U6 probe are labeled with Cy3, which emits red fluorescence. DAPI is a dye that stains the DNA, which emits blue fluorescence. This result shows that SNHG6 is mainly localized in the cytoplasm, and this information can provide an important direction for further ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA FISH for Locating lncRNA-SNHG6 in Osteosarcoma Cells at JoVE.com

The present protocol describes a method of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize the lncRNAs in human osteosarcoma cells.

The important roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer have been studied, such as regulating the proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition ...

rna-fluorescence-situ-hybridization-for-long-non-coding-rna

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

887 ビュー.  Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. 私たちの研究の範囲は、RNA FISH実験を行いたい科学者にリファレンスを提供する詳細なRNA FISHプロトコルを提供することです。私たちの研究は、RNA FISHを使用してヒト骨肉腫細胞のlncRNAを局在化できることを確立しました。私たちのプロトコルは、ヒト骨肉腫細胞のlncRNA-SNHG6を基準としてRNA FISHの包括的な実験手順と注意事項を提供しました。

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:骨肉腫細胞におけるlncRNA-SNHG6の位置を特定するためのRNA FISH 

The present protocol describes a method of RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize the lncRNAs in human osteosarcoma cells.

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/65545_b.jpg

rna fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize the lncrnas in human osteosarcoma cells

RNA Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization to Localize the lncRNAs in Human Osteosarcoma Cells  

establishment of patient-derived xenograft mouse model with human osteosarcoma tissues

Author Spotlight: Replicating Human Osteosarcoma Progression in Immunodeficient Mice for Cancer Study

The present protocol describes the method for establishing a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model using human osteosarcoma...

Protocol for Osteosarcoma PDX Mouse Models: Studying Growth and Drug Resistance

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robust detection of gene amplification in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples by fluorescence in situ hybridization

Author Spotlight: FISH as a Tool for Precise Gene Amplification Assessment in Cancer Specimens

This protocol provides a reproducible method to visualize gene amplification in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens.

Enhancing FISH Analysis for Oncogenic Drivers in Cancer Tissue Samples

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/66978_b.jpg

detection of viral rna by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish)

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to visually detect viral genomic RNA using fluorescence microscopy. A probe is made with specificity to the viral RNA that can then be identified using a combination of hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. This technique offers the advantage of identifying the localization of the viral RNA or DNA at steady-state, providing information on the control of intracellular virus trafficking...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

computational analysis tutorial for chimeric small noncoding rna: target rna sequencing libraries

Author Spotlight: A Computational Pipeline for Analyzing Chimeric Noncoding RNA-Target RNA Interactions in High-Throughput Sequencing Data 

Here, we present a protocol demonstrating the installation and use of a bioinformatics pipeline to analyze chimeric RNA sequencing data used in the study of in vivo RNA:RNA...

In Vivo RNA: RNA Interactions Using the SCRAP Bioinformatics Pipeline

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/65779_b.jpg

cytotoxic efficacy of photodynamic therapy in osteosarcoma cells in vitro

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

The protocol reported here allows the evaluation of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cell lines and the optimization of the PDT settings before applying the therapy in animal...

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

methods to enable spatial transcriptomics of bone tissues

Author Spotlight: Exploring Advanced Therapeutic Targets in Osteosarcoma Through Spatial Transcriptomics

Here, we describe a method that allows for the decalcification of freshly obtained bone tissues and the preservation of high-quality RNA. A method is also illustrated for sectioning Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) samples of non-demineralized bones to obtain good quality results if fresh tissues are not available or cannot be collected.

Protocol to Prepare Demineralized FFPE Bone Tissue Samples with RNA Integrity 

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optical photothermal infrared-fluorescence in situ hybridization (optir-fish)

Author Spotlight: Integrated OPTIR-FISH for Single-Cell Metabolic and Identity Analysis in Complex Environments

Here, we present a protocol using optical photothermal infrared-fluorescence in situ hybridization (OPTIR-FISH), also known as mid-infrared photothermal-FISH (MIP-FISH), to identify individual cells and understand their metabolism. This methodology can be applied broadly for diverse applications, including mapping cellular metabolism with single-cell resolution.

Comprehensive Protocol for Cell Identification and Metabolic Analysis Using OPTIR-FISH

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combined dna-rna fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) to study x chromosome inactivation in differentiated female mouse embryonic stem cells

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the detection of nucleic acids in their native environment within cells. We here describe a protocol for the combined, simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA by means of FISH, which can be used to study X chromosome inactivation in mouse embryonic stem...

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

transcriptional analysis by nascent rna fish of in vivo trophoblast giant cells or in vitro short-term cultures of ectoplacental cone explants

Transcriptional  Analysis by Nascent RNA FISH of In Vivo Trophoblast Giant Cells or In Vitro Short-term Cultures of Ectoplacental Cone Explants

Trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) play a key role in the placenta to ensure a healthy pregnancy. We present a protocol for assessing the transcriptional status of genes in TGCs by nascent fluorescent in situ hybridization on cryostat sections of post-implantation embryos or short-term cultures of embryonic day 7 ectoplacental cones.

Transcriptional Analysis by Nascent RNA FISH of In Vivo Trophoblast Giant Cells or In Vitro Short-term Cultures of Ectoplacental Cone Explants

analysis of single-cell gene transcription by rna fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish)

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

locked nucleic acid flow cytometry-fluorescence in situ hybridization (lna flow-fish): a method for bacterial small rna detection

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization LNA flow-FISH: a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

A novel high-throughput method is described that enables the detection and relative quantitation of small RNA and mRNA expression from single bacterial cells using locked nucleic acid probes and flow cytometry-fluorescence in situ...

Locked Nucleic Acid Flow Cytometry-fluorescence in situ Hybridization (LNA flow-FISH): a Method for Bacterial Small RNA Detection

three-dimensional bone extracellular matrix model for osteosarcoma

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

The bone extracellular matrix (BEM) model for osteosarcoma (OS) is well established and shown here. It can be used as a suitable scaffold for mimicking primary tumor growth in vitro and providing an ideal model for studying the histologic and cytogenic heterogeneity of...

modeling osteosarcoma using li-fraumeni syndrome patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells

Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Here, we present a protocol for the generation of induced pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) from Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS) patient derived fibroblasts, differentiation of iPSCs via mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to osteoblasts, and modeling in vivo tumorigenesis using LFS patient-derived osteoblasts.

rna fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to visualize microbial colonization and infection in caenorhabditis elegans intestines

RNA Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH to Visualize Microbial Colonization and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines

Intestinal microbes, including extracellular bacteria and intracellular pathogens like the Orsay virus and microsporidia (fungi), are often associated with wild Caenorhabditis nematodes. This article presents a protocol for detecting and quantifying microbes that colonize and/or infect C. elegans nematodes, and for measuring pathogen load after controlled infections in the...

RNA Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) to Visualize Microbial Colonization and Infection in Caenorhabditis elegans Intestines

generation and downstream analysis of single-cell and single-nuclei transcriptomes in brain organoids

Author Spotlight: Integrating Organoid Models with Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Technologies

Here, we introduce a comprehensive protocol for the generation and downstream analysis of human brain organoids using single-cell and single-nucleus RNA...

Single Cell and Nuclei Extraction from Human Brain Organoids

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To begin, after acquiring the long non-coding RNA of interest, incubate the hybridization buffer at 37 degrees Celsius for two hours. Next, dissolve the four optical density probe in 160 microliters of diethyl pyrocarbonate treated deionized water away from the light. Prepare 200 microliters of the probe mixture for each well, and set up a series of 50, 25, 12.5, and six micrograms per milliliter.Denature the probe mix at 73 degrees Celsius for five minutes. Take a 12-well cell culture plate containing 143B cells on sterile glass cover slips. Remove the medium and wash twice for five minutes with PBS.Place the cells on a shaker. Then remove the PBS and add 200 microliters of 100%ethanol to each well, fixing for 15 minutes at room temperature. Then remove the ethanol, add 200 microliters of 0.1%Triton X-100 to each well, and incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature.Remove 0.1%Triton X-100 and wash two times for five minutes with PBS. Next, remove PBS, add 200 microliters of two times sodium-saline citrate or SSC buffer into each well, and incubate for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius. Remove two times SSC buffer, add 200 microliters of 70%ethanol into each well, and incubate for three minutes at room temperature.Discard the 70%ethanol, then add 200 microliters of 85%ethanol into each well and incubate for three minutes at room temperature. Next, discard the 85%ethanol, add 200 microliters of 100%ethanol to each well, and incubate for three minutes at room temperature. Afterward, absorb and discard the 100%ethanol and allow the wells to dry.Next, add 200 microliters of denatured probe mixture to each well, then incubate at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. The following day, remove samples from 37 degrees Celsius, discard the probe mixture, and add 200 microliters of preheated 0.4 times SSC 0.3%Tween 20 buffer to each well and wash for two minutes at room temperature. Remove the 0.4 times SSC 0.3%Tween 20 buffer.Add 200 microliters of two times SSC 0.1%Tween 20 buffer to each well and wash for two minutes at room temperature. Next, discard the two times SSC 0.1%Tween 20 buffer. Add 200 microliters of DAPI staining solution and stain for 20 minutes in the dark on a shaker.After staining, discard the DAPI solution and wash it with PBS for two minutes at room temperature. Lastly, add 50 microliters of mounting medium containing gum to the slide and place the glass cover slip to fix the slide. Representative SNHG6 FISH images in human osteosarcoma cells are shown.SNHG6 probe labeled with Cy3, which emits red fluorescence, showed that SNHG6 is mainly localized in the cytoplasm. A background color was observed when using a high concentration of probe.