The authors would like to acknowledge the many contributions to the field that were not cited in this work due to space limitations, as well as the funding agencies that provided this opportunity.&#160;The authors acknowledge funding from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), which supported this work. K.M. is the recipient of a CGS-M scholarship from NSERC and a Killam Doctoral Scholarship from the University of British Columbia. N.S. is the recipient of a Michael Smith Health Research BC Scholar Award.

1. Preparation of reagents for mPSC culture
<ol>
	<li>Prepare N2 supplement.
	<ol>
		<li>In non-sterile conditions, prepare the following stock solutions (step 1.1.1.1) in a chemical safety fume hood. Add the solid powder of each chemical to a pre-weighed 50 mL conical tube. Weigh each tube after adding the powder and add an appropriate amount of solvent to achieve the concentrations below. For one batch of media, prepare the minimum amount listed. 
		NOTE: The following reagents are hazardous and...

Comparative Analysis of Forward and Reverse Transfection Methods on mPSCs

<ol>
	<li>Shakiba, N., Jones, R. D., Weiss, R., Del Vecchio, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Context-aware+synthetic+biology+by+controller+design:+Engineering+the+mammalian+cell.">Context-aware synthetic biology by controller design: Engineering the mammalian cell.</a> Cell Systems. 12 (6), 561-592 (2021).</li><li>Fus-Kujawa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+overview+of+methods+and+tools+for+transfection+of+eukaryotic+cells+in+vitro.">An overview of methods and tools for transfection of eukaryotic cells in vitro.</a> Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 9, (2021).</li><li>FAU, K. T. K., Eberwine, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+cell+transfection:+the+present+and+the+future.">Mammalian cell transfection: the present and the future.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 397 (8), 3173-3178 (2010).</li><li>Tamm, C., Galit&#243;, S. P., Anner&#233;n, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+of+protocols+for+mouse+embryonic+stem+cell+culturing.">A comparative study of protocols for mouse embryonic stem cell culturing.</a> PLoS One. 8 (12), 81156 (2013).</li><li>Morgani, S., Nichols, J., Hadjantonakis, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+many+faces+of+pluripotency:+in+vitro+adaptations+of+a+continuum+of+in+vivo+states.">The many faces of pluripotency: in vitro adaptations of a continuum of in vivo states.</a> BMC Developmental Biology. 17 (1), (2017).</li><li>Mulas, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defined+conditions+for+propagation+and+manipulation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Defined conditions for propagation and manipulation of mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Development. 146 (6), 173146 (2019).</li><li>Tamm, C., Kadekar, S., Pijuan-Galit&#243;, S., Anner&#233;n, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+and+efficient+transfection+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+using+non-viral+reagents.">Fast and efficient transfection of mouse embryonic stem cells using non-viral reagents.</a> Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 12 (5), 584-591 (2016).</li><li>Chong, Z. X., Yeap, S. K., Ho, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfection+types,+methods+and+strategies:+A+technical+review.">Transfection types, methods and strategies: A technical review.</a> PeerJ. 9, 11165 (2021).</li><li>Gam, J. J., DiAndreth, B., Jones, R. D., Huh, J., Weiss, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+&amp;#34;poly-transfection&amp;#34;+method+for+rapid,+one-pot+characterization+and+optimization+of+genetic+systems.">A &amp;#34;poly-transfection&amp;#34; method for rapid, one-pot characterization and optimization of genetic systems.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (18), 106 (2019).</li><li>Jones, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+endoribonuclease-based+feedforward+controller+for+decoupling+resource-limited+genetic+modules+in+mammalian+cells.">An endoribonuclease-based feedforward controller for decoupling resource-limited genetic modules in mammalian cells.</a> Nature Communications. 11 (1), 5690 (2020).</li><li>Wauford, N., Jones, R., Van De Mark, C., Weiss, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+development+of+cell+state+identification+circuits+with+poly-transfection.">Rapid development of cell state identification circuits with poly-transfection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (192), e64793 (2023).</li><li>Hori, Y., Kantak, C., Murray, R. M., Abate, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-free+extract+based+optimization+of+biomolecular+circuits+with+droplet+microfluidics.">Cell-free extract based optimization of biomolecular circuits with droplet microfluidics.</a> Lab on a Chip. 17 (18), 3037-3042 (2017).</li><li>Teague, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytoflow:+A+python+toolbox+for+flow+cytometry.">Cytoflow: A python toolbox for flow cytometry.</a> bioRxiv. , (2023).</li><li>Qin, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+comparison+of+constitutive+promoters+and+the+doxycycline-inducible+promoter.">Systematic comparison of constitutive promoters and the doxycycline-inducible promoter.</a> PLoS One. 5 (5), 0010611 (2010).</li></ol>

A key reason for the widespread adoption of transfection protocols is their reproducibility and accessibility; however, these protocols do require optimization across experimental contexts. Not mentioned above is the standard testing required when attempting to transfect a new cell line for the first time. First, the choice of transfection reagent is key, as commercially available reagents are not one-size-fits-all and will vary in the efficiency of NA delivery viability across cell types. Additionally, finding the ideal...

Delivery of DNA and RNA into mammalian cells serves as a core pillar of biomedical research1. A common method for introducing exogenous nucleic acids (NA) into mammalian cells is through transient transfection2,3. This technique relies on mixing NA with commercially available transfection reagents capable of delivering them into the recipient cells. Typically, NA is delivered via forward transfection, where cells adhering to a two-dimensional surface receive the transfection complex. While forward transfection for the most common established cell lines is robust and protocols are well-published, more niche cell types with non-monolayer morphologies do not transfect easily, limiting the amount of NA that can be delivered and the number of cells that receive it.
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) serve as an attractive model for understanding development and as a tool for regenerative medicine, given their ability to divide indefinitely and produce any bodily cell type. For mouse PSCs (mPSCs), routine in vitro culture conditions with 2 inhibitors and LIF&#160;(2i/LIF) maintain a dome-like colony morphology, directly limiting the number of cells exposed to a forward transfection4,5,6. To address this, a reverse transfection can be performed: cells are added to a dish containing media and transfection reagent, rather than adding transfection reagent to adherent cells7. While this increases the number of cells exposed to the reagent, it also requires the cells to be passaged and transfected concurrently.
Moving beyond simple single-NA transfections, researchers often aim to deliver several NA constructs into a population of cells in vitro. This is typically achieved through a co-transfection, where the NAs are mixed at a given ratio (1:1, 9:1, etc.) and are then combined with the chosen transfection reagent8. This yields a mix of NAs and reagent that preserves the original ratio of NAs to one another - while cells in the treatment may receive different amounts of this mix, they all receive the same ratio9. While this is advantageous when the desired ratio of parts is known, determining this ratio ahead of time can be labor-intensive, with each ratio constituting a different condition. One alternative is to perform a &#34;poly-transfection,&#34; where individual NAs are mixed with the transfection reagent independently from one another9. By combining transfection complexes containing individual NAs (rather than combining NAs before creating the complexes), researchers can explore a wide array of NA stoichiometries in a single transfection experiment9. This is particularly valuable in cases where the products of several NAs are expected to interact with one another, such as with inducible transcription systems or systems with feedback built in1,10,11. However, to do so effectively, a high transfection efficiency is needed. Indeed, as the number of unique transfected NAs increases, the probability of a given cell receiving all of the desired NAs decreases exponentially9, 12.
The following report describes a reverse transfection protocol for mPSCs using a cationic lipid-based transfection reagent, in which cells are exposed to the reagent-NA mix for a maximum of 5 min to maximize viability and minimize the time outside of typical culture conditions. Comparing this protocol to the standard forward transfection of these cells demonstrates a higher transfection efficiency and an increase in the total number of surviving transfected cells. By combining this reverse transfection with a three-plasmid poly-transfection involving simple fluorescent reporters, an expanded potential to screen NA ratios with high transfection efficiency is demonstrated.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase&#160;</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>SCR005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apotransferrin&#160;</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>T1147-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA fraction V (7.5%)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15260-037</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR99021&#160;</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>SML1046-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>D6421-24X500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometry standardization beads</td>
			<td>Spherotech</td>
			<td>URCP-38-2K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin&#160;</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>G1890</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX supplement&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12585-0014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668-019</td>
			<td>Transfection reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal media</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OptiMEM&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31985-070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD0325901&#160;</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>PZ0162-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Progesterone</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P8783</td>
			<td>Chemical hazard - consult local safety guidelines, ensure proper PPE is worn, and work with the solid powder form only in a chemical fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putrescine</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>P6780</td>
			<td>Chemical hazard - consult local safety guidelines, ensure proper PPE is worn, and work with the solid powder form only in a chemical fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant mLIF&#160;</td>
			<td>BioTechne</td>
			<td>8878-LF-500/CF</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium selenite&#160;</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>S5261-25G</td>
			<td>Chemical hazard - consult local safety guidelines, ensure proper PPE is worn, and work with the solid powder form only in a chemical fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an optimized mouse embryonic stem cell based reverse poly-transfection technique for rapid exploration of nucleic acid ratios

Due to its relative simplicity and ease of use, transient transfection of mammalian cell lines with nucleic acids has become a mainstay in biomedical research. While most widely used cell lines have robust protocols for transfection in adherent two-dimensional culture, these protocols often do not translate well to less-studied lines or those with atypical, hard-to-transfect morphologies. Using mouse pluripotent stem cells grown in 2i/LIF media, a widely used culture model for regenerative medicine, this method outlines an optimized, rapid reverse transfection protocol capable of achieving higher transfection efficiency. Leveraging this protocol, a three-plasmid poly-transfection is performed, taking advantage of the higher-than-normal efficiency in plasmid delivery to study an expanded range of plasmid stoichiometry. This reverse poly-transfection protocol allows for a one-pot experimental method, enabling users to optimize plasmid ratios in a single well, rather than across several co-transfections. By facilitating the rapid exploration of the effect of DNA stoichiometry on the overall function of delivered genetic circuits, this protocol minimizes the time and cost of embryonic stem cell transfection.

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Synthetic Genetic Devices for Stem Cell Fate Manipulation and Cellular Therapy Development

An Optimized Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Based Reverse Poly-Transfection Technique for Rapid Exploration of Nucleic Acid Ratios

Our work generally focuses on using synthetic genetic devices to manipulate stem cell fate and behavior. By controlling cellular states, we aim to advance the development of next generation cellular therapies. Recently, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the dosage of a fate determining gene and the cell's lineage has been established.This was facilitated by the development of genetic controllers that are able to titrate a given gene precisely. Classic molecular biology techniques such as transfection or lentiviral transduction for simple gene over expression will always be a mainstay. However, our field has recently adopted synthetic devices that incorporate linear and non-linear feedback in order to obtain more complex outputs from delivered DNA.Gene dosage has a key role in determining the outcome of gene expression. When delivering multiple exogenous genes, a key experimental factor is how much of each gene will give the optimal or desired outcome. Our protocol allows researchers to rapidly scan across dosages in a single treatment, looking for the desired ratio of DNA devices.

Both forward and reverse transfections rely on the interaction between the cell membrane and incoming transfection reagent-DNA complexes, allowing the delivery of NA to the recipient cells. Where these techniques differ is the state of the cell upon delivery - while DNA is typically delivered to adherent cell monolayers in traditional forward transfection, reverse transfection instead relies on having the reagent-DNA complex meet the cells while in a single-cell suspension. This difference can be particularly crucial in ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Optimized Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Based Reverse Poly-Transfection Technique for Rapid Exploration of Nucleic Acid Ratios at JoVE.com

The present protocol describes a method for reverse poly-transfection of mouse embryonic stem cells during culture with 2i and LIF media. This method yields higher viability and efficiency than traditional forward transfection protocols, while also enabling one-pot optimization of plasmid ratios.

Due to its relative simplicity and ease of use, transient transfection of mammalian cell lines with nucleic acids has become a mainstay in biomedical ...

an-optimized-mouse-embryonic-stem-cell-based-reverse-poly

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

607 ビュー.  University of British Columbia. 私たちの研究は一般的に、幹細胞の運命と行動を操作するために合成遺伝子デバイスを使用することに焦点を当てています。細胞の状態を制御することで、次世代の細胞治療薬の開発を進めることを目指しています。近年、運命を左右する遺伝子の投与量と細胞の系統との関係について、より深い理解が確立されてきました。これは、特定の遺伝子を正確に滴定で?...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:幹細胞の運命操作と細胞治療開発のための合成遺伝子デバイスの進歩

The present protocol describes a method for reverse poly-transfection of mouse embryonic stem cells during culture with 2i and LIF media. This method yields higher viability and efficiency than traditional forward transfection protocols, while also enabling one-pot optimization of plasmid...

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three&#45;dimensional cell culture of adipose-derived stem cells in a hydrogel with photobiomodulation augmentation

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Stem Cell Regenerative Therapy Through Photobiomodulation

Here, we present a protocol demonstrating the use of hydrogel as a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture framework for adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) culture and introducing photobiomodulation (PBM) to enhance the proliferation of ADSCs within the 3D culture setting.

Photobiomodulation Growth Augmentation of Hydrogel Embedded Stem Cells 

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chimeric antigen receptor t cell manufacturing on an automated cell processor

Author Spotlight: Advancements in CAR-T Cell Manufacturing and Gene Therapy Production 

This article details the manufacturing process for chimeric antigen receptor T cells for clinical use, specifically using an automated cell processor capable of performing viral transduction and cultivation of T cells. We provide recommendations and describe pitfalls that should be considered during the process development and implementation of an early-phase clinical...

Automated Processor for Clinical-Scale CAR-T Cell Manufacturing

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blastomere explants to test for cell fate commitment during embryonic development

Blastomere Explants to Test for Cell Fate Commitment During Embryonic Development

The fate of an individual embryonic cell can be influenced by inherited molecules and/or by signals from neighboring cells. Utilizing fate maps of the cleavage stage Xenopus embryo, single blastomeres can be identified for culture in isolation to assess the contributions of inherited molecules versus cell-cell...

comparison of two representative methods for differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into mesenchymal stromal cells

Author Spotlight: Advancements in iPSCs and Genetic Disease Research 

This protocol describes and compares two representative methods for differentiating hiPSCs into mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). The monolayer method is characterized by lower cost, simpler operation, and easier osteogenic differentiation. The embryoid bodies (EBs) method is characterized by lower time...

Characterizing Surface Antigens and Proliferation Ability in hiPSC-Driving MSCs

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optimized protocol for generating functional pancreatic insulin-secreting cells from human pluripotent stem cells

Author Spotlight: Advancements and Challenges in &amp;#946;-Cells Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells

This article presents a protocol for directed differentiation and functional analysis of &#946;-cell like cells. We describe optimal culture conditions and passages for human pluripotent stem cells before generating insulin-producing pancreatic cells. The six-stage differentiation progresses from definitive endoderm formation to functional &#946;-cell like cells secreting insulin in response to...

Differentiating Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Pancreatic ?-Cells

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reconstitution of the bacterial glutamate receptor channel by encapsulation of a cell-free expression system

Author Spotlight: Membrane Protein Reconstitution in Synthetic Cells

This protocol describes the inverted emulsion method used to encapsulate a cell-free expression (CFE) system within a giant unilamellar vesicle (GUV) for the investigation of the synthesis and incorporation of a model membrane protein into the lipid...

Cell-Free Expression of Membrane Proteins in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

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high-resolution cell transplantation in embryonic and larval zebrafish

Author Spotlight: Mapping Cellular Connectivity in the Zebrafish Nervous System During Development and Regeneration

Here we present a protocol to transplant cells with high spatial and temporal resolution in zebrafish embryos and larvae at any stage between at least 1 and 7 days post...

Robust Zebrafish Cell Transplantation for Regeneration and Development Research

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generation of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived itenocytes via combined scleraxis overexpression and 2d uniaxial tension

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair 

This article describes a procedure to produce iTenocytes by generating iPSC-derived mesenchymal stromal cells with combined overexpression of Scleraxis using a lentiviral vector and uniaxial stretching via a 2D...

Harnessing iPSC-Derived iTenocytes for Effective Cell-Based Therapy

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ex vivo expansion and genetic manipulation of mouse hematopoietic stem cells in polyvinyl alcohol-based cultures

Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures

Presented here is a protocol to initiate, maintain, and analyze mouse hematopoietic stem cell cultures using ex vivo polyvinyl alcohol-based expansion, as well as methods to genetically manipulate them by lentiviral transduction and...

Ex Vivo Expansion and Genetic Manipulation of Mouse Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Cultures

establishment and genetic manipulation of murine hepatocyte organoids

Establishment and Genetic Manipulation of Murine Hepatocyte Organoids

A long-term ex vitro 3D organoid culture system was established from mouse hepatocytes. These organoids can be passaged and genetically manipulated by lentivirus infection of shRNA/ectopic construction, siRNA transfection and CRISPR-Cas9...

assessing stem cell dna integrity for cardiac cell therapy

Assessing Stem Cell DNA Integrity for Cardiac Cell Therapy

Here, we provide a detailed description of an experimental setup for an analysis of the assessment of DNA integrity in stem cells prior to cell transplantation.

isolation and genetic manipulation of adult cardiac myocytes for confocal imaging

Isolation and Genetic Manipulation of Adult Cardiac Myocytes for Confocal Imaging

Adult cardiac myocytes are primary cells that can be isolated from animal hearts and cultured for several days. Within this culture period adenoviral gene transfer can be used to express genetically encoded biosensors (GEBs) or fluorescent fusion proteins. Both approaches allow cellular investigations by means of confocal...

alternative cultures for human pluripotent stem cell production, maintenance, and genetic analysis

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Here, we present human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) culture protocols, based on non-colony type monolayer (NCM) growth of dissociated single cells. This new method, utilizing Rho-associated kinase inhibitors or the laminin isoform 521 (LN-521), is suitable for producing large amounts of homogeneous hPSCs, genetic manipulation, and drug...

isolation of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells with high yields and low damage

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Stem Cell-Derived Vascularized Organoids and Optimized Isolation of Wharton&#039;s Jelly for Enhanced MSC Production

This study presents a unique blunt dissection procedure to preserve the integrity of Wharton's jelly (WJ), resulting in less damaged WJ and a greater quantity and viability of the harvested mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The method demonstrates superior yield and proliferative ability compared to conventional sharp dissection...

Dissection and Isolation of WJ-MSCs from the Human Umbilical Cord

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single cell fate mapping in zebrafish

Single Cell Fate Mapping in Zebrafish

A method is described to photoactivate single cells containing a caged fluorescent protein using two-photon absorption from a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser oscillator. To fate map the photoactivated cell, immunohistochemistry is used.  This technique can be applied to any cell...

genetic manipulation in &delta;ku80 strains for functional genomic analysis of toxoplasma gondii

Genetic Manipulation in &lt;em&gt;&amp;Delta;ku80&lt;/em&gt; Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of &lt;em&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;/em&gt;

Here we report a method for using type I and type II &Delta;ku80 strains of Toxoplasma gondii to efficiently generate targeted gene deletions and gene replacements for functional genomic...

Genetic Manipulation in &Delta;ku80 Strains for Functional Genomic Analysis of Toxoplasma gondii

evaluation of cancer stem cell migration using compartmentalizing microfluidic devices and live cell imaging

Evaluation of Cancer Stem Cell Migration Using Compartmentalizing Microfluidic Devices and Live Cell Imaging

A compartmentalizing microfluidic device for investigating cancer stem cell migration is described. This novel platform creates a viable cellular microenvironment and enables microscopic visualization of live cell locomotion. Highly motile cancer cells are isolated to study molecular mechanisms of aggressive infiltration, potentially leading to more effective future...

stereotaxic surgery for genetic manipulation in striatal cells of neonatal mouse brains

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

We describe a protocol of stereotaxic surgery with a homemade head-fixed device for microinjecting reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains. This technique allows genetic manipulation in neuronal cells of specific regions of neonatal mouse...

mechanical dissociation of tissues for single cell analysis using a motorized device

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Nanoparticle Technology for Drug Delivery and Immunotherapy

A general protocol for the combined enzymatic and semi-automated mechanical dissociation of tissues to generate single-cell suspensions for downstream analyses, such as flow cytometry, is provided. Instructions for the fabrication, assembly, and operation of the low-cost mechanical device developed for this protocol are...

Semi-Automated Mechanical-Enzymatic Tissue Dissociation for Single-Cell Analysis

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Preparation of Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells &#40;mPSCs&#41; for Transfection

To prepare a gelatin coated 24 well plate add 200 microliters of the 0.2%gelatin solution to each well. Gently shake the plate to evenly spread the solution and allow the wells to coat at room temperature. After 15 minutes, using a vacuum aspirator carefully remove any leftover gelatin from the wells.Add 0.5 milliliters of freshly prepared NBIL media to each well. And place the plate in a tissue culture incubator to prewarm. Aliquot 30 milliliters of wash media into a 50 milliliter conical tube.Aspirate the media from the tissue culture dish of mESCs and add required amount of cell detachment medium. After three to five minutes, pipette up and down 15 to 20 times using a P1, 000 pipette. Observe the cells under a microscope.To ensure a single cell suspension transfer the cell suspension into a 50 milliliter tube containing wash media. Centrifuge the suspension at 300G for five minutes at room temperature and aspirate the wash media. Resuspend the pellet in approximately 300 microliters of wash media.

Reverse and Forward Transfection of Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells &#40;mPSCs&#41;

To begin, aliquot 200 microliters of NBIL media into 1.5 milliliter tubes. Add 26 microliters of the optimum transfection reagent mixture to the DNA optimum mixture. Pipe at the reagents vigorously approximately 10 times.Transfer the required volume of mPSC suspensions to the 200 microliters of NBIL tubes. Then add lipofectamine 2000 and DNA mixture to the tubes and mix well by pipetting. After five minutes, centrifuge the mixture at 300 G for five minutes and remove the supernatant, leaving approximately 50 microliters in the tube.Re suspend the pellet in 100 microliters of NBIL media. Transfer the cell suspension to a gelatin-coated 24-well plate and place plate in the incubator. Transfer the required volume of mPSC suspension to seed 25, 000 cells per well of a gelatin coated 24-well plate and place the plate in the incubator.One hour prior to transfection. Replace the media from the wells with 0.5 milliliters of NBIL media. After incubation, dropwise, add lipofectamine 2000 and DNA mixture to the wells.Place the plate in the incubator for 48 hours.

Flow Cytometry Analysis of Transfected Mouse Pluripotent Stem Cells &#40;mPSCs&#41;

After transfection of mPSCs, aspirate the media from the six-well plate. Then add 200 microliters of trypsin into each well. Swirl and incubate for 30 seconds at 37 degrees Celsius.Tap the side of the plate and add 200 microliters of ice cold FACS buffer. Using a P200 pipette, mix the contents of each well to dislodge cells and make single cell solutions. Transfer 200 microliters from each well to the appropriate well on the 96-well plate Centrifuge the plate at 300 G for five minutes.After centrifugation, resuspend the pellets in 150 microliters of FACS buffer before running the sample on a flow cytometer. Compared to reverse transfections, forward transections showed a significantly lower proportion of cells positive for the marker. Interestingly, forward Transfect did not deliver a significantly lower amount of DNA on average to the population of cells.In reverse transections, incubation time significantly influenced the percentage of reporter positive cells. However, the average reporter expression in positive cells was not affected by incubation time. For both poly and co-transfection, a forward transfection significantly decreased the number of cells present at the chosen endpoint compared to reverse transfections.In the case of reverse poly-transections, higher transfection efficiency and a broader dynamic range of well-represented DNA ratios were observed.