이 작품은 LC 그리피스 건강 보조금 RO1GM - 33205와 MH - 067284 국립 연구소에 의해 그리고 NJ Hornstein에 브랜다 이스 대학 섬머 스쿨 학부 연구 장학 지원했다. 우즈 홀, MA에서이 기법에 대한 예비 실험은 2008 년 신경 시스템 및 행동 여름 코스 (R25 MH059472 NIMH 부여)의 일환으로 해양 생물학 연구소에서 수행되었다.

1 부 : 동물 관리 및 유전 십자가 <ol><li> UAS - ChR2 및 표준 비행 미디어 8을 포함하는 별도의 병의 OK371 - GAL4 플라이 라인 유지합니다. </li><li> OK371 - GAL4 플라이 라인과 UAS - ChR2 라인의 남성의 처녀를 수집합니다. </li><li> 1 ㎜ 모든 트랜스 망막 (ATR)과 혼합 표준 플라이 미디어가 들어있는 유리병에 남성과 여성 모두를 넣어. ATR 음식은 ~ 1 분간 전자렌지에 처음으로 용해 정기 비행 미디어로하여야한다. 일단 녹아, 1 분 30 초 동안 냉각 후 비행 미디어의 매 10 ML 100 %의 ETOH에서 ATR 100 MM 100 μl를 추가할 수 있습니다. 얼음 플레이스 튜브, 그때 4 어두운 영역에 저장 ° C.를 </li><li> 파리의 친구를하자 22-25에서 어두운 지역에서 계란 ° C.를하다 </li><li> 셋째 instar의 유충을 볼 때까지 3~4일 기다려, 그 시점에서 파리 성충 처분. </li></ol> 2 부 : 릭 설정 <ol><li> 블루 LED 어떤 10X 해부 범위 눈 조각 (우리의 경우, 칼 자이스 혈구 주식 회사, www.zeiss.com, 손우드, NY에서), 히트 싱크와 광원 (토르 연구소, www.thorlabs.com, 뉴턴, 뉴저지를 연결합니다 ). 게시하고 클램프와 자기 기지에 연결합니다. 광원에 의해 생성된 전기 노이즈를 줄이기 위해 전기 접지 방패로 히트 싱크를 커버. </li><li> 전기 생리학 장비의 공기 테이블에서 광원과 장소 자석 기지. </li><li> 회로를 제어 및 외부 전압 소스 (Powerlab 30분의 4, ADInstruments, www.adinstruments.com, 콜로라도 스프링스, CO)에 제어 회로를 연결하는 광원을 연결합니다. </li><li> 푸른 불빛을 활성화하기 위해 회로를 제어하기 1-5 V의 펄스를 제공합니다. </li><li> 마그네틱베이스와 광원 블루 라이트 빔은 애벌레 절개로 점유하는 영역에 초점을 맞춘까지를 조정합니다. </li></ol> 파트 3 : 해부 <ol><li> sylgard - 줄지어 접시의 바닥에 6 ~ 0.1 mm 곤충 핀. </li><li> 페트리 - 요리에 플라스틱으로 식품 미디어 및 장소에서 3 차 instar의 애벌레를 제거합니다. </li><li> 음식을 제거하는 호수와 애벌레를 씻어. </li><li> 플레이스 뽑아 핀 근처에 요리를 해부에 애벌레와 ½ 수준으로 살린 추가할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 당신은 동물의 등의 표면을 따라 실행이 은빛 튜브 (기관)을 볼 수 있도록 동양 애벌레. </li><li> tracheal 튜브 사이에있는 꼬리에 직접 큰 핀을 삽입합니다. 애벌레를 누른 상태의 머리에 두 번째 큰 핀을 장소, 길이 시체를 밖으로 스트레칭해야되고. </li><li> 꼬리 근처에 작은 절개를 확인하고, 신체의 길이를 그것을 계속합니다. 우연히 복부 신경 및 / 또는 신체 벽의 근육을 건드리지 않게으로 가위의 끝을 그렇게 사육되었는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 동물의 네 모퉁이에 플레이스 네 핀 이제 오픈 midsection의. 필릿 동물을 줄 수있는만큼 해부 접시에 그들을 설정합니다. 핀 준비 밖으로 가르쳤다. </li><li> 포셉 및 가위를 사용하여 동물의 내장, 기관 및 지방 기관을 제거하십시오. </li><li> 식염수에 준비를 씻어. </li><li> 이마 엽 (叶) (같은 그림에서 본)와 준비의 복부 신경절을 찾습니다. </li><li> 마이크로 가위를 사용하여, 신중하게 그냥 이마 엽 (叶) 뒤에있는 복부 신경절을 통해 했네요. </li></ol> 부 4 : 근육 녹음과 청색 광 자극 <ol><li> 전자 전극 풀러 (셔터 인 스트 루먼트)를 사용하여 10-20 μω 전극을 당기세요. </li><li> 3 M KCl로 뽑아 전극을 입력합니다. </li><li> 이곳은 전기 생리학 장비에 대한 해부 현미경으로 애벌레 준비 근처 micromanipulator와 전극 홀더 및 기동 전극 팁의 전극을 가득 채웠다. </li><li> 모든 신체 벽 세그먼트 (그림 A)의 근육 6 (M6)를 식별합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 M6에 전극을 삽입하고 신속한 hyperpolarization 살펴보십시오. 근육 쉬고 막 잠재력은 -30에서 -70 뮤직 비디오 MV 곳이되어야합니다. </li><li> 해부 준비가 광선에 중심 있도록 푸른 불빛을 조정합니다. </li><li> 회로를 제어하는​​ MS 20-100 전압 펄스를 제공합니다. 점진적으로 회로를 제어하는​​ 공급 전압을 증가시킵니다. 근육 세포 (그림 1B)에 흥분성의 접합을위한 잠재력보세요. </li></ol> 대표 결과 : 그림 1A는 녹화 설정 및 토막 준비의 구조를 보여줍니다. 그림 1B 짧은 광 펄스에 의해 evoked 전형 EJP를 보여줍니다. 그림 EJP 진폭은 신경을 분포시키다 M6 모두 두명의 모터 뉴런의 진폭을 표현입니다. 낮은 조명의 농도 하나의 모터 유닛 (데이터가 표시되지 않음)만을 활성화. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1133/figure1.png" alt="그림 1" width="600" height="373" /> 그림 1 : 세포 레코딩 장비 및 청색 LED와) 일반 설계도. 뇌 (브라질)은 복부 신경절 (VG)의 리듬 활동을 억제하기 위해 제거됩니다. ChR2은 GAL4 - UAS 시스템을 사용 모터 뉴런에 표시됩니다. M6 근육에서 B) 세포 녹음. 40 MS 블루 라이트 펄스 (127에서 μW / mm 2) 안정 M6 큰 잠재력 시냅스 (별표)를 보여주고 있습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Keshishian, H., Broadie, K., Chiba, A., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction:+a+model+system+for+studying+synaptic+development+and+function.">The Drosophila neuromuscular junction: a model system for studying synaptic development and function.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 19, 545 (1996).</li><li>Collins, C. A., DiAntonio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+development:+insights+from+Drosophila.">Synaptic development: insights from Drosophila.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 17 (1), 35 (2007).</li><li>Lagow, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+a+hydrophobic+layer+by+a+point+mutation+in+syntaxin+1A+regulates+the+rate+of+synaptic+vesicle+fusion.">Modification of a hydrophobic layer by a point mutation in syntaxin 1A regulates the rate of synaptic vesicle fusion.</a> PLoS Biol. 5 (4), e72 (2007).</li><li>Nagel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+activation+of+channelrhodopsin-2+in+excitable+cells+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+triggers+rapid+behavioral+responses.">Light activation of channelrhodopsin-2 in excitable cells of Caenorhabditis elegans triggers rapid behavioral responses.</a> Curr Biol. 15 (24), 2279 (2005).</li><li>Nagel, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Channelrhodopsin-2,+a+directly+light-gated+cation-selective+membrane+channel.">Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100 (24), 13940 (2003).</li><li>Schroll, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-induced+activation+of+distinct+modulatory+neurons+triggers+appetitive+or+aversive+learning+in+Drosophila+larvae.">Light-induced activation of distinct modulatory neurons triggers appetitive or aversive learning in Drosophila larvae.</a> Curr Biol. 16 (17), 1741 (2006).</li><li>Lin, D. M., Auld, V. J., Goodman, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+neuronal+cell+ablation+in+the+Drosophila+embryo:+pathfinding+by+follower+growth+cones+in+the+absence+of+pioneers.">Targeted neuronal cell ablation in the Drosophila embryo: pathfinding by follower growth cones in the absence of pioneers.</a> Neuron. 14 (4), 707 (1995).</li><li>Ralph Greenspan, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fly Pushing: The Theory and Practice of Drosophila Genetics, 2nd ed. , (2004).</li></ol>

우리는 공개의 관심 충돌이 없습니다.

중요 단계는 초기 절개와 근육 세포의 입력을 모두 포함하고 있습니다. 초기 절개하는 동안 신경이 절단되거나 근육이 손상된 경우 그것은 실험의 나머지 부분을 계속하기가 어렵습니다. 해부하는 동안, 하나 등 지느러미 절개하는 동안 이상 최대한 가위를 해부 각도 매우 신중해야합니다. 두 번째 중요한 단계 동안, 근육 세포를 입력할 하나는 과거 hyperpolarization ~ 30 뮤직 비디오에 대한 감시해?...

<table border="1">
<tr>
<td>Material Name</td>
<td>Type</td>
<td>Company</td>
<td>Catalogue Number</td>
<td>Comment</td>
</tr>	
<tr>
<td>Sylgard</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ellsworth adhesives </td>
<td>4019862</td>
<td><a href="http://www.ellsworth.com" target="_blank">www.ellsworth.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Minutens Pins</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>26002-10</td>
<td><a href="http://www.finescience.com" target="_blank">www.finescience.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.fishersci.com" target="_blank">www.fishersci.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Neuroprobe Intracellular Amplifier and Head Stage</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>A-M Systems</td>
<td>680100</td>
<td><a href="http://www.a-msystems.com" target="_blank">www.a-msystems.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.adinstruments.com/products/hardware/corporate/product/ML866/" target="_blank">Powerlab 4/30 data acquisition system</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.adinstruments.com" target="_blank">AD instruments</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.adinstruments.com" target="_blank">www.adinstruments.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Grass stimulator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Grass instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.grasstechnologies.com" target="_blank">www.grasstechnologies.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Desktop Computer</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dell</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.dell.com" target="_blank">www.dell.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Scope</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.leica-microsystems.com" target="_blank">www.leica-microsystems.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Light Source</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Dolan-Jenner</td>
<td>41446-062</td>
<td><a href="http://www.dolan-jenner.com" target="_blank">www.dolan-jenner.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fly Media</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>All-Trans-Retinal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
<td>116-31-4</td>
<td><a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com" target="_blank">www.sigmaaldrich.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>OK-371 Gal4 Flies</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Aberle lab, Griffith lab, Bloomington stock center </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>UAS-ChR2 Flies</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fiala lab, Griffith lab </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LED controller circuit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Built in Griffith lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.ledsupply.com" target="_blank">http://www.ledsupply.com</a> 
<a href="http://www.futureelectronics.com" target="_blank">http://www.futureelectronics.com</a> 
Composed of: 
1. 200 mA Buck Puck 
2. Blue LED 
3. Insulated wire 
4. Circuit bread board </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LED Heat Sink</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thor Labs</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.thorlabs.com/" target="_blank">http://www.thorlabs.com/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Air Table</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>TMC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.techmfg.com/products/accessories/intro3.html" target="_blank">http://www.techmfg.com/products/accessories/intro3.html</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Faraday Cage</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Built in Griffith lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Leica Leitz M Micro-Manipulator</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Leica Leitz</td>
<td>ACS01</td>
<td><a href="http://www.leica-microsystems.com" target="_blank">www.leica-microsystems.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Electrode Holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Axon Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.axon.com" target="_blank">www.axon.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Borosilicate Glass</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>FHC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.fh-co.com/p14-15.pdf" target="_blank">www.fh-co.com/p14-15.pdf</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Electrode Puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.sutter.com" target="_blank">www.sutter.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>HL 3.1 Saline with 0.8mM Ca2+</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Contents (mM): 
NaCl:70 KCl:5 CaCl2: 0.8 MgCl2:4Sucrose:115 
NaHCO3: 10 Trehalose: 5 HEPES
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Micro-Dissection Tools</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.finescience.com" target="_blank">www.finescience.com</a></td>
</tr>		
</tbody>
</table>

channelrhodopsin2 mediated stimulation of synaptic potentials at drosophila neuromuscular junctions

<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 애벌레 신경근육학 준비는 시냅스 생리학을 공부에 유용한 도구로 입증되었습니다<sup&gt; 1,2,3</sup&gt;. 현재, 유일하게이 준비 흥분성의 junctional 잠재력 (EJPs)를 보여주고에 사용할 의미 흡입 전극의 사용을 포함한다. 연구 및 교육 실험실 모두에서, 학생들은 종종 어려움 자극 전극의 유형을 작전하고 조작 있습니다. 현재 작업에서 우리는 원격 흡입 전극을 사용하지 않고 애벌레 NMJ에 신경 잠재력을 자극하는 방법을 보여줍니다. channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2)을 표현함으로써<sup&gt; 4,5,6</sup&gt;에<em&gt; Drosophila</em를 사용하여&gt; 모터 뉴런<em&gt; GAL4 - UAS</em&gt; 시스템<sup&gt; 7</sup&gt;, 그리고 기본적인 전기 생리학의 장비에 약간 변화를주고, 우리는 푸른 빛의 펄스와 EJPs을 안정적으로 보여주고 수 있었다. 이 기술은 학생 릭 연습 시간과 자원이 제한됩니다 neurophysiology 교육 연구소에서 특정 사용이 될 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions at JoVE.com

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

이 절차에 신경근육학 교차로 (NMJ)에서 광 펄스로 신경 잠재력을 보여주고에 푸른 빛을 활성화 algal 채널 및 셀 - 특정 유전자 표현 도구를 사용하여<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 애벌레. 이 기술은 저렴하고 연구 및 교육 연구소에서 신경 생리학 연구를위한 흡입 전극 자극을 대체 사용하기 쉬운 것입니다.

에서 시냅틱 후보의 Channelrhodopsin2 중재 ​​자극 Drosophila 신경근육학 분기점

The Drosophila larval neuromuscular preparation has proven to be a useful tool for studying synaptic physiology1,2,3. Currently, the only means available ...

channelrhodopsin2-mediated-stimulation-synaptic-potentials-at

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

13.6K 조회수.  Brandeis. 이 절차에 신경근육학 교차로 (NMJ)에서 광 펄스로 신경 잠재력을 보여주고에 푸른 빛을 활성화 algal 채널 및 셀 - 특정 유전자 표현 도구를 사용하여 Drosophila 애벌레. 이 기술은 저렴하고 연구 및 교육 연구소에서 신경 생리학 연구를위한 흡입 전극 자극을 대체 사용하기 쉬운 것입니다.

비디오: Channelrhodopsin2 Mediated Stimulation of Synaptic Potentials at Drosophila Neuromuscular Junctions

Loading Drosophila Nerve Terminals with Calcium Indicators

Calcium plays many roles in the nervous system but none more impressive than as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, and none more profound than as the messenger essential for the synaptic plasticity that supports learning and memory. To further elucidate the molecular underpinnings of Ca2+-dependent synaptic mechanisms, a model system is required that is both genetically malleable and physiologically accessible. Drosophila melanogaster provides such a model. In this system, genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators are available to detect Ca2+ changes in nerve terminals. However, these indicators have limited sensitivity to Ca2+ and often show a non-linear response. Synthetic fluorescent indicators are better suited for measuring the rapid Ca2+ changes associated with nerve activity. Here we demonstrate a technique for loading dextran-conjugated synthetic Ca2+ indicators into live nerve terminals in Drosophila larvae. Particular emphasis is placed on those aspects of the protocol most critical to the technique's success, such as how to avoid static electricity discharges along the isolated nerves, maintaining the health of the preparation during extended loading periods, and ensuring axon survival by providing Ca2+ to promote sealing of severed axon endings. Low affinity dextran-conjugated Ca2+-indicators, such as fluo-4 and rhod, are available which show a high signal-to-noise ratio while minimally disrupting presynaptic Ca2+ dynamics. Dextran-conjugation helps prevent Ca2+ indicators being sequestered into organelles such as mitochondria. The loading technique can be applied equally to larvae, embryos and adults.

Calcium is a ubiquitous messenger in the nervous system, essential for triggering neurotransmitter release and changes in synaptic strength. Here we demonstrate a technique for loading Ca2+-indicators into Drosophila nerve terminals. We also demonstrate fabrication of the required apparatus and emphasize points critical for the technique's success.

칼슘 지표로 로딩 Drosophila 신경 터미널

Calcium plays many roles in the nervous system but none more impressive than as the trigger for neurotransmitter release, and none more profound than as ...

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생물학

Operant Learning of Drosophila at the Torque Meter

For experiments at the torque meter, flies are kept on standard fly medium at 25&deg;C and 60% humidity with a 12hr light/12hr dark regime. A standardized breeding regime assures proper larval density and age-matched cohorts. Cold-anesthetized flies are glued with head and thorax to a triangle-shaped hook the day before the experiment. Attached to the torque meter via a clamp, the fly's intended flight maneuvers are measured as the angular momentum around its vertical body axis. The fly is placed in the center of a cylindrical panorama to accomplish stationary flight. An analog to digital converter card feeds the yaw torque signal into a computer which stores the trace for later analysis. The computer also controls a variety of stimuli which can be brought under the fly's control by closing the feedback loop between these stimuli and the yaw torque trace. Punishment is achieved by applying heat from an adjustable infrared laser.

Measuring the yaw torque of tethered Drosophila with the torque meter allows the neuroscientist exquisite control of the stimulus situation of the experimental animal. Together with the unique genetic tools available in the fruit fly, this paradigm is used for a wide variety of neurobiological research.

토크 미터에서 Drosophila의 Operant 학습

For experiments at the torque meter, flies are kept on standard fly medium at 25&deg;C and 60% humidity with a 12hr light/12hr dark regime. A standardized ...

A Magnetic Tether System to Investigate Visual and Olfactory Mediated Flight Control in Drosophila

It has been clear for many years that insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals track odors carried in the wind. As such, visual stabilization of upwind tracking directly aids in odor tracking. But do olfactory signals directly influence visual tracking behavior independently from wind cues? Also, the recent deluge of research on the neurophysiology and neurobehavioral genetics of olfaction in Drosophila has motivated ever more technically sophisticated and quantitative behavioral assays. Here, we modified a magnetic tether system originally devised for vision experiments by equipping the arena with narrow laminar flow odor plumes. A fly is glued to a small steel pin and suspended in a magnetic field that enables it to yaw freely. Small diameter food odor plumes are directed downward over the fly s head, eliciting stable tracking by a hungry fly. Here we focus on the critical mechanics of tethering, aligning the magnets, devising the odor plume, and confirming stable odor tracking.

Here we describe how to tether a fly in an olfactory magnetic-tether (OMT) apparatus. We describe how to align the rare-earth magnets and odor ports, and how to set mass flow rates for both the stimulus delivery and vacuum suction to achieve optimal odor tracking.

Drosophila에서 Visual과 강한 중재 플라이트 컨트롤을 맡은 이후로 자기 테더 시스템

It has been clear for many years that insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals track odors carried in the wind. ...

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Drosophila의 애벌레의 NMJ에서 시냅틱 후보를 녹음 Electrophysiological 방법

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Visually Mediated Odor Tracking During Flight in Drosophila

Flying insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals additionally track odors carried in the wind. As such, visual stabilization of upwind tracking directly aids in odor tracking. But do olfactory signals directly influence visual tracking behavior independently from wind cues? Additionally, recent advances in olfactory molecular genetics and neurophysiology have motivated novel quantitative behavioral analyses to assess the behavioral influence of (e.g.) genetically inactivating specific olfactory activation circuits. We modified a magnetic tether system originally devised for vision experiments by equipping the arena with narrow laminar flow odor plumes. Here we focus on experiments that can be performed after a fly is tethered and is able to navigate in the magnetic arena. We show how to acquire video images optimized for measuring body angle, how to judge stable odor tracking, and we illustrate two experiments to examine the influence of visual cues on odor tracking.

Here we describe how to optimize the acquired video image for an olfactory magnetic-tether (OMT) apparatus. We also describe two sample experimental protocols for studying visuo-olfactory fusion.

Drosophila의 비행 중 시각 인한 악취 추적

Flying insects use visual cues to stabilize their heading in a wind stream. Many animals additionally track odors carried in the wind. As such, visual ...

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle synapses, we developed a larval tissue preparation that had features of live intact larvae, but also had good optical properties.  This new preparation also allowed for access of perfusates to the synapse.  We used fly larvae, immersed them in artificial hemolymph, and relaxed their normal rhythmic body contractions by chilling them. Next we dissected off the posterior segments of each animal and with a blunt insect pin pushed the mouth parts backward through the body cavity.  This everted the larval body wall, like turning a sock inside-out.  We completed the dissection with ultra-fine dissection scissors and thus exposed the visceral side of the body wall muscles. The glial structures at the NMJ expressed membrane targeted GFP under the control of glial specific promoters. The post-synaptic membrane, the SSR (Subsynaptic Reticula) in muscle expressed synaptically targeted dsRed. We needed to acutely label the motor neuron terminals, the third part of the synapse. To do this we applied primary antibodies to HRP, conjugated to a far-red emitting flurophore.  To test for dye diffusion properties into the perisynaptic space between the motor neuron terminals and the SSR, we applied a solution of large Dextran molecules conjugated to far-red emitting flurophore and collected images.

Visualizing the Live Drosophila Glial-neuromuscular Junction with Fluorescent Dyes

We described structural features of the Glia-neuromuscular synapses in a novel Inside-out tissue preparation of live fly larvae using fluorescent dyes with confocal microscopy. We labeled live neuron terminals with fluorescent primary antibodies to HRP, and also visualized the perisynaptic space with fluorescent Dextrans.

라이브를 떠올리 Drosophila</em형광 염료와 함께> Glial - 신경근육학 융티온

Our project identified GFP labeled glial structures at the developing larval fly neuromuscular synapse. To look at development of live glial-nerve-muscle ...

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal lines have enabled biological processes to be studied in the context of a living, and in some instances even behaving, organism. In this protocol we will describe how to anesthetize intact Drosophila larvae, using the volatile anesthetic desflurane, to follow the development and plasticity of synaptic populations at sub-cellular resolution1-3. While other useful methods to anesthetize Drosophila melanogaster larvae have been previously described4,5,6,7,8, the protocol presented herein demonstrates significant improvements due to the following combined key features: (1) A very high degree of anesthetization; even the heart beat is arrested allowing for lateral resolution of up to 150 nm1, (2) a high survival rate of &gt; 90% per anesthetization cycle, permitting the recording of more than five time-points over a period of hours to days2 and (3) a high sensitivity enabling us in 2 instances to study the dynamics of proteins expressed at physiological levels. In detail, we were able to visualize the postsynaptic glutamate receptor subunit GluR-IIA expressed via the endogenous promoter1 in stable transgenic lines and the exon trap line FasII-GFP1. (4) In contrast to other methods4,7 the larvae can be imaged not only alive, but also intact (i.e. non-dissected) allowing observation to occur over a number of days1. The accompanying video details the function of individual parts of the in vivo imaging chamber2,3, the correct mounting of the larvae, the anesthetization procedure, how to re-identify specific positions within a larva and the safe removal of the larvae from the imaging chamber.

In vivo Imaging of Intact Drosophila Larvae at Sub-cellular Resolution

This protocol describes a reliable method for anesthetization and imaging of intact Drosophila melanogaster larvae. We have utilized the volatile anesthetic desflurane to allow for repetitive imaging at sub-cellular resolution and re-identification of structures for up to a few days1.

서브 세포 해상도 손상 Drosophila의 애벌레의 생체내 이미징에서

Recent improvements in optical imaging, genetically encoded fluorophores and genetic tools allowing efficient establishment of desired transgenic animal ...

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE possesses an arrangement of binding sites for several transcription factor proteins that confer a regulatory logic specifying when, where, and at what level the regulated gene(s) is expressed. The full set of CREs within an animal genome encodes the organism&prime;s program for development1, and empirical as well as theoretical studies indicate that mutations in CREs played a prominent role in morphological evolution2-4. Moreover, human genome wide association studies indicate that genetic variation in CREs contribute substantially to phenotypic variation5,6. Thus, understanding regulatory logic and how mutations affect such logic is a central goal of genetics. 
Reporter transgenes provide a powerful method to study the in vivo function of CREs. Here a known or suspected CRE sequence is coupled to heterologous promoter and coding sequences for a reporter gene encoding an easily observable protein product. When a reporter transgene is inserted into a host organism, the CRE&prime;s activity becomes visible in the form of the encoded reporter protein. P-element mediated transgenesis in the fruit fly species Drosophila (D.) melanogaster7 has been used for decades to introduce reporter transgenes into this model organism, though the genomic placement of transgenes is random. Hence, reporter gene activity is strongly influenced by the local chromatin and gene environment, limiting CRE comparisons to being qualitative. In recent years, the phiC31 based integration system was adapted for use in D. melanogaster to insert transgenes into specific genome landing sites8-10. This capability has made the quantitative measurement of gene and, relevant here, CRE activity11-13 feasible. The production of transgenic fruit flies can be outsourced, including phiC31-based integration, eliminating the need to purchase expensive equipment and/or have proficiency at specialized transgene injection protocols. 
Here, we present a general protocol to quantitatively evaluate a CRE&prime;s activity, and show how this approach can be used to measure the effects of an introduced mutation on a CRE&prime;s activity and to compare the activities of orthologous CREs. Although the examples given are for a CRE active during fruit fly metamorphosis, the approach can be applied to other developmental stages, fruit fly species, or model organisms. Ultimately, a more widespread use of this approach to study CREs should advance an understanding of regulatory logic and how logic can vary and evolve.

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Phenotypic variation for traits can result from mutations in cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences that control gene expression patterns. Methods derived for use in Drosophila melanogaster can quantitatively compare the levels of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression mediated by modified or naturally occurring CRE variants.

의 양적 비교 CIS</em트렌스 제닉에서> - 규제 요소 (CRE) 활동 Drosophila melanogaster</em

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE ...

Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

The continued development of techniques for fast, large-scale manipulation of endogenous gene loci will broaden the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a genetic model organism for human-disease related research. Recent years have seen technical advancements like homologous recombination and recombineering. However, generating unequivocal null mutations or tagging endogenous proteins remains a substantial effort for most genes. Here, we describe and demonstrate techniques for using recombineering-based cloning methods to generate vectors that can be used to target and manipulate endogenous loci in vivo. Specifically, we have established a combination of three technologies: (1) BAC transgenesis/recombineering, (2) ends-out homologous recombination and (3) Gateway technology to provide a robust, efficient and flexible method for manipulating endogenous genomic loci. In this protocol, we provide step-by-step details about how to (1) design individual vectors, (2) how to clone large fragments of genomic DNA into the homologous recombination vector using gap repair, and (3) how to replace or tag genes of interest within these vectors using a second round of recombineering. Finally, we will also provide a protocol for how to mobilize these cassettes in vivo to generate a knockout, or a tagged gene via knock-in. These methods can easily be adopted for multiple targets in parallel and provide a means for manipulating the Drosophila genome in a timely and efficient manner.

Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

Homologous recombination techniques greatly advance Drosophila genetics by enabling the creation of molecularly precise mutations. The recent adoption of recombineering allows one to manipulate large pieces of DNA and transform them into Drosophila6. The methods presented here combine these techniques to rapidly generate large homologous recombination vectors.

에서 상동 재조합 구문을 Recombineering<em&gt; 초파리</em

The continued development of techniques for fast, large-scale manipulation of endogenous gene loci will broaden the use of Drosophila melanogaster as a ...

Using Coculture to Detect Chemically Mediated Interspecies Interactions

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by secreting metabolites. These metabolites have the potential to modulate the physiology and differentiation of their microbial neighbors and are likely important factors in the establishment and maintenance of complex microbial communities. We have developed a fluorescence-based coculture screen to identify such chemically mediated microbial interactions. The screen involves combining a fluorescent transcriptional reporter strain with environmental microbes on solid media and allowing the colonies to grow in coculture. The fluorescent transcriptional reporter is designed so that the chosen bacterial strain fluoresces when it is expressing a particular phenotype of interest (i.e. biofilm formation, sporulation, virulence factor production, etc.) Screening is performed under growth conditions where this phenotype is not expressed (and therefore the reporter strain is typically nonfluorescent). When an environmental microbe secretes a metabolite that activates this phenotype, it diffuses through the agar and activates the fluorescent reporter construct. This allows the inducing-metabolite-producing microbe to be detected: they are the nonfluorescent colonies most proximal to the fluorescent colonies. Thus, this screen allows the identification of environmental microbes that produce diffusible metabolites that activate a particular physiological response in a reporter strain. This publication discusses how to: a) select appropriate coculture screening conditions, b) prepare the reporter and environmental microbes for screening, c) perform the coculture screen, d) isolate putative inducing organisms, and e) confirm their activity in a secondary screen. We developed this method to screen for soil organisms that activate biofilm matrix-production in Bacillus subtilis; however, we also discuss considerations for applying this approach to other genetically tractable bacteria.

Bacteria produce secreted compounds that have the potential to affect the physiology of their microbial neighbors. Here we describe a coculture screen that allows detection of such chemically mediated interspecies interactions by mixing soil microbes with fluorescent transcriptional reporter strains of Bacillus subtilis on solid media.

화학적 매개 종간의 상호 작용을 검출하는 공 배양을 사용하여

In nature, bacteria rarely exist in isolation; they are instead surrounded by a diverse array of other microorganisms that alter the local environment by ...

에서 시냅틱 후보의 Channelrhodopsin2 중재 ​​자극 Drosophila 신경근육학 분기점

에서 시냅틱 후보의 Channelrhodopsin2 중재 자극 Drosophila 신경근육학 분기점