당신이 시작하기 전에 <ol><li> 다음과 같은 솔루션을 준비 : PBT (1X PBS에 0.​​1 %의 트리톤의 X100), PBTB (0.2 % PBT에서 BSA) 및 PBTN (PBTB에서 2 % NGS)을. </li><li> Drosophila의 유충을 해부하다. Drosophila 애벌레 NMJ의 절개를 참조하십시오. </li></ol> Immunohistochemistry <ol><li> PBT를 포함하는 1.5 ML 튜브에 애벌레로 이동합니다. PBT에서 15 분 동안 두 번 애벌레를 씻으십시오. 참고 : 세척하는 nutator 믹서에 1.5 ML 튜브를 놓습니다. pippetor와 액체를 제거하고 신선한 액체로 대체합니다. </li><li> PBT를 제거합니다. 30 분 두 번 PBTB로 씻으십시오. </li><li> PBTB를 제거합니다. 15 분 동안 두 번 PBTN로 씻으십시오. </li><li> 1 시간 또는 밤새 4 º C에서 온도는 실온에서 PBTN에 희석 일차 항체에 품어. </li><li> PBTB로 두 번 씻어. 참고 : 추가적인 솔루션을 씻어 신속하게 제거하실 수 있습니다. </li><li> PBTB에서 1​​5 분 동안 두 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 30 분 PBTN로 씻으십시오. </li><li> PBTN에 희석 보조 항체 (그리고 하나를 사용하는 경우에는 복합 기본 항체)에 품어. </li><li> 상온에서 1.5 시간 동안 석박과 부화에 커버. </li><li> PBTB로 두 번 씻어. </li><li> PBTB와 함께 15 분 동안 두 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> 설치를 진행합니다. </li></ol> 설치 참고 : 샘플은 즉시 몇 군데가 될 수 글리세롤에 마운트합니다. 샘플 이미징 전에 저장됩니다 경우 (일주일 이상) 또는 시료가 여러 번 몇 군데해야하는 경우 골드 연장에 탑재합니다. 사용하려면, 2-3 분 동안 65 º C의 물을 욕조에 연장의 병을 넣으십시오. 골드 연장의 나누어지는를 타고 45-50 º C.에 열을 블록에 유의 <ol><li> 시계 유리에 PBT의 스테인드 preps 하거라. </li><li> 처리를위한 깨끗한 유리 슬라이드에 일부 글리세롤 놔. </li><li> 포셉을 사용하여 모서리로 시계 유리의 그들을 채취하여 처리 슬라이드로 동물을 이동합니다. 그들은 아래 표피 사이드 있도록. </li><li> 가공 유리 슬라이드에 신선한 면도날로 머리와 꼬리를 제거합니다. 블레이드 # 16과 함께 exacto - 칼로이 일을 잘 작동합니다. </li><li> 다른 슬라이드에 (슬라이드를 장착), 글리세롤의 작은 방울을 넣어 / 청소 집게로 연장하고 확산. </li><li> 그들을 반대로하지 돌보는 그들의 가장자리에 의해 장착 슬라이드를 해부 동물을 이동합니다. 같은 방향으로 행에서 그들을 탑재하려고. 슬라이드마다 6-8 동물을 탑재합니다. </li><li> 연장 / 글리세롤에 우위를 넣어 천천히 그것을 출시하여 표지 용지를 놓습니다. </li><li> 손톱 광택과 슬라이드를 밀봉합니다. 참고 [니스가 마른 때까지 이미지를하지 마십시오. 이것은 일반적으로 10 분 걸립니다. 연장 황금 장착 샘플, 밀폐 또는 영상 이전에 최소한 세 시간은 슬라이드를 건조하게.] </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+the+larval+neuromuscular+junction+in+Drosophila+Melanogaster.">Properties of the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila Melanogaster.</a> J. Physiol. 262, 189-214 (1976).</li><li>Johansen, J., Halpern, M. E., Johansen, K. M., Keshishian, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotypic+morphology+of+glutamatergic+synapses+on+identified+muscle+cells+of+Drosophila+larvae.">Stereotypic morphology of glutamatergic synapses on identified muscle cells of Drosophila larvae.</a> J Neurosci. 9, 710-725 (1989).</li><li>Kesheshian, H., Broadie, K., Chiba, A., Bate, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+neuromuscular+junction:+a+model+system+for+studying+synaptic+development+and+function.">The Drosophila neuromuscular junction: a model system for studying synaptic development and function.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 19, 545-575 (1996).</li><li>Collins, C. A., DiAntonio, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+development:+insights+from+Drosophila.">Synaptic development: insights from Drosophila.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 17 (1), 35-42 (2007).</li></ol>

그것은 NMJ의 시각화를 가능하게하기 때문에 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)는 NMJ 생물학 연구를위한 중요합니다. 이것은의 연결 멤브레인 (예 : HRP), presynapse (예 : CSP, SYT), 및 / 또는 postsynapse (예 : DLG)를 인식 항체를 사용하여 수행됩니다. 신호 분자, 구조 단백질, 또는 관심있는 소설 단백질도 얼룩 수 있습니다. 그렇다면 유전자가 변이된 또는 missexpressed하고, IHC는 시냅스 구조 및 / 또는의 연결 신호의 섭동?...

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<td>Stereomicroscope &#x201C;Stemi&#x201D; 2000</td>
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drosophila larval nmj immunohistochemistry

<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 신경근육학 교차점 (NMJ)은 시냅스 개발 및 소성 연구에 사용되는 기존 모델 시스템입니다. 의 널리 사용<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 모터 시스템은 높은 접근성 때문입니다. 이것은 단일 셀 해상도 분석하실 수 있습니다. 그의 배열 주변 본문 벽 내에 알려져 있습니다 hemisegment 30 근육이 있습니다. 31 모터 뉴런의 총 높은 충실도를 가진 패턴 이러한 근육을 첨부합니다. 분자 생물학과 유전학을 사용, 하나는 유전자 변형 동물이나 돌연변이를 만들 수 있습니다. 그런 다음, 하나는 NMJ의 형태와 기능의 발달 결과를 공부할 수 있습니다. Immunohistochemistry 분명 이미지 NMJ의 구성 요소를 사용할 수 있습니다. 이 문서에서는, 우리는을 시각화하기 위해 항체 염색법을 사용하는 방법<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 애벌레 NMJ.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry at JoVE.com

Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

이 프로토콜은 해부 Drosophila의 유충에 immunohistochemistry을 수행하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

Drosophila 애벌레 NMJ Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use ...

drosophila-larval-nmj-immunohistochemistry

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Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

15.4K 조회수.  Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. 이 프로토콜은 해부 Drosophila의 유충에 immunohistochemistry을 수행하는 방법을 보여줍니다.

비디오: Drosophila Larval NMJ Immunohistochemistry

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Drosophila Melanogaster에서 애벌레 CNS의 해부

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

연구

생물학

Drosophila Larval NMJ Dissection

The Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an established model system used for the study of synaptic development and plasticity. The widespread use of the Drosophila motor system is due to its high accessibility. It can be analyzed with single-cell resolution. There are 30 muscles per hemisegment whose arrangement within the peripheral body wall are known. A total of 35 motor neurons attach to these muscles in a pattern that has high fidelity. Using molecular biology and genetics, one can create transgenic animals or mutants. Then, one can study the developmental consequences on the morphology and function of the NMJ. In order to access the NMJ for study, it is necessary to carefully dissect each larva. In this article we demonstrate how to properly dissect Drosophila larvae for study of the NMJ by removing all internal organs while leaving the body wall intact. This technique is suitable to prepare larvae for imaging, immunohistochemistry, or electrophysiology.

This protocol demonstrates how to dissect Drosophila larvae in preparation for immunohistochemistry and/or imaging of the neuromuscular junction.

Drosophila 애벌레 NMJ의 해부

Electrophysiological Methods for Recording Synaptic Potentials from the NMJ of Drosophila Larvae

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. The larval neuromuscular system is a model synapse for the study of synaptic physiology and neurotransmission, and is a valuable research tool that has defined genetics and is accessible to experimental manipulation. Larvae can be dissected to expose the body wall musculature, central nervous system, and peripheral nerves. The muscles of Drosophila and their innervation pattern are well characterized and muscles are easy to access for intracellular recording. Individual muscles can be identified by their location and orientation within the 8 abdominal segments, each with 30 muscles arranged in a pattern that is repeated in segments A2 - A7. Dissected drosophila larvae are thin and individual muscles and bundles of motor neuron axons can be visualized by transillumination1. Transgenic constructs can be used to label target cells for visual identification or for manipulating gene products in specific tissues. In larvae, excitatory junction potentials (EJP&#8217;s) are generated in response to vesicular release of glutamate from the motoneurons at the synapse. In dissected larvae, the EJP can be recorded in the muscle with an intracellular electrode. Action potentials can be artificially evoked in motor neurons that have been cut posterior to the ventral ganglion, drawn into a glass pipette by gentle suction and stimulated with an electrode. These motor neurons have distinct firing thresholds when stimulated, and when they fire simultaneously, they generate a response in the muscle. Signals transmitted across the NMJ synapse can be recorded in the muscles that the motor neurons innervate. The EJP&#8217;s and minature excitatory junction potentials (mEJP&#8217;s) are seen as changes in membrane potential. Electrophysiological responses are recorded at room temperature in modified minimal hemolymph-like solution2 (HL3) that contains 5 mM Mg2+ and 1.5 mM Ca2+. Changes in the amplitude of evoked EJP&#8217;s can indicate differences in synaptic function and structure. Digitized recordings are analyzed for EJP amplitude, mEJP frequency and amplitude, and quantal content.

Here we describe electrophysiological methods for measuring synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larva. Evoked release is initiated artificially by stimulating the motor neuron axons, and transmission through the NMJ can be measured by the postsynaptic response evoked in the muscle.

Drosophila의 애벌레의 NMJ에서 시냅틱 후보를 녹음 Electrophysiological 방법

In this video, we describe the electrophysiological methods for recording synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila larva. ...

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is still much to learn from this model preparation. In understanding the history one can appreciate why even today this NMJ still offers a rich playground to address questions regarding pre- and post-synaptic function and plasticity. The viability and ease of access to the terminal for intracellular as well as extracellular electrophysiology and imaging are significant advantages. The mechanisms behind the modulation of vesicular kinetics and fusion within the high- and low-output terminals are begging for investigation. The preparation also offers a testable model system for computational assessments and manipulations to examine key variables in theoretical models of synaptic function, for example calcium dynamics during short-term facilitation. The synaptic complexity of active zone and statistical nature of quantal release is also an open area for future investigation both experimentally and computationally.

The opener muscle of the crayfish leg is presented for its historical importance and experimental versatility in muscle phenotype, synaptic physiology and plasticity.

크레이 피쉬 오프너 근육의 NMJ에서 역사보기 및 생리학 시범

Here we present some of the key important discoveries made with the opener neuromuscular (NMJ) preparation of crustaceans and illustrate that there is ...

Monitoring Heart Function in Larval Drosophila melanogaster for Physiological Studies

We present various methods to record cardiac function in the larval Drosophila. The approaches allow heart rate to be measured in unrestrained and restrained whole larvae. For direct control of the environment around the heart another approach utilizes the dissected larvae and removal of the internal organs in order to bathe the heart in desired compounds. The exposed heart also allows membrane potentials to be monitored which can give insight of the ionic currents generated by the myocytes and for electrical conduction along the heart tube. These approaches have various advantages and disadvantages for future experiments that are discussed. The larval heart preparation provides an additional model besides the Drosophila skeletal NMJ to investigate the role of intracellular calcium regulation on cellular function. Learning more about the underlying ionic currents that shape the action potentials in myocytes in various species, one can hope to get a handle on the known ionic dysfunctions associated to specific genes responsible for various diseases in mammals.

Monitoring Heart Function in Larval Drosophila melanogaster for Physiological Studies

We present various ways to monitor heart function in the larva of Drosophila for assessing questions dealing with the function of gap junctions, ion channel mutations, modulation of pacemaker activity and pharmacological studies.

애벌레의 모니터링 심장​​ 기능 Drosophila melanogaster 생리 연구

We present various methods to record cardiac function in the larval Drosophila. The approaches allow heart rate to be measured in unrestrained  and  ...

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells form, and how they interact with their environment is therefore crucial for understanding development, homeostasis and disease. The ovary of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has served as an influential model for the interaction of germ line stem cells (GSCs) with their somatic support cells (niche) 1, 2. The known location of the niche and the GSCs, coupled to the ability to genetically manipulate them, has allowed researchers to elucidate a variety of interactions between stem cells and their niches 3-12.
Despite the wealth of information about mechanisms controlling GSC maintenance and differentiation, relatively little is known about how GSCs and their somatic niches form during development. About 18 somatic niches, whose cellular components include terminal filament and cap cells (Figure 1), form during the third larval instar 13-17. GSCs originate from primordial germ cells (PGCs). PGCs proliferate at early larval stages, but following the formation of the niche a subgroup of PGCs becomes GSCs 7, 16, 18, 19. Together, the somatic niche cells and the GSCs make a functional unit that produces eggs throughout the lifetime of the organism.
Many questions regarding the formation of the GSC unit remain unanswered. Processes such as coordination between precursor cells for niches and stem cell precursors, or the generation of asymmetry within PGCs as they become GSCs, can best be studied in the larva. However, a methodical study of larval ovary development is physically challenging. First, larval ovaries are small. Even at late larval stages they are only 100&mu;m across. In addition, the ovaries are transparent and are embedded in a white fat body. Here we describe a step-by-step protocol for isolating ovaries from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae, followed by staining with fluorescent antibodies. We offer some technical solutions to problems such as locating the ovaries, staining and washing tissues that do not sink, and making sure that antibodies penetrate into the tissue. This protocol can be applied to earlier larval stages and to larval testes as well.

Dissection and Staining of Drosophila Larval Ovaries

How niches and stem cells form during development is an important question with practical implications. In the Drosophila ovary, germ line stem cells and their somatic niches form during larval development. This video demonstrates how to dissect, stain and mount female gonads from late third instar (LL3) Drosophila larvae.

해부 그리고 스테 이닝 Drosophila 애벌레 난소

Many organs depend on stem cells for their development during embryogenesis and for maintenance or repair during adult life. Understanding how stem cells ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila Pupal의 복부 Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

의 검사<em&gt; 초파리</em가벼운 현미경으로&gt; 애벌레 기관 내 터미널 셀

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

Optimized Protocol for Retinal Wholemount Preparation for Imaging and Immunohistochemistry

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ring-supported hydrophilized PTFE membrane to provide structural support to both living and fixed tissue during immunohistochemical processing, which allows for the use of a variety of protocols that would otherwise cause damage to the tissue. First, this is demonstrated with bolus loading of fluorescent markers into living retinal tissue. This method allows for quick visualization of targeted structures, while the membrane support maintains tissue integrity during the injection and allows for easy transfer of the preparation for further imaging or processing.
Second, a procedure for antibody staining in tissue fixed with carbodiimide is described. Though paraformaldehyde fixation is more common, carbodiimide fixation provides a superior substrate for the visualization of synaptic proteins. A limitation of carbodiimide is that the resulting fixed tissue is relatively fragile; however, this is overcome with the use of the supporting membrane. Retinal tissue is used to demonstrate these techniques, but they may be applied to any fragile tissue.

The protocol described here is for structural assessment of a wholemount retinal preparation. This includes descriptions of tissue dissection, mounting onto a hydrophilized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane insert, bolus loading with fluorescent markers, and a comparison of fixation with carbodiimide and paraformaldehyde for immunohistochemical analysis of cellular and synaptic components.

이미징 및 면역 조직 화학에 대한 망막 Wholemount 준비를 위해 최적화 된 프로토콜

Working with delicate tissue can be a complicating factor when performing immunohistochemical assessment. Here, we present a method that utilizes a ...

Sonication-facilitated Immunofluorescence Staining of Late-stage Embryonic and Larval Drosophila Tissues In Situ

Studies performed in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae provide crucial insight into developmental processes such as cell fate specification and organogenesis. Immunostaining allows for the visualization of developing tissues and organs. However, a protective cuticle that forms at the end of embryogenesis prevents permeation of antibodies into late-stage embryos and larvae. While dissection prior to immunostaining is regularly used to analyze Drosophila larval tissues, it proves inefficient for some analyses because small tissues may be difficult to locate and isolate. Sonication provides an alternative to dissection in larval Drosophila immunostaining protocols. It allows for quick, simultaneous processing of large numbers of late-stage embryos and larvae and maintains in situ morphology. After fixation in formaldehyde, a sample is sonicated. Sample is then subjected to immunostaining with antigen-specific primary antibodies and fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies to visualize target cell types and specific proteins via fluorescence microscopy. During the process of sonication, proper placement of a sonicating probe above the sample, as well as the duration and intensity of sonication, is critical. Additonal minor modifications to standard immunostaining protocols may be required for high quality stains. For antibodies with low signal to noise ratio, longer incubation times are typically necessary. As a proof of concept for this sonication-facilitated protocol, we show immunostains of three tissue types (testes, ovaries, and neural tissues) at a range of developmental stages.

Sonication-facilitated Immunofluorescence Staining of Late-stage Embryonic and Larval Drosophila Tissues In Situ

Immunostaining is an effective technique for visualizing specific cell types and proteins within tissues. By utilizing sonication, the protocol described here alleviates the need to dissect Drosophila melanogaster tissues from late-stage embryos and larvae before immunostaining. We provide an efficient methodology for the immunostaining of formaldehyde-fixed whole mount larvae.

늦게 단계 배아와 애벌레의 초음파 - 촉진 면역 형광 염색<em&gt; 초파리</em&gt; 조직<em&gt; 제자리에서</em

Studies performed in Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae provide crucial insight into developmental processes such as cell fate specification and ...