이 작품은 노화에 대한 NIH, 국립 연구소의 교내 연구 프로그램에 의해 전액을 지원했다. 우리는 플라스미드 SGS1 표현 효모 긴장 박사 브래드 존슨 (의학의 펜실베니아 학교의 대학, 필라델피아, 펜실베니아) 박사의 로드니 Rothstein (콜럼비아 대학)을 주셔서 감사합니다.

<ol>
	<li>Aggarwal, M., Brosh, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=WRN+helicase+defective+in+the+premature+aging+disorder+Werner+Syndrome+genetically+interacts+with+Topoisomerase+3+and+restores+the+top3+slow+growth+phenotype+of+sgs1+top3.">WRN helicase defective in the premature aging disorder Werner Syndrome genetically interacts with Topoisomerase 3 and restores the top3 slow growth phenotype of sgs1 top3.</a> Aging. 1, 219-233 (2009).</li><li>Gangloff, S., McDonald, J. P., Bendixen, C., Arthur, L., Rothstein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+yeast+type+I+topoisomerase+Top3+interacts+with+Sgs1,+a+DNA+helicase+homolog:+a+potential+eukaryotic+reverse+gyrase.">The yeast type I topoisomerase Top3 interacts with Sgs1, a DNA helicase homolog: a potential eukaryotic reverse gyrase.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 14, 8391-8398 (1994).</li><li>Shor, E., Gangloff, S., Wagner, M., Weinstein, J., Price, G., Rothstein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+homologous+recombination+genes+rescue+top3+slow+growth+in+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae.">Mutations in homologous recombination genes rescue top3 slow growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.</a> Genetics. 162, 647-662 (2002).</li><li>Sharma, S., Sommers, J. A., Brosh, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+function+of+the+conserved+non-catalytic+domain+of+Werner+syndrome+helicase+in+DNA+replication.">In vivo function of the conserved non-catalytic domain of Werner syndrome helicase in DNA replication.</a> Hum Mol Genet. 13, 2247-2261 (2004).</li><li>Gietz, R. D., Schiestl, R. H., Willems, A. R., Woods, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+the+transformation+of+intact+yeast+cells+by+the+LiAc/SS-DNA/PEG+procedure.">Studies on the transformation of intact yeast cells by the LiAc/SS-DNA/PEG procedure.</a> Yeast. 11, 355-360 (1995).</li><li>von Kobbe, C., Thoma, N. H., Czyzewski, B. K., Pavletich, N. P., Bohr, V. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Werner+syndrome+protein+contains+three+structure+specific+DNA+binding+domains.">Werner syndrome protein contains three structure specific DNA binding domains.</a> J Biol Chem. 278, 52997-53006 (2003).</li></ol>

모델 시스템으로 효모를 사용의 장점 중 하나는 누룩과 인간 사이의 보존 아르 정의 DNA 복제 및 복구 경로에있는 돌연변이의 가용성이다. 실험실 변종이 auxotrophic 마커와 auxotrophic 돌연변이 벡터 아르 즉시 사용할 수 있으므로 특정 유전자를 숨겨주 transformants의 추가 선택은 간단하고 신뢰성이있다. 이러한 벡터를 사용하여 유전자 제품의 표현은 inducible업자의 통제 (예를 들어, 여자의 inducible업자...

genetic studies of human dna repair proteins using yeast as a model system 

유전자 경로에 인간의 DNA 수리 단백질의 역할을 이해하는 것은 많은 연구자에 대한 강력한 도전입니다. 포유류의 시스템에 유전자 연구가 정의 돌연변이 유전자 세포 라인, 규제 표현 시스템 및 적절한 선택 마커를 포함하여 즉시 사용 가능한 도구의 부족으로 인해 제한되었습니다. 이러한 어려움을 회피하려면, 낮은 eukaryotes의 모델은 유전 시스템은 기능적으로 보존 DNA 수리 단백질과 경로 연구를위한 매력적인 선택이되고 있습니다. 우리는 베르너 증후군 helicase - nuclease의 저조한 정의 유전자 기능을 연구하기위한 모델 효모 시스템 개발 (<em&gt; WRN</em&gt;) 핵산 대사 인치 정의 유전자 돌연변 배경과 관련된 세포 phenotypes은의 세포 및 분자 기능을 명확히 조사 수 있습니다<em&gt; WRN</em&gt;의 촉매 활동과 단백질 상호 작용을 통해. 인간<em&gt; WRN</em효모의 표현의 DNA plasmids에 복제된&gt; 유전자 및 관련 변종은, 규제 플라스미드 요소의 통제하에 둘 수 있습니다. 표현 구조는 다음 방법 다양한으로 assayed 해당 효모 돌연변이 배경 및 유전자 기능에 변화 수 있습니다. 이 방법을 사용하여, 우리가 그것을 결정<em&gt; WRN</em&gt; 관련 RecQ 가족 구성원 BLM과 Sgs1 같은 게놈 안정성에 중요한 될 가능성이 높습니다 Top3에 의존 경로에서 작동합니다. 이것은에서 최근 발표 [1]에 설명되어 있습니다<a href="http://www.impactaging.com"&gt; www.impactaging.com</a&gt;. 효모의 유전자 complementation 연구에 대해 특정 assays의 자세한 방법은이 문서에 제공됩니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System at JoVE.com

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

효모의 유전자 연구는 세포의 DNA 대사에 인간 유전자의 분자 및 세포 기능을 조사하기 위해 고용 수 있습니다. 방법은 인간의 유전 특성에 대해 설명합니다<em&gt; WRN</em다루기 쉬운 모델 시스템으로 효모를 사용하여 기능 보존 경로의 조기 노화 장애 베르너 증후군에서 결함&gt; 유전자 제품입니다.

인간의 DNA 수리 단백질의 유전자 연구는 모델 시스템으로 효모를 사용하여

Understanding the roles of human DNA repair proteins in genetic pathways is a formidable challenge to many researchers.  Genetic studies in mammalian ...

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Biology

Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System 

17.9K 조회수.  National Institute on Aging, NIH. 효모의 유전자 연구는 세포의 DNA 대사에 인간 유전자의 분자 및 세포 기능을 조사하기 위해 고용 수 있습니다. 방법은 인간의 유전 특성에 대해 설명합니다 WRN 유전자 제품입니다.

비디오: Genetic Studies of Human DNA Repair Proteins Using Yeast as a Model System

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of different functional assays to study the impacts of 1) binding site [i.e., response element (RE)] sequence variants on P53 transactivation specificity or 2) TP53 mutations, co-expressed cofactors, or small molecules on P53 transactivation activity. Different basic and translational research applications have been developed. Experimentally, these approaches exploit two major advantages of the yeast model. On one hand, the ease of genome editing enables quick construction of qualitative or quantitative reporter systems by exploiting isogenic strains that differ only at the level of a specific P53-RE to investigate sequence-specificity of P53-dependent transactivation. On the other hand, the availability of regulated systems for ectopic P53 expression allows the evaluation of transactivation in a wide range of protein expression. Reviewed in this report are extensively used systems that are based on color reporter genes, luciferase, and the growth of yeast to illustrate their main methodological steps and to critically assess their predictive power. Moreover, the extreme versatility of these approaches can be easily exploited to study different TFs including P63 and P73, which are other members of TP53 gene family.

Presented here are four protocols to construct and exploit yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae reporter strains to study human P53 transactivation potential, impacts of its various cancer-associated mutations, co-expressed interacting proteins, and the effects of specific small molecules.

인간 P53을 연구하기 위한 기능성 어세이 개발을 위한 섀시로 효모

The finding that the well-known mammalian P53 protein can act as a transcription factor (TF) in the yeast S. cerevisiae has allowed for the development of ...

연구

암 연구학

Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Effective treatment options able to halt disease progression are lacking. Despite the extensive sequencing efforts in large patient populations, the majority of ALS and PD cases remain unexplained by genetic mutations alone. Epigenetics mechanisms, such as the post-translational modification of histone proteins, may be involved in neurodegenerative disease etiology and progression and lead to new targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Mammalian in vivo and in vitro models of ALS and PD are costly and often require prolonged and laborious experimental protocols. Here, we outline a practical, fast, and cost-effective approach to determining genome-wide alterations in histone modification levels using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. This protocol allows for comprehensive investigations into epigenetic changes connected to neurodegenerative proteinopathies that corroborate previous findings in different model systems while significantly expanding our knowledge of the neurodegenerative disease epigenome.

This protocol outlines experimental procedures to characterize genome-wide changes in the levels of histone post-translational modifications (PTM) occurring in connection with the overexpression of proteins associated with ALS and Parkinson&#39;s disease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae models. After SDS-PAGE separation, individual histone PTM levels are detected with modification-specific antibodies via Western blotting.

효 모 신경 Proteinopathy 모델에서 특성화 히스톤 포스트 번역 상 수정 변경

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives ...

유전학

Using Next Generation Sequencing to Identify Mutations Associated with Repair of a CAS9-induced Double Strand Break Near the CD4 Promoter

Double strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA are the most cytotoxic type of DNA damage. Because a myriad of insults can result in these lesions (e.g., replication stress, ionizing radiation, unrepaired UV damage), DSBs occur in most cells each day. In addition to cell death, unrepaired DSBs reduce genome integrity and the resulting mutations can drive tumorigenesis. These risks and the prevalence of DSBs motivate investigations into the mechanisms by which cells repair these lesions. Next generation sequencing can be paired with the induction of DSBs by ionizing radiation to provide a powerful tool to precisely define the mutations associated with DSB repair defects. However, this approach requires computationally challenging and cost prohibitive whole genome sequencing to detect the repair of the randomly occurring DSBs associated with ionizing radiation. Rare cutting endonucleases, such as I-Sce1, provide the ability to generate a single DSB, but their recognition sites must be inserted into the genome of interest. As a result, the site of repair is inherently artificial. Recent advances allow guide RNA (sgRNA) to direct a Cas9 endonuclease to any genome locus of interest. This could be applied to the study of DSB repair making next generation sequencing more cost effective by allowing it to be focused on the DNA flanking the Cas9-induced DSB. The goal of the manuscript is to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by presenting a protocol that can define mutations that stem from the repair of a DSB upstream of the CD4 gene. The protocol can be adapted to determine changes in the mutagenic potential of DSB associated with exogenous factors, such as repair inhibitors, viral protein expression, mutations, and environmental exposures with relatively limited computation requirements. Once an organism's genome has been sequenced, this method can be theoretically employed at any genomic locus and in any cell culture model of that organism that can be transfected. Similar adaptations of the approach could allow comparisons of repair fidelity between different loci in the same genetic background.

Presented here is sgRNA/CAS9 endonuclease and next-generation sequencing protocol that can be used to identify the mutations associated with double strand break repair near the CD4 promoter.

차세대 시퀀싱을 사용하여 CD4 프로모터 근처의 CAS9 유도 이중 가닥 파단의 복구와 관련된 돌연변이 확인

Double strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA are the most cytotoxic type of DNA damage. Because a myriad of insults can result in these lesions (e.g., replication ...

Analysis of DNA Double-strand Break (DSB) Repair in Mammalian Cells

DNA double-strand breaks are the most dangerous DNA lesions that may lead to massive loss of genetic information and cell death. Cells repair DSBs using two major pathways: nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Perturbations of NHEJ and HR are often associated with premature aging and tumorigenesis, hence it is important to have a quantitative way of measuring each DSB repair pathway. Our laboratory has developed fluorescent reporter constructs that allow sensitive and quantitative measurement of NHEJ and HR. The constructs are based on an engineered GFP gene containing recognition sites for a rare-cutting I-SceI endonuclease for induction of DSBs. The starting constructs are GFP negative as the GFP gene is inactivated by an additional exon, or by mutations. Successful repair of the I-SceI-induced breaks by NHEJ or HR restores the functional GFP gene. The number of GFP positive cells counted by flow cytometry provides quantitative measure of NHEJ or HR efficiency.

Analysis of DNA Double-strand Break DSB Repair in Mammalian Cells

This article describes GFP-based fluorescence in vivo assays that separately quantify homologous recombination and nonhomologous end joining in mammalian cells.

포유 동물 세포의 DNA 이중 가닥 브레이크 (DSB) 수리 분석

DNA double-strand breaks are the most dangerous DNA lesions that may lead to massive loss of genetic information and cell death.  Cells repair DSBs using ...

생물학

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Studies using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging model have uncovered life span regulatory pathways that are partially conserved in higher eukaryotes1-2. The simplicity and power of the yeast aging model can also be explored to study DNA damage and genome maintenance as well as their contributions to diseases during aging. Here, we describe a system to study age-dependent DNA mutations, including base substitutions, frame-shift mutations, gross chromosomal rearrangements, and homologous/homeologous recombination, as well as nuclear DNA repair activity by combining the yeast chronological life span with simple DNA damage and mutation assays. The methods described here should facilitate the identification of genes/pathways that regulate genomic instability and the mechanisms that underlie age-dependent DNA mutations and cancer in mammals.

Studying Age-dependent Genomic Instability using the S. cerevisiae Chronological Lifespan Model

Here we describe a set of DNA mutation assays that can be combined with the yeast chronological life span model to study the genes/pathways that regulate or contribute to genomic DNA instability during aging.

를 사용하여 연령에 의존 게놈의 불안정성 유학 S. cerevisiae 연대기 수명 모델

Studies using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae aging model have uncovered life span regulatory pathways that are partially conserved in higher eukaryotes1-2. ...

Studying Ribonucleotide Incorporation: Strand-specific Detection of Ribonucleotides in the Yeast Genome and Measuring Ribonucleotide-induced Mutagenesis

The presence of ribonucleotides in nuclear DNA has been shown to be a source of genomic instability. The extent of ribonucleotide incorporation can be assessed by alkaline hydrolysis and gel electrophoresis as RNA is highly susceptible to hydrolysis in alkaline conditions. This, in combination with Southern blot analysis can be used to determine the location and strand into which the ribonucleotides have been incorporated. However, this procedure is only semi-quantitative and may not be sensitive enough to detect small changes in ribonucleotide content, although strand-specific Southern blot probing improves the sensitivity. As a measure of one of the most striking biological consequences of ribonucleotides in DNA, spontaneous mutagenesis can be analyzed using a forward mutation assay. Using appropriate reporter genes, rare mutations that results in the loss of function can be selected and overall and specific mutation rates can be measured by combining data from fluctuation experiments with DNA sequencing of the reporter gene. The fluctuation assay is applicable to examine a wide variety of mutagenic processes in specific genetic background or growth conditions.

Ribonucleotides are among the most abundant non-canonical nucleotides incorporated into the genome during eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication. If not properly removed, ribonucleotides can cause DNA damage and mutagenesis. Here, we present two experimental approaches that are used to assess the abundance of ribonucleotide incorporation into DNA and its mutagenic effects.

Ribonucleotides 효 모 게놈에 Ribonucleotide 유도 된 Mutagenesis 측정의 공부 Ribonucleotide 법인: 물가 관련 검색

The presence of ribonucleotides in nuclear DNA has been shown to be a source of genomic instability. The extent of ribonucleotide incorporation can be ...

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

Cells are continuously exposed to various DNA damaging agents, inducing different cellular responses. Applying biochemical and genetic approaches is essential in revealing cellular events associated with the recruitment and assembly of DNA repair complexes at the site of DNA damage. In the last few years, several powerful tools have been developed to induce site-specific DNA damage. Moreover, novel seminal techniques allow us to study these processes at the single-cell resolution level using both fixed and living cells. Although these techniques have been used to study various biological processes, herein we present the most widely used protocols in the field of DNA repair, Fluorescence Immunostaining (IF) and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP), which in combination with endonuclease-based site-specific DNA damage make it possible to visualize and quantify the genomic occupancy of DNA repair factors in a directed and regulated fashion, respectively. These techniques provide powerful tools for the researchers to identify novel proteins bound to the damaged genomic locus as well as their post-translational modifications necessary for their fine-tune regulation during DNA repair.

This article introduces essential steps of immunostaining and chromatin immunoprecipitation. These protocols are commonly used to study DNA damage-related cellular processes and to visualize and quantify the recruitment of proteins implicated in DNA repair.

엔도누블레스 기반 사이트 별 DNA 손상을 시각화하고 정량화

Cells are continuously exposed to various DNA damaging agents, inducing different cellular responses. Applying biochemical and genetic approaches is ...

Genetic Screen for Identification of Multicopy Suppressors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Identification of genetic interactions is a powerful tool to decipher the functions of gene(s) by providing insights into their functional relationships with other genes and organization into biological pathways and processes. Although the majority of the genetic screens were initially developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a complementary platform for carrying out these genetic screens has been provided by Schizosaccharomyces pombe. One of the common approaches used to identify genetic interactions is by overexpression of clones from a genome-wide, high-copy-number plasmid library in a loss-of-function mutant, followed by selection of clones that suppress the mutant phenotype.
This paper describes a protocol for carrying out this &#39;multicopy suppression&#39;-based genetic screen in S. pombe. This screen has helped identify multicopy suppressor(s) of the genotoxic stress-sensitive phenotype associated with the absence of the Ell1 transcription elongation factor in S. pombe. The screen was initiated by transformation of the query ell1 null mutant strain with a high-copy-number S. pombe cDNA plasmid library and selecting the suppressors on EMM2 plates containing 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO), a genotoxic stress-inducing compound. Subsequently, plasmid was isolated from two shortlisted suppressor colonies and digested by restriction enzymes to release the insert DNA. Plasmids releasing an insert DNA fragment were retransformed into the ell1 deletion strain to confirm the ability of these suppressor plasmid clones to restore growth of the ell1 deletion mutant in the presence of 4-NQO and other genotoxic compounds. Those plasmids showing a rescue of the deletion phenotype were sequenced to identify the gene(s) responsible for suppression of the ell1 deletion-associated genotoxic stress-sensitive phenotype.

Genetic Screen for Identification of Multicopy Suppressors in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

This work describes a protocol for a multicopy suppressor genetic screen in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This screen uses a genome-wide plasmid library to identify suppressor clone(s) of a loss-of-function phenotype associated with a query mutant strain. Novel genetic suppressors of the ell1 null mutant were identified using this screen.

Schizosaccharomyces pombe에서 다중 복제 억제 인자의 식별을위한 유전자 스크리닝

Identification of genetic interactions is a powerful tool to decipher the functions of gene(s) by providing insights into their functional relationships ...

NHEJ 및 HR 효율성을 평가하기 위한 GFP 및 mCherry 리포터 세포의 FACS 분석

Analysis of Nonhomologous End Joining and Homologous Recombination Efficiency in HEK-293T Cells Using GFP-Based Reporter Systems

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most perilous DNA lesions, capable of inducing substantial genetic information loss and cellular demise. In response, cells employ two primary mechanisms for DSB repair: nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Quantifying the efficiency of NHEJ and HR separately is crucial for exploring the relevant mechanisms and factors associated with each. The NHEJ assay and HR assay are established methods used to measure the efficiency of their respective repair pathways. These methods rely on meticulously designed plasmids containing a disrupted green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene with recognition sites for endonuclease I-SceI, which induces DSBs. Here, we describe the extrachromosomal NHEJ assay and HR assay, which involve co-transfecting HEK-293T cells with EJ5-GFP/DR-GFP plasmids, an I-SceI expressing plasmid, and an mCherry expressing plasmid. Quantitative results of NHEJ and HR efficiency are obtained by calculating the ratio of GFP-positive cells to mCherry-positive cells, as counted by flow cytometry. In contrast to chromosomally integrated assays, these extrachromosomal assays are more suitable for conducting comparative investigations involving multiple established stable cell lines.

저자 스포트라이트: 염색체 외 NHEJ 분석 및 HR 분석에 의한 DNA 복구 디코딩

This protocol describes an extrachromosomal nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) assay and homologous recombination (HR) assay to quantify the efficiency of NHEJ and HR in HEK-293T cells.

GFP 기반 리포터 시스템을 사용한 HEK-293T 세포의 비상동성 말단 접합 및 상동 재조합 효율 분석

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most perilous DNA lesions, capable of inducing substantial genetic information loss and cellular demise. In ...

인간의 DNA 수리 단백질의 유전자 연구는 모델 시스템으로 효모를 사용하여

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

인간 P53을 연구하기 위한 기능성 어세이 개발을 위한 섀시로 효모

효 모 신경 Proteinopathy 모델에서 특성화 히스톤 포스트 번역 상 수정 변경

차세대 시퀀싱을 사용하여 CD4 프로모터 근처의 CAS9 유도 이중 가닥 파단의 복구와 관련된 돌연변이 확인

포유 동물 세포의 DNA 이중 가닥 브레이크 (DSB) 수리 분석

를 사용하여 연령에 의존 게놈의 불안정성 유학 S. cerevisiae 연대기 수명 모델

Ribonucleotides 효 모 게놈에 Ribonucleotide 유도 된 Mutagenesis 측정의 공부 Ribonucleotide 법인: 물가 관련 검색

엔도누블레스 기반 사이트 별 DNA 손상을 시각화하고 정량화

Schizosaccharomyces pombe에서 다중 복제 억제 인자의 식별을위한 유전자 스크리닝

GFP 기반 리포터 시스템을 사용한 HEK-293T 세포의 비상동성 말단 접합 및 상동 재조합 효율 분석

GFP 기반 리포터 시스템을 사용한 HEK-293T 세포의 비상동성 말단 접합 및 상동 재조합 효율 분석