안소니 토마스의 수 기술 지원은 기꺼이 인정받고 있습니다.

소변 샘플 처리 절차 <ol><li> 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에 소변 샘플을 해동. 원본이 손상 됐다면 새 용기에 가만히 따르다. </li><li> 샘플 13 ML 최대 나누어지는를 타고 표시 원뿔 원심 분리기 튜브에서 -20 ° C에서 그것을 저장합니다. </li><li> 측정 및 굴절계의 소변 방울의 커플을 배치하여 시료의 광학 밀도를 기록합니다. </li><li> 0.2 음 필터를 통해 샘플을 필터링합니다. </li><li> 광학 밀도에 따라 아래의 샘플의 볼륨을 측정 <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> 1.000-1.009 </td><td> 1.00 ML </td></tr><tr><td> 1.010-1.019 </td><td> 0.50 ML </td></tr><tr><td> 1.020-1.050 </td><td> 0.25 ML + 0.25 ML H 2 O </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> ; 10 nmoles D 3 Methylmalonic 산성, 100 nmoles 다음 13 C 3 락트 산의 각 13 C 3 pyruvate, 13 C 2 15 500 nanomoles (nmoles) 3 크레아틴 : 지정된 볼륨이 다음 내부 표준을 포함하는 Reactivial로 전송됩니다 N 글리신, 세린 D 3, D 5 페닐알라닌, D 11 hexanoylglycine, 15 N 2 orotate, D 4 sebacic 산성, 13 C 6 포도당, D 6 이노시톨 및 D 5 트립토판. </li><li> 7.5 단위 / urease의 μl 솔루션 (Calzyme 연구소 카탈로그 안돼. 116A0100) 20 microliters는 (μl) 다음 플러시 및 불활성 심장을 통해 CO 2에 따라 봉인있는 예제에 추가됩니다. </li><li> 더 많은 이산화탄소 가스를 30 분 압력을 유지 15 분 간격으로 추가 ° C가 샘플은 37에서 열립니다. </li><li> urease 솔루션 20 μl 이상은 유리병이 이산화탄소로 플러시이며, 추가 및 예제는 또 다른 15 분 동안 37 ° C에서 관리하고 있습니다. </li><li> 30:70 아세톤 500 μl : 메탄올이, 추가 고무 심장이 테플론 코팅 심장으로 대체되며, 샘플은 15 분 -20 ° C에서 차게됩니다. </li><li> 고체는 다음 깨끗한 2.0 CC Reactivial (Supelco / 시그마)에 decanted 1500 RPM X 10 분 원심 분리에 의해 제거됩니다 </li><li> 다음과 같이 triethylammonium의 trifluoroacetate (차 / TFA) (시그마)를 추가합니다 <ul><li> 1.00 ML 시료 20 μl </li><li> 0.5 ML, 이하, 시료 40 μl </li></ul></li><li> 70 질소 기류 하에서 acetonitrile과 장소에서 최고 ° C 일정한 볼륨이 달성 때까지 (차 / TFA가 유지됩니다) (~ 15 분). </li><li> 침전 양식 (~ 10 분마다)까지, 4까지 시간을 단계 13를 반복합니다. </li><li> 약 2 분 동안 식지. (~ 4:00 분) 이상의 종기에주의하고, 건조되고, 메틸렌 클로라이드로 내려 톱. </li><li> 15 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 다음과 같은 속도로 MSTFA (N - 메틸 - N - trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide) (과학 열)를 추가합니다 <ul><li> 1.00 ML 시료 150 μl </li><li> 0.50 ML, 이하, 시료 200 μl </li></ul></li><li> 70 질소 분위기와 부화 이하 총액 ° 1 시간 C. </li><li> 가스 크로마토 그래프 / 질량 분석계에 대한 분석, 질소 분위기에서 microvials로 전송합니다. </li><li> 애질런트 5975 GC / MS에 의해 자동 분사에 대한 플레이스 microvials : 악기 온도는 다음과 같습니다 주입기 200 ° C, 인터페이스 250 ° C, 오븐 80 ° 1 분 C, 4 램프 ° C / 분 80-130 ° C, 램프에 6 ° C / 분 130-200 ° C, 12 ° C 램프 / 분 200-285 ° C, 10 분 만요. 칼럼 : 25m, 320 마이크론 ID, 0.5 미크론 필름 두께 DB - 5. 질량 분석기 : 소스 230 ° C, 쿼드 150 ° C, 2.46 스캔 / 초에서 스캔 50-650 AMU. 솔벤트 지연 3.5 분. </li></ol> 대표 결과 주시기 바랍니다 <a href="http://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/2014/ShoemakerResultHawkinsinuria.pdf">여기를 클릭</a> 대표 결과를 볼 수 있습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Shoemaker, J. D., Elliott, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automated+screening+of+urine+samples+for+carbohydrates,+organic+and+amino+acids+after+treatment+with+urease.">Automated screening of urine samples for carbohydrates, organic and amino acids after treatment with urease.</a> J. Chromatogr. 562 (1-2), 125-138 (1991).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Shinka, T., Inoue, Y., Ohse, M., Zhen-wei, X., Yoshida, I., Inokuchi, T., Yamaguchi, S., Takayanagi, M., Matsumoto, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pilot+study+of+gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+screening+of+newborn+urine+for+inborn+errors+of+metabolism+after+treatment+with+urease.">Pilot study of gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric screening of newborn urine for inborn errors of metabolism after treatment with urease.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 731 (1), 141-147 (1999).</li><li>Fu, X., Iga, M., Kimura, M., Yamaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+screening+for+organic+acidemia+using+GC/MS+and+dried+urine+filter+paper:+a+study+on+neonatal+mass+screening.">Simplified screening for organic acidemia using GC/MS and dried urine filter paper: a study on neonatal mass screening.</a> Early Hum Dev. 58 (1), 41-55 (2000).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Ohdoi, C., Ohse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+gas+chromatographic-mass+spectrometric+procedure+for+diagnosing+pyrimidine+degradation+defects+for+prevention+of+severe+anticancer+side+effects.">Simple gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric procedure for diagnosing pyrimidine degradation defects for prevention of severe anticancer side effects.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 758 (1), 61-74 (2001).</li><li>Kuhara, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnosis+of+inborn+errors+of+metabolism+using+filter+paper+urine,+urease+treatment,+isotope+dilution+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism using filter paper urine, urease treatment, isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 758, 3-25 (2001).</li><li>Iga, M., Kimura, M., Ohura, T., Kikawa, Y., Yamaguchi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+simplified+and+sensitive+method+for+screening+fructose-1,6-diphosphatase+deficiency+by+analyzing+urinary+metabolites+in+urease/direct+preparations+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+in+the+selected-ion+monitoring+mode.">Rapid, simplified and sensitive method for screening fructose-1,6-diphosphatase deficiency by analyzing urinary metabolites in urease/direct preparations and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the selected-ion monitoring mode.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 746 (1), 75-82 (2000).</li><li>Kuhara, T., Ohse, M., Ohdoi, C., Ishida, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+diagnosis+of+homocystinuria+by+urease+treatment,+isotope+dilution+and+gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry.">Differential diagnosis of homocystinuria by urease treatment, isotope dilution and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.</a> J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 742 (1), 59-70 (2000).</li><li>Young, V., Lo, S., Shoemaker, J., Thomas, A., Rhead, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+and+Extension+of+the+Urease+Method+for+Urine+Organic+and+Amino+Acid+Analysis.">Validation and Extension of the Urease Method for Urine Organic and Amino Acid Analysis.</a> , (2008).</li><li>Smith, E. M., Hoi, J. T., Eissenberg, J. C., Shoemaker, J. D., Neckameyer, W. S., Ilvarsonn, A. M., Harshman, L. G., Schlegel, V. L., Zempleni, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feeding+Drosophila+a+biotin-deficient+diet+for+multiple+generations+increases+stress+resistance+and+lifespan+and+alters+gene+expression+and+histone+biotinylation+patterns.">Feeding Drosophila a biotin-deficient diet for multiple generations increases stress resistance and lifespan and alters gene expression and histone biotinylation patterns.</a> J Nutr. 137 (9), 2006-2012 (2007).</li><li>Brown, S. M., Shoemaker, J. D., Lodge, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Importance+of+NADP+-Dependent+Isocitrate+Dehydrogenase+in+Resistance+to+Nitrosative+Stress+and+the+Inessentiality+of+Glucose-6-Phosphate+Dehydrogenase+for+Oxidative+Stress+Resistance+in+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">The Importance of NADP+-Dependent Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Resistance to Nitrosative Stress and the Inessentiality of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase for Oxidative Stress Resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Eukaryotic Cell. , (2010).</li><li>Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nutritional+Screening+in+Humans+by+Gas+Chromatography-Mass+Spectrometry+of+Urine+Metabolites+After+Substrate+Loading.">Nutritional Screening in Humans by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Urine Metabolites After Substrate Loading.</a> , (1992).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Valproate-induced+biochemical+abnormalities+in+pregnancy+corrected+by+vitamins:+A+Case+Report.">Valproate-induced biochemical abnormalities in pregnancy corrected by vitamins: A Case Report.</a> Epilepsia. 40 (44), 512-515 (1999).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+folate-dependent+metabolite+in+amniotic+fluid+from+pregnancies+with+normal+or+trisomy+21+chromosomes.">A folate-dependent metabolite in amniotic fluid from pregnancies with normal or trisomy 21 chromosomes.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 21 (1), 148-152 (2006).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., DeNicola, N. G., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+acid+concentrations+in+amniotic+fluid+found+in+normal+and+Down+syndrome+pregnancies.">Organic acid concentrations in amniotic fluid found in normal and Down syndrome pregnancies.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 23 (3), 245-248 (2008).</li><li>Baggot, P. J., Eliseo, A. J., DeNicola, N. G., Kalamarides, J. A., Shoemaker, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyridoxine-related+metabolite+concentrations+in+normal+and+Down+syndrome+amniotic+fluid.">Pyridoxine-related metabolite concentrations in normal and Down syndrome amniotic fluid.</a> Fetal Diagn Ther. 23 (4), 254-257 (2008).</li></ol>

신진 대사 선별 연구소는 세인트 루이스 대학, 비영리 법인이 소유한 CLIA - 라이선스 임상 연구소입니다. 슈메이커 박사는 실험실의 수익에서 직접 수익을하지 않지만 실험실 생산성의 간접적 혜택을 수도 있습니다. 방법, 기술, 결과, 정상 범위, 매크로, 소프트웨어, 라이브러리 또는 결론의 아무도 독점적인 것으로 간주되지 및 이해 관계자에게 자유롭게 사용할 수 있습니다.

urease 방법 (1) 다양한 수정 의료 문학에서 62 번 언급되었습니다. 마츠모토의 그룹 (2,3)은 높은 처리량 신생아 검사에 대한 절차를 단순화하고 16,000 환자에서 결과를 발표했다. Kuhara 및 기타 (4-7)은 타고난 오류 진단의 여러 경우에 방법의 사용을보고하고 후속있다. 르헤드 (8) 또한 임상 진단 방법의 유틸리티를 확인하고 후속 타고난 오류. 방법은 전체 과일 파리와 그 유충 (9)의 마우스, 코끼리와 homogenates을 뺏으 곰의 소변에 적용되었습니다. 사이트 감독의 돌연변이 유발 전후 Cryptococcus의 문화 미디어도 urease 단계 (10)없이 분석했다. 방법은, 트립토판과 메티오닌 이소 류신 아미노산 (11)의 경구 복용으로 과목을 로딩 후 증후군 환자와 미친 노인 퇴역 군인 다운, 의대생 인간의 영양 평가에 적용되었습니다. 몽땅 B - 비타민은 그들 가운데 자신의 저하 특정 시점에 총 8 개의 비타민을 필요로, 세 가지 아미노산의 분해 제품을 quantifying에 의해 평가되었다. 비타민 보완하여 의약품과 완화의 독성 효과 (12)보고되었습니다. 정상 및 다운 증후군의 임신에서 양수 샘플 분석 및 (13-15)보고되었다.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>MSD 5975</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GC/MS/Computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MSD 5973</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>GC/MS/Computer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Urease</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Calzyme</td>
<td>116A0100</td>
<td>Also Sigma C3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Stable Isotope Standards</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>CDN Isotopes, Isotec, Cambridge Isotope Lab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Solvents</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Analytes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Ernesto Brunet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>GC Columns</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>J&amp;W Scientific</td>
<td>123-5026</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>TEA/TFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fluka/Sigma</td>
<td>09747</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vials</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Supelco/Sigma</td>
<td>Z115088/12EA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Merlin Microseal</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Agilent</td>
<td>5181-8815</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>MSTFA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Thermal Scientific</td>
<td>48913</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

one-step metabolomics: carbohydrates, organic and amino acids quantified in a single procedure

미국에서 태어난 모든 아기는 이제 &#39;대사 타고난 오류 &quot;라는 희귀한 유전 질환 42까지에 대한 검사를합니다. 심사 방법은 탠덤 질량 분석계에 기초하고 있으며 유기 acidemias을위한 화면으로 acylcarnitines을 단정 또한 아미노산을 측정합니다. 모든 상태는 또한 갈락토 오스 혈증과 같은 탄수화물 장애에 대한 효소 테스트를 수행합니다. 결과가 될 수 있기 때문에 긍정적인 결과가 아닌 특정 후속 테스트는보다 확실한 방법을 사용해야합니다. 현재 보고서는 타고난 오류 검사를위한 샘플 준비의 &quot;urease&quot;방법을 설명합니다. 결정 urease 효소는 대부분의 다른 수용성 metabolites가 한 프로 시저에서 가스 크로마 토그래피를위한 탈수 및 derivati​​zed 수 수 체액에서 요소를 제거하는 데 사용됩니다. 질소 스트림의 증발에 의해 탈수가 acetonitrile과 염화 메틸렌을 추가하여 용이합니다. 그러면 trimethylsilylation는 독특한 촉매, triethylammonium의 trifluoroacetate의 존재에 이루어진다. 자동 분사와 크로마 토그래피는 192 metabolites와 TMS derivati​​zed 생물 학적 화합물의 질량 스펙트럼의 전문 라이브러리를 사용하여 모든 주요 구성 요소의 세미 부량의 매크로 기반의 사용자 정의 부량옵니다. 분석은 저자에서 사용할 수있는 매크로와 라이브러리를 사용하여 널리 사용 Chemstation 플랫폼에서 수행할 수 있습니다. , 샘플 결과의 17 % 주문에 의해 의사에 따라 행동해야 결과를 공개입니다 - 우리 연구실에서 16,000 이상의 환자 샘플을 17 % 정도의 진단 항복과 함께 방법을 사용하여 분석하고 있습니다. 38 %가 이전의 방법을 사용하여 진단되지 않았을 수있는 180 확인 타고난 오류, 이상이 포함되어 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure at JoVE.com

One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

중간 metabolites의 GC / MS 분석을위한 샘플 준비 urease 방법은 그 발명가에 의해 제공됩니다. 방법은 허용 한 단계 모두 단일 프로세스에서 quantifying 탄수화물, 유기 및 아미노산의 탠덤 질량 분광법에 의해 타고난 오류에 대한 신생아 선별의 후속.

한 단계 Metabolomics : 탄수화물, 단일 절차 계량 유기 및 아미노산

Every infant born in the US is now screened for up to 42 rare genetic disorders called "inborn errors of metabolism". The screening method is based on ...

one-step-metabolomics-carbohydrates-organic-amino-acids-quantified

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

13.0K 조회수.  Saint Louis University School of Medicine. 중간 metabolites의 GC / MS 분석을위한 샘플 준비 urease 방법은 그 발명가에 의해 제공됩니다. 방법은 허용 한 단계 모두 단일 프로세스에서 quantifying 탄수화물, 유기 및 아미노산의 탠덤 질량 분광법에 의해 타고난 오류에 대한 신생아 선별의 후속.

비디오: One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

Murine 신장 이식 절차

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

연구

생물학

Mammary Epithelial Transplant Procedure

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, followed by the mammary epithelial transplant procedure. The mammary transplant procedure is widely used by mammary biologists because it takes advantage of the fact that significant development of the mammary epithelium doesn't occur until after puberty. At 3 weeks of age, growth of the mammary epithelial tree is confined to the vicinity of the nipple and the fat pad is largely devoid of mammary epithelium, but by 7 weeks of age the epithelial ductal tree extends throughout the entire fat pad. Therefore, if this small portion of the fat pad containing epithelium, the region between the nipple and the lymph node, is removed at 3 weeks of age, the endogenous epithelium will never populate the mammary fat pad and the fat pad is described as "cleared". At this time, mammary epithelium from another source can be transplanted in the cleared fat pad where it has the potential to extend mammary ductal trees through out the fat pad. This procedure has been utilized in many experimental models including the examination of tumor phenotype in transgenic mammary epithelial tissue without the confounding effects of genotype on the entire animal3, in the identification of mammary stem cells by transplanting cells in limited dilution4,5, determining if hyperplastic nodules proceed to mammary tumors6, and to assess the effect of prior hormone exposure on the behavior of the mammary epithelium7,8.
Three week old host mice are anesthetized, cleaned and restrained on a surgical stage. A mid-sagittal incision is made through the skin, but not the peritoneum, extending from the pubis to the sternum. Oblique cuts are made through the skin from the mid-sagittal incision across the pelvis toward each leg. The skin is pulled away from the peritoneum to expose the 4th inguinal mammary gland. The fat pad is cleared by removing the fat pad tissue anterior to the lymph node. Epithelium fragments or epithelial cells are transplanted into the remaining cleared fat pad and the mouse is closed.

This article demonstrates the procedure developed by DeOme KB et al. (1959) and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al. (2008) for clearing the 4th inguinal mammary fat pad of a pubescent mouse in preparation for transplantation of mammary fragments, mammary epithelial cells, or mammary tumor cells.

내유 상피 이식 절차

This article describes and compares the fat pad clearance procedure developed by DeOme KB et al.1 and the sparing procedure developed by Brill B et al.2, ...

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine cell central metabolism and discover new enzymes is 13C-assisted metabolism analysis 1. This technique is based on isotopic labeling, whereby microbes are fed with a 13C labeled substrates. By tracing the atom transition paths between metabolites in the biochemical network, we can determine functional pathways and discover new enzymes. 
As a complementary method to transcriptomics and proteomics, approaches for isotopomer-assisted analysis of metabolic pathways contain three major steps 2. First, we grow cells with 13C labeled substrates. In this step, the composition of the medium and the selection of labeled substrates are two key factors. To avoid measurement noises from non-labeled carbon in nutrient supplements, a minimal medium with a sole carbon source is required. Further, the choice of a labeled substrate is based on how effectively it will elucidate the pathway being analyzed. Because novel enzymes often involve different reaction stereochemistry or intermediate products, in general, singly labeled carbon substrates are more informative for detection of novel pathways than uniformly labeled ones for detection of novel pathways3, 4. Second, we analyze amino acid labeling patterns using GC-MS. Amino acids are abundant in protein and thus can be obtained from biomass hydrolysis. Amino acids can be derivatized by N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (TBDMS) before GC separation. TBDMS derivatized amino acids can be fragmented by MS and result in different arrays of fragments. Based on the mass to charge (m/z) ratio of fragmented and unfragmented amino acids, we can deduce the possible labeled patterns of the central metabolites that are precursors of the amino acids. Third, we trace 13C carbon transitions in the proposed pathways and, based on the isotopomer data, confirm whether these pathways are active 2. Measurement of amino acids provides isotopic labeling information about eight crucial precursor metabolites in the central metabolism. These metabolic key nodes can reflect the functions of associated central pathways.
13C-assisted metabolism analysis via proteinogenic amino acids can be widely used for functional characterization of poorly-characterized microbial metabolism1. In this protocol, we will use Cyanothece 51142 as the model strain to demonstrate the use of labeled carbon substrates for discovering new enzymatic functions.

Metabolic Pathway Confirmation and Discovery Through 13C-labeling of Proteinogenic Amino Acids

13C-isotope labeling is a useful technique for determining the cell central metabolism for various types of microorganisms. After cells have been cultured with a specific labeled substrate, GC-MS measurement can reveal functional metabolic pathways based on unique labeling patterns in proteinogenic amino acids.

을 통해 대사 경로 확인 및 검색 13</supProteinogenic 아미노산> C - 라벨링

Microbes have complex metabolic pathways that can be investigated using biochemistry and functional genomics methods. One important technique to examine ...

Quantitative Measurement of Invadopodia-mediated Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis in Single and Multicellular Contexts

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis. Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is characteristic of multiple pathological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular disease and tumor cell metastasis1. Focalized proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the epithelial or endothelial basement membrane is a critical step in initiating cellular invasion. In tumor cells, extensive in vitro analysis has determined that ECM degradation is accomplished by ventral actin-rich membrane protrusive structures termed invadopodia2,3. Invadopodia form in close apposition to the ECM, where they moderate ECM breakdown through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The ability of tumor cells to form invadopodia directly correlates with the ability to invade into local stroma and associated vascular components3. 
Visualization of invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation of cells by fluorescent microscopy using dye-labeled matrix proteins coated onto glass coverslips has emerged as the most prevalent technique for evaluating the degree of matrix proteolysis and cellular invasive potential4,5. Here we describe a version of the standard method for generating fluorescently-labeled glass coverslips utilizing a commercially available Oregon Green-488 gelatin conjugate. This method is easily scaled to rapidly produce large numbers of coated coverslips. We show some of the common microscopic artifacts that are often encountered during this procedure and how these can be avoided. Finally, we describe standardized methods using readily available computer software to allow quantification of labeled gelatin matrix degradation mediated by individual cells and by entire cellular populations. The described procedures provide the ability to accurately and reproducibly monitor invadopodia activity, and can also serve as a platform for evaluating the efficacy of modulating protein expression or testing of anti-invasive compounds on extracellular matrix degradation in single and multicellular settings.

We describe the prototypical method for producing microscope coverslips coated with fluorescent gelatin for visualizing invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation. Computational techniques using available software are presented for quantifying the resultant levels of matrix proteolysis by single cells within a mixed population and for multicellular groups encompassing entire microscopic fields.

단일 및 다세포 상황에서 Invadopodia로 인한 세포 외 기질 Proteolysis의 양적 측정

Cellular invasion into local tissues is a process important in development and homeostasis.  Malregulated invasion and subsequent cell movement is ...

A Chemical Screening Procedure for Glucocorticoid Signaling with a Zebrafish Larva Luciferase Reporter System

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids can lead to severe side effects. Test systems are needed to search for novel compounds influencing glucocorticoid signaling in vivo or to determine unwanted effects of compounds on the glucocorticoid signaling pathway. We have established a transgenic zebrafish assay which allows the measurement of glucocorticoid signaling activity in vivo and in real-time, the GRIZLY assay (Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY). The luciferase-based assay detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling with high sensitivity and specificity, including effects by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production. We present here a detailed protocol for conducting chemical screens with this assay. We describe data acquisition, normalization, and analysis, placing a focus on quality control and data visualization. The assay provides a simple, time-resolved, and quantitative readout. It can be operated as a stand-alone platform, but is also easily integrated into high-throughput screening workflows. It furthermore allows for many applications beyond chemical screening, such as environmental monitoring of endocrine disruptors or stress research.

We describe the procedure and data analysis of a chemical screening system for glucocorticoid stress hormone signaling using zebrafish larvae: the Glucocorticoid Responsive In vivo Zebrafish Luciferase activitY (GRIZLY) assay. The assay sensitively and specifically detects effects on glucocorticoid signaling by compounds that require metabolization or affect endogenous glucocorticoid production.

Zebrafish의 유충 루시 페라 제 리포터 시스템과 글루코 코르티코이드 신호에 대한 화학적 스크리닝 절차

Glucocorticoid stress hormones and their artificial derivatives are widely used drugs to treat inflammation, but long-term treatment with glucocorticoids ...

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting factors, such as labor intensive sample preparations, low detection limits, slow scan speeds, intensive method optimization for each metabolite, and the inability to measure both positively and negatively charged ions in single experiments. Therefore, a novel metabolomics protocol could advance metabolomics studies. Amide-based hydrophilic chromatography enables polar metabolite analysis without any chemical derivatization. High resolution MS using the Q-Exactive (QE-MS) has improved ion optics, increased scan speeds (256 msec at resolution 70,000), and has the capability of carrying out positive/negative switching. Using a cold methanol extraction strategy, and coupling an amide column with QE-MS enables robust detection of 168 targeted polar metabolites and thousands of additional features simultaneously.&#160; Data processing is carried out with commercially available software in a highly efficient way, and unknown features extracted from the mass spectra can be queried in databases.

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. Utilizing normal-phased liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry with polarity switching and a rapid duty cycle, we describe a protocol to analyze the polar metabolic composition of biological material with high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution.

민감한, 대규모 양적 대사 체학을위한 전략

Metabolite profiling has been a valuable asset in the study of metabolism in health and disease. However, current platforms have different limiting ...

One-step Purification of Twin-Strep-tagged Proteins and Their Complexes on Strep-Tactin Resin Cross-linked With Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) Suberate (BS3)

Affinity purification of Strep-tagged fusion proteins on resins carrying an engineered streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) has become a widely used method for isolation of protein complexes under physiological conditions. Fusion proteins containing two copies of Strep-tag II, designated twin-Strep-tag or SIII-tag, have the advantage of higher affinity for Strep-Tactin compared to those containing only a single Strep-tag, thus allowing more efficient protein purification. However, this advantage is offset by the fact that elution of twin-Strep-tagged proteins with biotin may be incomplete, leading to low protein recovery. The recovery can be dramatically improved by using denaturing elution with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), but this leads to sample contamination with Strep-Tactin released from the resin, making the assay incompatible with downstream proteomic analysis. To overcome this limitation, we have developed a method whereby resin-coupled tetramer of Strep-Tactin is first stabilized by covalent cross-linking with Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3) and the resulting cross-linked resin is then used to purify target protein complexes in a single batch purification step. Efficient elution with SDS ensures good protein recovery, while the absence of contaminating Strep-Tactin allows downstream protein analysis by mass spectrometry. As a proof of concept, we describe here a protocol for purification of SIII-tagged viral protein VPg-Pro from nuclei of virus-infected N. benthamiana plants using the Strep-Tactin polymethacrylate resin cross-linked with BS3. The same protocol can be used to purify any twin-Strep-tagged protein of interest and characterize its physiological binding partners.

One-step Purification of Twin-Strep-tagged Proteins and Their Complexes on Strep-Tactin Resin Cross-linked With Bissulfosuccinimidyl Suberate BS3

A method is described for efficient purification of twin-Strep-tagged fusion proteins and their specific complexes on modified streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) resin covalently cross-linked with Bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS3). The method has the advantages of fast speed, good target protein recovery and high purity, and is compatible with subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry.

한 단계 연쇄상-Tactin 수지 비스 (술포 숙신 이미 딜)로 가교 수베 (BS3)에 트윈 연쇄상 구균 - 태그 단백질과 그들의 단지의 정화

Affinity purification of Strep-tagged fusion proteins on resins carrying an engineered streptavidin (Strep-Tactin) has become a widely used method for ...

Sequence-specific Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Proteins with Methyltransferases and Cofactor Analogues

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from AdoMet to specific positions in DNA, RNA, proteins and small biomolecules. This natural methylation reaction can be expanded to a wide variety of alkylation reactions using synthetic cofactor analogues. Replacement of the reactive sulfonium center of AdoMet with an aziridine ring leads to cofactors which can be coupled with DNA by various DNA MTases. These aziridine cofactors can be equipped with reporter groups at different positions of the adenine moiety and used for Sequence-specific Methyltransferase-Induced Labeling of DNA (SMILing DNA). As a typical example we give a protocol for biotinylation of pBR322 plasmid DNA at the 5&#8217;-ATCGAT-3&#8217; sequence with the DNA MTase M.BseCI and the aziridine cofactor 6BAz in one step. Extension of the activated methyl group with unsaturated alkyl groups results in another class of AdoMet analogues which are used for methyltransferase-directed Transfer of Activated Groups (mTAG). Since the extended side chains are activated by the sulfonium center and the unsaturated bond, these cofactors are called double-activated AdoMet analogues. These analogues not only function as cofactors for DNA MTases, like the aziridine cofactors, but also for RNA, protein and small molecule MTases. They are typically used for enzymatic modification of MTase substrates with unique functional groups which are labeled with reporter groups in a second chemical step. This is exemplified in a protocol for fluorescence labeling of histone H3 protein. A small propargyl group is transferred from the cofactor analogue SeAdoYn to the protein by the histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) MTase Set7/9 followed by click labeling of the alkynylated histone H3 with TAMRA azide. MTase-mediated labeling with cofactor analogues is an enabling technology for many exciting applications including identification and functional study of MTase substrates as well as DNA genotyping and methylation detection.

DNA and proteins are sequence-specifically labeled with affinity or fluorescent reporter groups using DNA or protein methyltransferases and synthetic cofactor analogues. Depending on the cofactor specificity of the enzymes, aziridine or double activated cofactor analogues are employed for one- or two-step labeling.

Methyltransferases과 공동 인자 유사체와 핵산과 단백질의 순서 특정 레이블

S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (AdoMet or SAM)-dependent methyltransferases (MTase) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from AdoMet to specific ...

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

The canonical set of amino acids leads to an exceptionally wide range of protein functionality. Nevertheless, the set of residues still imposes limitations on potential protein applications. The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids can enlarge this scope. There are two complementary approaches for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids. For site-specific incorporation, in addition to the endogenous canonical translational machineries, an orthogonal aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase-tRNA pair must be provided that does not interact with the canonical ones. Consequently, a codon that is not assigned to a canonical amino acid, usually a stop codon, is also required. This genetic code expansion enables the incorporation of a noncanonical amino acid at a single, given site within the protein. The here presented work describes residue-specific incorporation where the genetic code is reassigned within the endogenous translational system. The translation machinery accepts the noncanonical amino acid as a surrogate to incorporate it at canonically prescribed locations, i.e., all occurrences of a canonical amino acid in the protein are replaced by the noncanonical one. The incorporation of noncanonical amino acids can change the protein structure, causing considerably modified physical and chemical properties. Noncanonical amino acid analogs often act as cell growth inhibitors for expression hosts since they modify endogenous proteins, limiting in vivo protein production. In vivo incorporation of toxic noncanonical amino acids into proteins remains particularly challenging. Here, a cell-free approach for a complete replacement of L-arginine by the noncanonical amino acid L-canavanine is presented. It circumvents the inherent difficulties of in vivo expression. Additionally, a protocol to prepare target proteins for mass spectral analysis is included. It is shown that L-lysine can be replaced by L-hydroxy-lysine, albeit with lower efficiency. In principle, any noncanonical amino acid analog can be incorporated using the presented method as long as the endogenous in vitro translation system recognizes it.

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

An easy-to-use, cell-free expression protocol for the residue-specific incorporation of noncanonical amino acid analogs into proteins, including downstream analysis, is presented for medical, pharmaceutic, structural and functional studies.

를 사용하여 모델 단백질로 비정규 아미노산의 잔류 특정 법인 설립<em&gt; 대장균</em&gt; 휴대없는 전사 번역 시스템

The canonical set of amino acids leads to an exceptionally wide range of protein functionality. Nevertheless, the set of residues still imposes ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

핵산의 여과 분리 : 간단하고 신속한 DNA 추출 방법

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...