이 작품은 수상 K08 MC로 CA116429 - 04과 지금 정복 암에서 부여 (우려) 기초 # 8501에 의해 지원되었습니다

<ol>
	<li>Camps, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+ColE1-like+plasmid+replication+for+recombinant+gene+expression.">Modulation of ColE1-like plasmid replication for recombinant gene expression.</a> Recent Pat DNA Gene Seq. 4, 58-73 (2010).</li><li>Itoh, T., Tomizawa, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Initiation+of+replication+of+plasmid+ColE1+DNA+by+RNA+polymerase,+ribonuclease+H,+and+DNA+polymerase+I.">Initiation of replication of plasmid ColE1 DNA by RNA polymerase, ribonuclease H, and DNA polymerase I.</a> Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 43 Pt 1, 409-417 (1979).</li><li>Polisky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ColE1+replication+control+circuitry:+sense+from+antisense.">ColE1 replication control circuitry: sense from antisense.</a> Cell. 55, 929-932 (1988).</li><li>Camps, M., Naukkarinen, J., Johnson, B. P., Loeb, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+evolution+in+Escherichia+coli+using+a+highly+error-prone+DNA+polymerase+I.">Targeted gene evolution in Escherichia coli using a highly error-prone DNA polymerase I.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 100, 9727-9732 (2003).</li><li>Shinkai, A., Loeb, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+mutagenesis+by+Escherichia+coli+DNA+polymerase+I.+Ile(709)+in+motif+A+functions+in+base+selection.">In vivo mutagenesis by Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I. Ile(709) in motif A functions in base selection.</a> J Biol Chem. 276, 46759-46764 (2001).</li><li>Uyemura, D., Lehman, I. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+characterization+of+mutant+forms+of+DNA+polymerase+I+from+Escherichia+coli.+I.+The+polA12+mutation.">Biochemical characterization of mutant forms of DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli. I. The polA12 mutation.</a> J Biol Chem. 251, 4078-4084 (1976).</li><li>Sedgwick, B., Robins, P., Lindahl, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+removal+of+alkylation+damage+from+DNA+by+AlkB+and+related+DNA+dioxygenases.">Direct removal of alkylation damage from DNA by AlkB and related DNA dioxygenases.</a> Methods Enzymol. 408, 108-120 (2006).</li><li>Aharoni, A., Gaidukov, L., Khersonsky, O., Mc, Q. G. S., Roodveldt, C., Tawfik, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+'evolvability'+of+promiscuous+protein+functions.">The 'evolvability' of promiscuous protein functions.</a> Nat Genet. 37, 73-76 (2005).</li><li>Elena, S. F., Lenski, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+experiments+with+microorganisms:+the+dynamics+and+genetic+bases+of+adaptation.">Evolution experiments with microorganisms: the dynamics and genetic bases of adaptation.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 4, 457-469 (2003).</li><li>Itoh, T., Tomizawa, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoFormation+of+an+RNA+primer+for+initiation+of+replication+of+ColE1+DNA+by+ribonuclease+H.">FoFormation of an RNA primer for initiation of replication of ColE1 DNA by ribonuclease H.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 77, 2450-2454 (1980).</li><li>Bryan, S. K., Moses, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sufficiency+of+the+Klenow+fragment+for+survival+of+polC(Ts)+pcbA1+Escherichia+coli+at+43+degrees.">Sufficiency of the Klenow fragment for survival of polC(Ts) pcbA1 Escherichia coli at 43 degrees.</a> C. J Bacteriol. 170, 456-458 (1988).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

이 문서는 복제 또는 PCR에 대한 필요없이 대규모 무작위 돌연변이 라이브러리의 생성을 허용하는 돌연변이 유발 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 이 방법은 플라스미드 인코딩 관심 일련의 오류가 자주 발생하는 복제를 기반으로합니다. 이론적으로, 돌연변이 크게 RNA / DNA 스위치의 바로 하류에 위치한 100-300 BP로 제한되어야 리더 스트랜드 중간의 크기는 폴 I 2,10에 의해 생산. 우리는 플라스미드 오라이 증가 (그림 3)에서 거리로 주파수에 떨어지지만이 프로토콜에서 제시한 조건 하에서, 폴 I의 변이가 모든 플라스미드를 통해 발생하는 것으로 나타났습니다. 이 발견은 전환 또는 ColE1 플라스미드 복제하는 동안 폴 III에 폴 I에서 &quot;스위치가&quot;최소한의 실험 조건이에서 훨씬 더 점진적으로 이전에 보고된 것보다 것을 의미하고, 폴 I와 폴 사이의 기능 중복을 제안 이전의 연구에 동의 III 11. 우리의 원래의 프로토콜은 액체 문화 (4)에서 돌연변이 유발을 설명했다. 이 프로토콜은 RNA / DNA 스위치 (표 1)에 인접한 1000 BP 내에 0.41 돌연변 / D &lt;1000, IE 용 킬로바이트를 산출. 어떤 신선한 매체의 추가없이 3 일간 통에 액체 문화를 떠나는하여 Hypersaturation은 0.70 변이 / 킬로바이트하지만 매우 가난 플라스미드 수율 결과 (1 % 미만 1 일에 비해, 데이터는 표시되지 않음)에 돌연변이 주파수를 올립니다 ( 표 1). 여기에 우리가 직접 37 단단한 한천에 플라스미드 대상의 변환 도금을 기반으로 단순화된 프로토콜을 제시 ° C (그림 1). 이 절차는 돌연변이 유발의 돌연변이 /주기 (0.92 돌연변 / D &lt;1000 KB)의 가장 큰 빈도를 생산 크게 반복을 용이하게합니다. 고체 미디어 문화 조건을 변경하면 변이 스펙트럼 (표 2)에 영향을 미칩니다. 직접 도금 돌연변이 유발이 표시는 (C → T 대 G → A와 → G → C T 대 비교) 액체 문화에서 볼 보완 기지 페어 대체 간의 이러한 비대칭성 감소시킵니다. 한편, 직접 도금 더 indels을 (이하 0.5 % 4 %에서) 생산 및 G / C 돌연변이 (74 %)의 overrepresentation로 이어지는 3 배로 → G 변이의 수를 감소. 전반적으로, 우리는 여기 제시 직접 도금 프로토콜의보다 단순 성과 효율성 향상 액체 돌연변이 유발에 의해 만들어진 약간 더 균형 돌연변이 스펙트럼의 장점을 능가 있다고 생각합니다. 플라스미드 대상 내에서 우리의 방법에 의해 생성되는 돌연변이가 원하는 대상 순서로 제한되지 않습니다. 그것이 오히려 양적 변화보다는 질적을 나타냅니다 그러나, 소설 생화학 활동의 발전, 목표 유전자 내에 돌연변이에 의존해야합니다. 따라서, 기울기 접시에 돌연변이 선별과 함께 플라스미드 돌연변이 유발을 결합하는 새로운 생화 학적 속성의 진화를위한 시스템 (대형 라이브러리와 선택의 가용성)의 장점에 capitalizes. 이러한 기존의 효소 활동을 최적화하거나 유전자의 특정 영역을 randomizing 등 무작위로 돌연변이 유발의 다른 응용 프로그램이 임의의 돌연변이 유발 다음 복제를 사용해야합니다. 이 경우에는, PCR의 증폭 제품 반대로 플라스미드의 도서관 것은 증폭 및 제한을 용이하게하여 복제의 효율성을 향상시킵니다. 요컨대, 우리는 단순과 생성된 라이브러리의 다양성을 위해 의미 주어진 대상 유전자의 무작위 돌연변이 라이브러리를 작성하는 간단한 프로토콜을 보여줍니다. 우리는이 방법이 새로운 생화 학적 활동의 효율적인 진화를위한 기능 선택과 함께 할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 또한, 우리의 생체내 생성된 라이브러리는 기존 활동의 사이트에 특정 돌연변이 유발 또는 최적화를 허용, 쉽게 복제하실 수 있습니다.

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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>carbenicillin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>CellGro</td>
<td>46100R6</td>
<td>0.1mg/ml final</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>tetracycline</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP7640</td>
<td>0.05mg/ml final</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>chloramphenicol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Genlantis</td>
<td>M120100</td>
<td>0.03mg/ml final</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>LB Agar Miller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>BP1425</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>LB Broth Miller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Difco</td>
<td>244620</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Soft Agar</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Difco</td>
<td>214580</td>
<td>Made in house</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acridine Orange</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A38401-1</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Antifoam B emulsion</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Sigma</td>
<td>A5757</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glycerol</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Acros</td>
<td>332030025</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100x100x15mm sq dish</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>0875711A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>100mm rnd dish </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher</td>
<td>0875712A</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microscope slide 25x75x1mm</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Gold Seal</td>
<td>3048</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Electroporator 2510</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Electroporator 2510</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>2mm gap tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>MolBioproducts</td>
<td>5520</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Zippy mini prep kit</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Zymo </td>
<td>D4020</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

mutagenesis and functional selection protocols for directed evolution of proteins in e. coli

유전자 다양성의 효율적인 세대는 DNA 합성을 레이블에 고유한 분자 서명을 만들거나 실험실에서 단백질을 진화하는 데 사용할 수있는 귀중한 분자 도구를 나타냅니다. 여기, 우리는 주어진 대상 시퀀스 대형 (&gt; 10 11) 돌연변이 라이브러리의 생성을 허용하는 프로토콜을 제시한다. 이 방법은 DNA의 중합 효소의 낮은 충실도 변형하여 ColE1 플라스미드 인코딩 원하는 순서의 복제 I (LF - 뽈 I)을 기반으로합니다. 플라스미드 대상은 E.의 mutator 변형으로 변화됩니다 대상 유전자의 위치에 따라 0.2, 1 변이 / 킬로바이트 사이 항복 대장균 및 고체 미디어에 도금. 높은 돌연변이 주파수는 돌연변이 유발의 과정을 iterating하여 얻을 수 있습니다. 더 복제 또는 PCR에 참여하지 않습니다과 같은 돌연변이 유발의 다른 방법에 비해, 우리의 프로토콜은 그 단순을 위해 의미합니다. 따라서, 우리의 방법은 mutational plasmids 또는 기타 폴 I 템플릿의 라벨 또는 원래의 대상에 존재하지 않는 활동의 진화에 대한 순서 공간 큰 부분을 탐험에 이상적입니다. PCR 또는 무작위 oligonucleotide 기반 방법을 제공은 또한 라이브러리의 특정 섹션의 후속 복제를 통해 얻을 수있는 꽉 공간을 제어합니다. 여기서 우리는 임의의 돌연변이 라이브러리를 만드는 방법을 보여주는 프로토콜을 제공하고 E.에서 마약을 기반으로 선택을 설정하는 방법 새로운 생화 학적 활동을 전시 돌연변이를 식별하는 대장균.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli at JoVE.com

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

여기서 우리는 주어진 대상 시퀀스에 대한 임의의 돌연변이 라이브러리를 작성하는 간단한 프로토콜을 보여줍니다. 우리는 대장균의 생체내에서 수행됩니다이 방법은, 새로운 효소 활동을 진화하기 위해 기능 선택과 함께 할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다.

에서 단백질의 감독 진화에 대한 돌연변이 유발 및 기능 선택 프로토콜 E. 대장균</em

The efficient generation of genetic diversity represents an invaluable molecular tool that can be used to label DNA synthesis, to create unique molecular ...

mutagenesis-functional-selection-protocols-for-directed-evolution

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

30.2K 조회수.  University of California Santa Cruz - UCSC. 여기서 우리는 주어진 대상 시퀀스에 대한 임의의 돌연변이 라이브러리를 작성하는 간단한 프로토콜을 보여줍니다. 우리는 대장균의 생체내에서 수행됩니다이 방법은, 새로운 효소 활동을 진화하기 위해 기능 선택과 함께 할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다.

비디오: Mutagenesis and Functional Selection Protocols for Directed Evolution of Proteins in E. coli

Transformation of Plasmid DNA into E. coli Using the Heat Shock Method

Transformation of plasmid DNA into E. coli using the heat shock method is a basic technique of molecular biology. It consists of inserting a foreign plasmid or ligation product into bacteria. This video protocol describes the traditional method of transformation using commercially available chemically competent bacteria from Genlantis. After a short incubation in ice, a mixture of chemically competent bacteria and DNA is placed at 42&deg;C for 45 seconds (heat shock) and then placed back in ice. SOC media is added and the transformed cells are incubated at 37&deg;C for 30 min with agitation. To be assured of isolating colonies irrespective of transformation efficiency, two quantities of transformed bacteria are plated. This traditional protocol can be used successfully to transform most commercially available competent bacteria. The turbocells from Genlantis can also be used in a novel 3-minute transformation protocol, described in the instruction manual.

열 충격 방법을 사용 E. 대장균에 플라스미드 DNA의 변화

Transformation of plasmid DNA into E. coli using the heat shock method is a basic technique of molecular biology. It consists of inserting a foreign ...

연구

생물학

Homemade Site Directed Mutagenesis of Whole Plasmids

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. With this method the cloned target gene can be altered by substitution, deletion or insertion of a few bases directly into a plasmid. It works by simply amplifying the whole plasmid, in a non PCR-based thermocycling reaction. During the reaction mutagenic primers, carrying the desired mutation, are integrated into the newly synthesized plasmid. In this video tutorial we demonstrate an easy and cost effective way to introduce base substitutions into a plasmid. The protocol works with standard reagents and is independent from commercial kits, which often are very expensive. Applying this protocol can reduce the total cost of a reaction to an eighth of what it costs using some of the commercial kits. In this video we also comment on critical steps during the process and give detailed instructions on how to design the mutagenic primers.

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. Here we demonstrate an easy and cost effective way to introduce base substitutions into a plasmid using standard reagents.

전체 Plasmids의 수제 사이트 감독 돌연변이 유발

Site directed mutagenesis of whole plasmids is a simple way to create slightly different variations of an original plasmid. With this method the cloned ...

Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the lipidic cubic phase or in meso method. The method has been shown to be quite versatile in that it has been used to solve X-ray crystallographic structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins, proteins that are monomeric, homo- and hetero-multimeric, chromophore-containing and chromophore-free, and alpha-helical and beta-barrel proteins. Recent successes using in meso crystallization are the human engineered beta2-adrenergic and adenosine A2a G protein-coupled receptors. Protocols are presented for reconstituting the membrane protein into the monoolein-based mesophase, and for setting up crystallizations in the manual mode. Additional steps in the overall process, such as crystal harvesting, are to be addressed in future video articles. The time required to prepare the protein-loaded mesophase and to set up a crystallization plate manually is about one hour.

Herein is described the procedure implemented in the Caffrey Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group to set up manually crystallization trials of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases.

Lipidic Mesophases를 사용하여 구조 결정을위한 막 단백질 Crystallizing

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

이온 채널의 돌연변이 유발과 기능 분석 Heterologously 포유 동물 세포에 표현

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Examining the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Proteins in situ with Site-directed Fluorescence Labeling

Two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology (TEVC) is a powerful tool to investigate the mechanism of ion transport1 for a wide variety of membrane proteins including ion channels2, ion pumps3, and transporters4. Recent developments have combined site-specific fluorophore labeling alongside TEVC to 
concurrently examine the conformational dynamics at specific residues and function of these proteins on the surface of single cells.
We will describe a method to study the conformational dynamics of membrane proteins by simultaneously monitoring fluorescence and current changes using voltage-clamp fluorometry. This approach can be used to examine the molecular motion of membrane proteins site-specifically following cysteine replacement and site-directed fluorophore labeling5,6. Furthermore, this method provides an approach to determine distance constraints between specific residues7,8. 
This is achieved by selectively attaching donor and acceptor fluorophores to two mutated cysteine residues of interest.
In brief, these experiments are performed following functional expression of the desired protein on the surface of Xenopus leavis oocytes. The large surface area of these oocytes enables facile functional measurements and a robust fluorescence signal5. It is also possible to readily change the extracellular conditions such as pH, ligand or cations/anions, which can provide further information on the mechanism of membrane proteins4. Finally, recent developments 
have also enabled the manipulation of select internal ions following co-expression with a second protein9.
Our protocol is described in multiple parts. First, cysteine scanning mutagenesis proceeded by fluorophore labeling is completed at residues located at the interface of the transmembrane and extracellular domains. Subsequent experiments are designed to identify residues which demonstrate large changes in fluorescence intensity (&lt;5%)3 upon a conformational change of the protein. Second, these changes in fluorescence intensity are compared to the kinetic parameters of 
the membrane protein in order to correlate the conformational dynamics to the function of the protein10. This enables a rigorous biophysical analysis of the molecular motion of the target protein. Lastly, two residues of the holoenzyme can be labeled with a donor and acceptor fluorophore in order to determine distance constraints using donor photodestruction methods. It is also possible to monitor the relative movement of protein subunits following labeling with a donor and acceptor fluorophore.

Examining the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Proteins in situ with Site-directed Fluorescence Labeling

We will describe a method which measures the kinetics of ion transport of membrane proteins alongside site-specific analysis of conformational changes using fluorescence on single cells. This technique is adaptable to ion channels, transporters and ion pumps and can be utilized to determine distance constraints between protein subunits.

막 단백질의 Conformational 역학 검사 현장에서 사이트 이동 형광 라벨링과

Two electrode voltage clamp electrophysiology (TEVC) is a powerful tool to investigate the mechanism of ion transport1 for a wide variety of membrane ...

Use of a Robot for High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Structure-function studies of membrane proteins greatly benefit from having available high-resolution 3-D structures of the type provided through macromolecular X-ray crystallography (MX). An essential ingredient of MX is a steady supply of ideally diffraction-quality crystals. The in meso or lipidic cubic phase (LCP) method for crystallizing membrane proteins is one of several methods available for crystallizing membrane proteins. It makes use of a bicontinuous mesophase in which to grow crystals. As a method, it has had some spectacular successes of late and has attracted much attention with many research groups now interested in using it. One of the challenges associated with the method is that the hosting mesophase is extremely viscous and sticky, reminiscent of a thick toothpaste. Thus, dispensing it manually in a reproducible manner in small volumes into crystallization wells requires skill, patience and a steady hand. A protocol for doing just that was developed in the Membrane Structural &amp; Functional Biology (MS&amp;FB) Group1-3. JoVE video articles describing the method are available1,4. 
The manual approach for setting up in meso trials has distinct advantages with specialty applications, such as crystal optimization and derivatization. It does however suffer from being a low throughput method. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for performing in meso crystallization trials robotically. A robot offers the advantages of speed, accuracy, precision, miniaturization and being able to work continuously for extended periods under what could be regarded as hostile conditions such as in the dark, in a reducing atmosphere or at low or high temperatures. An in meso robot, when used properly, can greatly improve the productivity of membrane protein structure and function research by facilitating crystallization which is one of the slow steps in the overall structure determination pipeline. 
In this video article, we demonstrate the use of three commercially available robots that can dispense the viscous and sticky mesophase integral to in meso crystallogenesis. The first robot was developed in the MS&amp;FB Group5,6. The other two have recently become available and are included here for completeness.	
An overview of the protocol covered in this article is presented in Figure 1. All manipulations were performed at room temperature (~20 &deg;C) under ambient conditions.

Herein is described a robotic approach to high-throughput crystallization of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases for use in structure determination using macromolecular X-ray crystallography. Three robots capable of handling the viscous and sticky protein-laden mesophase integral to the method are introduced.

Lipidic Mesophases의 막 단백질의 높은 처리량을 결정하기위한 로봇의 사용

Structure-function studies of membrane proteins greatly benefit from having available high-resolution 3-D structures of the type provided through ...

Protocols for Implementing an Escherichia coli Based TX-TL Cell-Free Expression System for Synthetic Biology

Ideal cell-free expression systems can theoretically emulate an in vivo cellular environment in a controlled in vitro platform.1 This is useful for expressing proteins and genetic circuits in a controlled manner as well as for providing a prototyping environment for synthetic biology.2,3 To achieve the latter goal, cell-free expression systems that preserve endogenous Escherichia coli transcription-translation mechanisms are able to more accurately reflect in vivo cellular dynamics than those based on T7 RNA polymerase transcription. We describe the preparation and execution of an efficient endogenous E. coli based transcription-translation (TX-TL) cell-free expression system that can produce equivalent amounts of protein as T7-based systems at a 98% cost reduction to similar commercial systems.4,5 The preparation of buffers and crude cell extract are described, as well as the execution of a three tube TX-TL reaction. The entire protocol takes five days to prepare and yields enough material for up to 3000 single reactions in one preparation. Once prepared, each reaction takes under 8 hr from setup to data collection and analysis. Mechanisms of regulation and transcription exogenous to E. coli, such as lac/tet repressors and T7 RNA polymerase, can be supplemented.6 Endogenous properties, such as mRNA and DNA degradation rates, can also be adjusted.7 The TX-TL cell-free expression system has been demonstrated for large-scale circuit assembly, exploring biological phenomena, and expression of proteins under both T7- and endogenous promoters.6,8 Accompanying mathematical models are available.9,10 The resulting system has unique applications in synthetic biology as a prototyping environment, or "TX-TL biomolecular breadboard."

Protocols for Implementing an Escherichia coli Based TX-TL Cell-Free Expression System for Synthetic Biology

This five-day protocol outlines all steps, equipment, and supplemental software necessary for creating and running an efficient endogenous Escherichia coli based TX-TL cell-free expression system from scratch. With reagents, the protocol takes 8 hours or less to setup a reaction, collect, and process data.

구현을위한 프로토콜<em&gt; 대장균</em합성 생물학&gt;을 바탕으로 TX-TL의 무 세포 발현 시스템

Ideal cell-free expression systems can theoretically emulate an in vivo cellular environment in a controlled in vitro platform.1 This is useful for ...

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. However, purifying proteins is sometimes challenging since many proteins are expressed in an insoluble form. When working with difficult or multiple targets it is therefore recommended to use high throughput (HTP) protein expression screening on a small scale (1-4&#160;ml cultures) to quickly identify conditions for soluble expression. To cope with the various structural genomics programs of the lab, a quantitative (within a range of 0.1-100 mg/L culture of recombinant protein) and HTP protein expression screening protocol was implemented and validated on thousands of proteins. The protocols were automated with the use of a liquid handling robot but can also be performed manually without specialized equipment.
Disulfide-rich venom proteins are gaining increasing recognition for their potential as therapeutic drug leads. They can be highly potent and selective, but their complex disulfide bond networks make them challenging to produce. As a member of the FP7 European Venomics project (<a href="http://www.venomics.eu">www.venomics.eu</a>), our challenge is to develop successful production strategies with the aim of producing thousands of novel venom proteins for functional characterization. Aided by the redox properties of disulfide bond isomerase DsbC, we adapted our HTP production pipeline for the expression of oxidized, functional venom peptides in the E. coli cytoplasm. The protocols are also applicable to the production of diverse disulfide-rich proteins. Here we demonstrate our pipeline applied to the production of animal venom proteins. With the protocols described herein it is likely that soluble disulfide-rich proteins will be obtained in as little as a week. Even from a small scale, there is the potential to use the purified proteins for validating the oxidation state by mass spectrometry, for characterization in pilot studies, or for sensitive micro-assays.

High Throughput Quantitative Expression Screening and Purification Applied to Recombinant Disulfide-rich Venom Proteins Produced in E. coli

A protocol for the quantitative, high throughput expression screening and analytical purification of fusion proteins from small-scale Escherichia coli cultures is described and applied to the expression of disulfide-rich animal venom protein targets.

에서 생산 재조합 이황화 풍부한 독 단백질에 적용되는 높은 처리량 정량 식 검사 및 정화<em&gt; E. 대장균</em

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most widely used expression system for the production of recombinant proteins for structural and functional studies. ...

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and the inherent instability of many membrane proteins once solubilized in detergents. A protocol is described that combines ligation independent cloning of membrane proteins as GFP fusions with expression in Escherichia coli detected by GFP fluorescence. This enables the construction and expression screening of multiple membrane protein/variants to identify candidates suitable for further investment of time and effort. The GFP reporter is used in a primary screen of expression by visualizing GFP fluorescence following SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Membrane proteins that show both a high expression level with minimum degradation as indicated by the absence of free GFP, are selected for a secondary screen. These constructs are scaled and a total membrane fraction prepared and solubilized in four different detergents. Following ultracentrifugation to remove detergent-insoluble material, lysates are analyzed by fluorescence detection size exclusion chromatography (FSEC). Monitoring the size exclusion profile by GFP fluorescence provides information about the mono-dispersity and integrity of the membrane proteins in different detergents. Protein: detergent combinations that elute with a symmetrical peak with little or no free GFP and minimum aggregation are candidates for subsequent purification. Using the above methodology, the heterologous expression in E. coli of SED (shape, elongation, division, and sporulation) proteins from 47 different species of bacteria was analyzed. These proteins typically have ten transmembrane domains and are essential for cell division. The results show that the production of the SEDs orthologues in E. coli was highly variable with respect to the expression levels and integrity of the GFP fusion proteins. The experiment identified a subset for further investigation.

Green Fluorescent Protein-based Expression Screening of Membrane Proteins in Escherichia coli

A streamlined approach to screening for the expression of recombinant membrane proteins in Escherichia coli based on fusion to green fluorescent protein is presented.

막 단백질의 녹색 형광 단백질 기반의 표현 상영에<em&gt; 대장균</em

The production of recombinant membrane proteins for structural and functional studies remains technically challenging due to low levels of expression and ...

Functional Reconstitution and Channel Activity Measurements of Purified Wildtype and Mutant CFTR Protein

The Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) is a unique channel-forming member of the ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters. The phosphorylation and nucleotide dependent chloride channel activity of CFTR has been frequently studied in whole cell systems and as single channels in excised membrane patches. Many Cystic Fibrosis-causing mutations have been shown to alter this activity. While a small number of purification protocols have been published, a fast reconstitution method that retains channel activity and a suitable method for studying population channel activity in a purified system have been lacking. Here rapid methods are described for purification and functional reconstitution of the full-length CFTR protein into proteoliposomes of defined lipid composition that retains activity as a regulated halide channel. This reconstitution method together with a novel flux-based assay of channel activity is a suitable system for studying the population channel properties of wild type CFTR and the disease-causing mutants F508del- and G551D-CFTR. Specifically, the method has utility in studying the direct effects of phosphorylation, nucleotides and small molecules such as potentiators and inhibitors on CFTR channel activity. The methods are also amenable to the study of other membrane channels/transporters for anionic substrates.

Described here is a rapid and effective procedure for functional reconstitution of purified wild-type and mutant CFTR protein that preserves activity for this chloride channel, which is defective in Cystic Fibrosis. Iodide efflux from reconstituted proteoliposomes mediated by CFTR allows studies of channel activity and the effects of small molecules.