TMS는 본 연구 기간 동안 할란 신뢰 휄로 십 (GWU)에서 지원되었습니다. 필드 컬렉션에 대한 자금 및 L.를 양성 fasciola와 E. delphinii는 JTL에 NSF 부여 DEB 0,642,438에 의해 제공되었다.

1. 재료 준비 <ol><li> 붕규산 유리 모세관 튜브 및 micropipette의 풀러를 사용하여 바늘 (1-2 μm 팁과 3~4mm 테이퍼)를 준비합니다. 악기 설정 : 램프 : 561, 속도 : 20, 열 : 560, 지연 : 1, 풀다운 : 100, 압력 : 500. </li><li> 태아 소 혈청 (FBS)의 10 % 항응고제 버퍼의 20 % (98 MM NaOH, 186 MM NaCI, 1.7 MM EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) 41 MM 구연산, pH를 4.5로 보충 그레이스의 중간 (GM)의 60 %를 수집 솔루션을 준비 ). 위의 솔루션은 무균 조건 하에서 신선 준비 항상 얼음에 보관됩니다. </li><li> GM의 90 %가 FBS의 10 %를 보충 : 부화 버퍼 솔루션을 준비합니다. 이 솔루션은 또한 신선한 준비 항상 얼음에 보관됩니다. </li><li> 적어도 15 μl의 총 × 수집 및 부화 솔루션 모두에 대한 곤충의 수를 준비합니다. </li></ol> 2. 수집 솔루션과 유충의 주입 <ol><li> 어미에서 두 번째의 음절 기능을 마취hemocyte 추출하기 전에 20 분을 위해 얼음을 냉각하여 타르 애벌레. </li><li> 20 ML 유리 주사기 (그림 2)에 연결되어있는 튜브에 깨끗한 모세관 바늘 (16 게이지)의 뭉툭한 끝을 맞 춥니 다. 수집 솔루션은 실험실 벤치에 열고 천천히 버퍼로 모세관을 채울가 포함 된 튜브를 둡니다. 모세는 보통 무한 궤도의 크기에 따라 수집 솔루션의 약 10-15 μl로 가득 차 있습니다 (애벌레 총 신체 질량의 10 밀리그램 당 약 1 μl 솔루션 = 총 신체 질량의 0.01 %). 해부 현미경 옆에 배치됩니다 점토의 공에 바늘을 놓습니다. </li><li> 배양 접시에있는 애벌레를 놓습니다. 곤충은 spiracles는 (그림 3) 명확하게 볼 수 있습니다 있도록 자사의 측면에 위치해야합니다. </li><li> 해부 현미경으로 볼 수 있지만, 포셉 한 쌍의 곳에서 애벌레를 개최하고 spiracles 중 하나에 바늘 가까이있는 곳에서종파의 표피는 일반적으로 부드러운이다. 부드럽게 곤충의 몸에 대해 모세관 바늘을 누르십시오. 바늘이 표피를 관통되면, 무한 궤도 (그림 3)에 솔루션의 전체 볼륨을 주입. 이 애벌레에 공기 거품을 주입하지 않도록하는 것이 중요합니다. 애벌레의 몸은 주사에 따라 (예를 들어, 20 % 볼륨 증가) 팽창 할 것입니다하지만, 파열 또는 진흙 없습니다. </li><li> 상처 (그림 3)에서 누출에서 버퍼를 방지하기 위해 dorsally 곤충을 위치, 얼음에 애벌레를 반환합니다. </li><li> 반복 hemolymph 추출에 사용되는 각각의 애벌레에 대해 2.1-2.4 단계를 반복합니다. 이 단계에서, 모든 곤충은 계속하기 전에 30 분을 위해 얼음에 진정 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 3. Hemocytes의 추출 <ol><li> 해부 현미경으로 배양 접시에있는 애벌레를 놓습니다. </li><li> 멸균 scalpe를 사용하여 애벌레의 뒤쪽 지역의 얕은 (2-3mm 길이) 절개를합니다<html> 리터 (그림 3). 목표는주의 깊게 찔린 큐티클을하는 것입니다 및 개인 곤충의 hemocytes을 포함하는 버퍼 / hemolymph 믹스를 수집하고, 내장 또는 기타 내부 장기를 손상 않도록주의보십시오. </li><li> 10 μl 피펫 팁으로 hemolymph 믹스 (약 10-20 μl)를 수집하면서 다시 내부 조직 (그림 3)을 손상하지 돌보는, 유연한 플라스틱 집게를 사용하여 부드럽게 애벌레를 당겨 요. Hemolymph은 애벌레의 몸에서 짜낸 비말에서 수집됩니다. 애벌레의 유골을 폐기하십시오. </li><li> 별도의 표시 siliconized 0.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 튜브에 각각의 애벌레에서 hemolymph를 수집합니다. </li><li> 개인 애벌레에서 수집 한 각 hemolymph 샘플에 부화 솔루션의 동일한 볼륨 (약 10-20 μl)를 추가합니다. 항상 얼음에 hemolymph 샘플을 보관. </li><li> 반복 실험에 사용 된 각 애벌레에 대해 3.1-3.5 단계를 반복합니다. </li></ol>Hemocytes의 르 &quot;&gt; 4. 정량화 <ol><li> hemolymph 샘플을 혼합 사전에 계산 hemocytes에 바로 부화 솔루션입니다. 이 치료 hemocytes의 적절한 분리를 허용하고 거리며 걷게 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> hemocytometer로 부화 솔루션과 혼합 hemolymph 샘플의 10 μl를 전송하는 깨끗한 피펫 팁을 사용합니다. </li><li> 복합 현미경 사용 세고 큰 사각형의 적어도 15 (사각형 하나의 영역 0.1 mm : 0.04 mm 2, 깊이)에 hemocytes의 수를 기록 hemocytometer의 중심 그리드 (그림 3). 15 사각형의 hemocytes의 수의 총 합계를 구하려면이 값을 추가합니다. </li><li> 철저하게 증류수와 탈 이온수로 세척 병을 사용하여 hemocytometer 및 커버 슬라이드를 씻어 각 샘플 사이의 Kimwipes (킴벌리 - 클락)와 건조 닦으십시오. </li><li> 반복은 각 hemolymph 샘플 4.1-4.4 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> hemolymph volum의 ML 당 hemocytes의 평균 수를 계산각 모충을위한 e는로는 다음과 같습니다 </li></ol> hemocytometer 그리드의 각 광장의 총 부피 (0.04 mm 2 영역) × (0.1 mm 깊이) = 0.004 mm 3 × 15 사각형 = 0.06 mm 3 모든 15 계산 사각형의 = 총 볼륨입니다. (모든 15 계산 사각형의 / 전체 볼륨 계산 15 사각형의 hemocytes의 총 개수의 합) × 2 희석 계수 = hemocytes / mm 3의 수 x 1,000 = hemocytes / hemolymph의 ML의 수.

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관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

의학적으로 중요한 곤충 lepidopteran 모델 곤충에서 hemocytes를 추출하기위한 방법은 이전 9, 14보고되었습니다. Hemocyte 추출 방법은 곤충 종에 따라 조정되며, 곤충 및 형태학의 기능의 발달 단계. 예를 들어, Manduca의 애벌레에서 hemolymph 절연은 쉽게 복부 15의 끝 부분 곡선 경적을 snipping 의해 수행 할 수 있습니다. 슬러그 유충 (Limacodidae)이 복부 구조를 부족하기 때문에, 우리는 ?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 </td></tr><tr><td> Micropipette 풀러 </td><td> 셔터 악기 </td><td> P-1000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 붕규산 유리 관 </td><td> 셔터 악기 </td><td> B100-50-10 </td><td> OD : 1.0, ID : 0.50 mm </td></tr><tr><td> 그레이스의 중간 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> G8142 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 태아 소 혈청 </td><td> 온도 피셔 과학 </td><td> SH3007102 </td><td> inactivated 열 </td></tr><tr><td> 뒤몽 # 5 포셉 </td><td> 정밀 과학 도구 </td><td> 11252-40 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Neubauer hemocytometer </td><td> Hausser 과학 </td><td> 3200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 플라스틱 tubiNG </td><td> 트라이 테크 </td><td> TT-3-32OD </td><td> OD : 3 / 32 인치, ID : 1 / 32 &#39; </td></tr><tr><td> 유리 의료 주사기 </td><td> 포르투나 Optima </td><td> D-97877 </td><td> 50 ML 볼륨 </td></tr><tr><td> 무딘 끝 바늘 </td><td> 소형 부품 </td><td> NE-162PL-25 </td><td> 16 게이지 X 1 &quot;길이 </td></tr></tbody></table>

a simple protocol for extracting hemocytes from wild caterpillars

곤충 hemocytes은 (포유류의 백혈구에 해당) 곤충의 수명주기에 걸쳐 한 여러 생리적 과정에 중요한 역할을한다. Lepidoptera (나방과 나비)와 Diptera (진정한 파리)의 주문에 속하는 곤충의 애벌레의 단계에서 hemocytes은 림프의 선 (전문 조혈 장기) 또는 배아 세포로부터 형성되어 성인 무대에를 통해 수행 할 수 있습니다. 배아 hemocytes는 염증이 기간 동안 개발과 chemotaxis 규정 동안 세포 이주에 참여하고 있습니다. 또한 세포 apoptosis에 참여하고 embryogenesis 2 필수적입니다. Hemocytes는 세포 확산, 세포 집합, nodules의 형성, phagocytosis 및 외국 침략자 3의 캡슐화와 같은 여러 기능을 포함하는 곤충 본래 면역 반응의 세포 팔을 중재. 그들은 같은 PR로도 감염시 특정 곤충 체액 방어에서 일을 꾸미고 책임이 있습니다항균 펩티드 및 기타 이펙터 분자 4, 5 oduction. Hemocyte 형태 및 기능은 주로 과일 파리, Drosophila melanogaster 6, 7, 모기 Aedes aegypti 및 아노펠레스 gambiae 8, 9, 담배 hornworm, Manduca sexta 10, 11을 포함, 유전자 또는 생리 곤충 모델에서 공부하고 있습니다. 그러나, 작은 정보는 현재 다양성, 분류, 형태, 특히 비 모델 곤충 종, 야생 12 일부터 수집 된 사람들의 hemocytes의 기능에 대해 존재합니다. 여기 야생 유충에서 hemocytes를 추출하기위한 간단하고 효율적인 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 우리는 어미에서 두 번째의 음절 instar Lithacodes fasciola (노란색 어깨 슬러그 나방) (그림 1)과 Euclea delphinii (가시 오크 총알) 유충을 (Lepidoptera : Limacodidae)를 사용하여 보여주고 hemolymph의 충분한 볼륨 (곤충 혈액)격리 및 hemocyte 번호는 개인 애벌레에서 계산 할 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 효율적으로 이러한 종뿐만 아니라 현장에서 수확 기타 관련 lepidopteran의 유충에 hemocyte 유형을 공부하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다, 또는 그것은 쉽게 미생물 또는 기생 생물 13 감염에 따라 hemocyte 기능을 조사하기위한 면역 assays과 함께 사용할 수 있습니다.

여기에 설명 된 프로토콜은 각각의 유충에서 곤충 hemolymph의 10-20 μl의 최소 볼륨의 수집 할 수 있습니다. 이 방법을 사용하여 수집 Hemocytes은 셀 거리며 걷게, melanization 결함, 조직 파편이나 기타 오염 물질 무료입니다. 따라서 hemocytes은 쉽게 관찰하고 현미경으로 계산하고, 여러 곤충은 몇 hosur에서 관찰 할 수있다 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 우리의 샘플에서 hemocytes의 대부분이 plasmatocytes 3 ​...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars at JoVE.com

A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars

곤충 hemocytes는 곤충 개발의 모든 단계에 걸쳐 면역 및 비 면역 모두 여러 중요한 기능을, 실시합니다. hemocyte 유형 및 기능의 현재 우리의 지식은 곤충 유전자 모델에 대한 연구에서 비롯됩니다. 여기, 우리는 추출 정량화과 야생 유충에서 hemocytes을 시각화하는 방법을 제시한다.

야생 유충에서 Hemocytes을 추출하기위한 간단한 프로토콜

Insect hemocytes (equivalent to mammalian white blood cells) play an important role in several physiological processes throughout an insect's life cycle ...

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JoVE Journal

Biology

16.1K 조회수.  The George Washington University. 곤충 hemocytes는 곤충 개발의 모든 단계에 걸쳐 면역 및 비 면역 모두 여러 중요한 기능을, 실시합니다. hemocyte 유형 및 기능의 현재 우리의 지식은 곤충 유전자 모델에 대한 연구에서 비롯됩니다. 여기, 우리는 추출 정량화과 야생 유충에서 hemocytes을 시각화하는 방법을 제시한다.

비디오: A Simple Protocol for Extracting Hemocytes from Wild Caterpillars

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night cycle. For this procedure, you'll need mosquito cages, 10% sterile sucrose solution, paper towels, beaker, whatman filter paper, glass feeders, human blood and serum, water bath, parafilm, distilled water, clean plastic trays, mosquito food (described below), mosquito net to cover the trays, vacuum, and a collection chamber to collect adults.

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing A. gambiae

This video illustrates the general techniques used to rear Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory. The methods for caring for laboratory mosquitoes are demonstrated through all stages of the organism's life cycle from larvae to pupae to blood-feeding adults.

모스키토 리어링 (A. gambiae)에 대한 프로토콜

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night ...

연구

생물학

Pyrosequencing: A Simple Method for Accurate Genotyping

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a tremendous amount of data available comes an explosion of genotyping methods. Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. It also has the ability to identify tri-allelic, indels, short-repeat polymorphisms, along with determining allele percentages for methylation or pooled sample assessment. In addition, there is a standardized control sequence that provides internal quality control. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.


Pyrosequencing(R) is one of the most thorough yet simple methods to date used to analyze polymorphisms. This method has led to rapid and efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism evaluation including many clinically relevant polymorphisms. The technique and methodology of Pyrosequencing is explained.

Pyrosequencing : 정확한 Genotyping을위한 간단한 방법

Pharmacogenetic research benefits first-hand from the abundance of information provided by the completion of the Human Genome Project. With such a ...

Protocol for Culturing Sympathetic Neurons from Rat Superior Cervical Ganglia (SCG)

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons.  These neurons provide sympathetic innervations for the head and neck regions and they constitute a well-characterized and relatively homogeneous population (4).  Sympathetic neurons are dependent on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival, differentiation and axonal growth and the wide-spread availability of NGF facilitates their culture and experimental manipulation (2, 3, 6).  For these reasons, cultured sympathetic neurons have been used in a wide variety of studies including neuronal development and differentiation, mechanisms of programmed and pathological cell death, and signal transduction (1, 2, 5, and 6).  Dissecting out the SCG from newborn rats and culturing sympathetic neurons is not very complicated and can be mastered fairly quickly.  In this article, we will describe in detail how to dissect out the SCG from newborn rat pups and to use them to establish cultures of sympathetic neurons.  The article will also describe the preparatory steps and the various reagents and equipment that are needed to achieve this.

Protocol for Culturing Sympathetic Neurons from Rat Superior Cervical Ganglia SCG

This is a protocol describing how to isolate and culture primary sympathetic neurons from superior cervical ganglia (SCG) of newborn rat pups.

쥐 우수한 자궁암 신경 (SCG)에서 Culturing 교감 신경에 대한 프로토콜

The superior cervical ganglia (SCG) in rats are small, glossy, almond-shaped structures that contain sympathetic neurons.  These neurons provide ...

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

Wild-type I. cylindrica (cogongrass) is one of the top ten worst invasive plants in the world, negatively impacting agricultural and natural resources in 73 different countries throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, New Zealand, Oceania and the Americas1-2. Cogongrass forms rapidly-spreading, monodominant stands that displace a large variety of native plant species and in turn threaten the native animals that depend on the displaced native plant species for forage and shelter. To add to the problem, an ornamental variety [I. cylindrica var. koenigii (Retzius)] is widely marketed under the names of Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra', Red Baron, and Japanese blood grass (JBG). This variety is putatively sterile and noninvasive and is considered a desirable ornamental for its red-colored leaves. However, under the correct conditions, JBG can produce viable seed (Carol Holko, 2009 personal communication) and can revert to a green invasive form that is often indistinguishable from cogongrass as it takes on the distinguishing characteristics of the wild-type invasive variety4 (Figure 1). This makes identification using morphology a difficult task even for well-trained plant taxonomists. Reversion of JBG to an aggressive green phenotype is also not a rare occurrence. Using sequence comparisons of coding and variable regions in both nuclear and chloroplast DNA, we have confirmed that JBG has reverted to the green invasive within the states of Maryland, South Carolina, and Missouri. JBG has been sold and planted in just about every state in the continental U.S. where there is not an active cogongrass infestation. The extent of the revert problem in not well understood because reverted plants are undocumented and often destroyed.
Application of this molecular protocol provides a method to identify JBG reverts and can help keep these varieties from co-occurring and possibly hybridizing. Cogongrass is an obligate outcrosser and, when crossed with a different genotype, can produce viable wind-dispersed seeds that spread cogongrass over wide distances5-7. JBG has a slightly different genotype than cogongrass and may be able to form viable hybrids with cogongrass. To add to the problem, JBG is more cold and shade tolerant than cogongrass8-10, and gene flow between these two varieties is likely to generate hybrids that are more aggressive, shade tolerant, and cold hardy than wild-type cogongrass. While wild-type cogongrass currently infests over 490 million hectares worldwide, in the Southeast U.S. it infests over 500,000 hectares and is capable of occupying most of the U.S. as it rapidly spreads northward due to its broad niche and geographic potential3,7,11. The potential of a genetic crossing is a serious concern for the USDA-APHIS Federal Noxious Week Program. Currently, the USDA-APHIS prohibits JBG in states where there are major cogongrass infestations (e.g., Florida, Alabama, Mississippi). However, preventing the two varieties from combining can prove more difficult as cogongrass and JBG expand their distributions. Furthermore, the distribution of the JBG revert is currently unknown and without the ability to identify these varieties through morphology, some cogongrass infestations may be the result of JBG reverts. Unfortunately, current molecular methods of identification typically rely on AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and DNA sequencing, both of which are time consuming and costly. Here, we present the first cost-effective and reliable PCR-based molecular genotyping method to accurately distinguish between cogongrass and JBG revert.

A PCR-based Genotyping Method to Distinguish Between Wild-type and Ornamental Varieties of Imperata cylindrica

We provide a cost-effective and rapid molecular genotyping protocol that employs variety-specific PCR primers that target DNA sequence differences within the chloroplast trnL-F spacer region to differentiate between varieties of Imperata cylindrica (cogongrass) that cannot be distinguished by morphology alone. These varieties include the federally listed noxious weed, cogongrass and closely-related, wide-spread ornamental variety, I. cylindrica var. koenigii (Japanese blood grass).

의 야생 - 타입과 장식 품종을 구별하기 PCR 기반 Genotyping 방법 Imperata cylindrica</em

Wild-type I. cylindrica (cogongrass) is one of the top ten worst invasive plants in the world, negatively impacting agricultural and natural resources in ...

SIVQ-LCM Protocol for the ArcturusXT Instrument

SIVQ-LCM is a new methodology that automates and streamlines the more traditional, user-dependent laser dissection process.&#160;It aims to create an advanced, rapidly customizable laser dissection platform technology. In this report, we describe the integration of the image analysis software Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization (SIVQ) onto the ArcturusXT instrument. The ArcturusXT system contains both an infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) laser, allowing for specific cell or large area dissections. The principal goal is to improve the speed, accuracy, and reproducibility of the laser dissection to increase sample throughput. This novel approach facilitates microdissection of both animal and human tissues in research and clinical workflows.

SIVQ-LCM is an innovative approach that harnesses a computer algorithm, Spatially Invariant Vector Quantization (SIVQ), to drive the laser capture microdissection (LCM) process. The SIVQ-LCM workflow greatly improves the speed and accuracy of microdissection, with applications in both the research and clinical settings.

ArcturusXT 악기 SIVQ-LCM 프로토콜

SIVQ-LCM is a new methodology that automates and streamlines the more traditional, user-dependent laser dissection process.&#160;It aims to create an ...

A Simple Bioassay for the Evaluation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive expression of families of related receptors, a broad range of related ligands and the difficulty of dealing with primary cultures of specialized endothelial cells. Here we describe a bioassay for the detection of ligands to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), a key transducer of signals that promote angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. A cDNA encoding a fusion of the extracellular (ligand-binding) region of VEGFR-2 with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions of the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) is expressed in the factor-dependent cell line Ba/F3. This cell line grows in the presence of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and withdrawal of this factor results in death of the cells within 24 hr. Expression of the VEGFR-2/EpoR receptor fusion provides an alternative mechanism to promote survival and potentially proliferation of stably transfected Ba/F3 cells in the presence of a ligand capable of binding and cross-linking the extracellular portion of the fusion protein (i.e., one that can cross-link the VEGFR-2 extracellular region). The assay can be performed in two ways: a semi-quantitative approach in which small volumes of ligand and cells permit a rapid result in 24 hr, and a quantitative approach involving surrogate markers of a viable cell number. The assay is relatively easy to perform, is highly responsive to known VEGFR-2 ligands and can accommodate extracellular inhibitors of VEGFR-2 signaling such as monoclonal antibodies to the receptor or ligands, and soluble ligand traps.

We describe a simple cell-based bioassay for detecting, quantifying and monitoring the activity of members of the vascular endothelial growth factor family of ligands. The assay uses chimeric receptors expressed in a factor-dependent cell line to provide a semi-quantitative or quantitative assessment of receptor binding and cross-linking by the ligand.

혈관 내피 성장 인자의 평가에 대한 간단한 생물 검정

The analysis of receptor tyrosine kinases and their interacting ligands involved in vascular biology is often challenging due to the constitutive ...

Filtration Isolation of Nucleic Acids:  A Simple and Rapid DNA Extraction Method

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad to extract cellular DNA from whole blood in less than 2 min. The blood specimen is treated with detergent, mixed briefly and applied by pipet to the separation membrane. The lysate wicks into the blotting pad due to capillary action, capturing the genomic DNA on the surface of the separation membrane. The extracted DNA is retained on the membrane during a simple wash step wherein PCR inhibitors are wicked into the absorbent blotting pad. The membrane containing the entrapped DNA is then added to the PCR reaction without further purification. This simple method does not require laboratory equipment and can be easily implemented with inexpensive laboratory supplies. Here we describe a protocol for highly sensitive detection and quantitation of HIV-1 proviral DNA from 100 &#181;l whole blood as a model for early infant diagnosis of HIV that could readily be adapted to other genetic targets.

We describe here a simple and rapid paper-based DNA extraction method of HIV proviral DNA from whole blood detected by quantitative PCR. This protocol can be extended for use in detecting other genetic markers or using alternative amplification methods.

핵산의 여과 분리 : 간단하고 신속한 DNA 추출 방법

FINA, filtration isolation of nucleic acids, is a novel extraction method which utilizes vertical filtration via a separation membrane and absorbent pad ...

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities are supported in part by the areal expansion and retraction of pigmented organs known as chromatophores. While it is known that the chromatophores contain a tethered network of pigmented granules, their structure-function properties have not been fully detailed. We describe a method for isolating the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores and demonstrate how their associated pigments can be extracted in acidic solvents. To accomplish this, the chromatophore containing dermal layer is first manually isolated using a superficial dissection, and the pigment granules are removed using sonication, centrifugation, and washing cycles. Pigments confined within the purified granules are then extracted via acidic methanol solutions, leaving nanostructures with smaller diameters that are void of visible color. This extraction procedure produces a 58% yield of soluble pigments isolated from granules. Using this method, the composition of the chromatophore pigments can be determined and used to provide insight into the mechanism of adaptive coloration in cephalopods.

A Method for Extracting Pigments from Squid Doryteuthis pealeii

A protocol for the extraction of pigments from the nanostructured granules in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores is presented.

오징어로부터 색소를 추출하는 방법<em&gt; Doryteuthis의 pealeii</em

Cephalopods can undergo rapid and adaptive changes in dermal coloration for sensing, communication, defense, and reproduction purposes. These capabilities ...

A Simple High Efficiency Protocol for Pancreatic Islet Isolation from Mice

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other important biological functions. The islets primarily consist of five types of hormone-secreting cells: &#945; cells secrete glucagon, &#946; cells secrete insulin, &#948; cells secrete somatostatin, &#949; cells secrete ghrelin, and PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. Sixty to 80% of the cells in the islets are &#946; cells, which are the most important cell population to study insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets are a crucial model system to study ex vivo insulin secretion. Acquiring high quality islets is of great importance for diabetes research. Most islet isolation procedures require technically difficult to access site of collagenase injection, harsh and complex digestion procedures, and multiple density gradient purification steps. This paper features a simple high yield mouse islet isolation method with detailed descriptions and realistic demonstrations, showing the following specific steps: 1) injection of collagenase P at the ampulla of Vater, a small area joining the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct, 2) enzymatic digestion and mechanical separation of the exocrine pancreas, and 3) a single gradient purification step. The advantages of this method are the injection of digestive enzyme using the more accessible ampulla of Vater, more complete digestion using combination of enzymatic and mechanical approaches, and a simpler single gradient purification step. This protocol produces approximately 250&#8212;350 islets per mouse; and islets are suitable for various ex vivo studies. Possible caveats of this procedure are potentially damaged islets due to enzymatic digestion and/or prolonged gradient incubation, all of which can be largely avoided by careful ad justification of incubation time.

This islet isolation protocol described a novel route of collagenase injection to digest the exocrine tissue and a simplified gradient procedure to purify the islets from mice. It involves enzymatic digestion, gradient separation/purification, and islet hand-picking. Successful isolation can yield 250&#8211;350 high quality and fully functional islets per mouse.

마우스에서 췌장 췌도 격리를 위한 간단한 고효율 프로토콜

Pancreatic islets, also called the Islets of Langerhans, are a cluster of endocrine cells which produces hormones for glucose regulation and other ...

A Simple Benchtop Filtration Method to Isolate Small Extracellular Vesicles from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

The ultracentrifugation-based process is considered the common method for small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolation. However, the yield from this isolation method is relatively lower, and these methods are inefficient in separating sEV subtypes. This study demonstrates a simple benchtop filtration method to isolate human umbilical cord-derived MSC small extracellular vesicles (hUC-MSC-sEVs), successfully separated by ultrafiltration from the conditioned medium of hUC-MSCs. The size distribution, protein concentration, exosomal markers (CD9, CD81, TSG101), and morphology of the isolated hUC-MSC-sEVs were characterized with nanoparticle tracking analysis, BCA protein assay, western blot, and transmission electron microscope, respectively. The isolated hUC-MSC-sEVs&#39; size was 30-200 nm, with a particle concentration of 7.75 &#215; 1010 particles/mL and a protein concentration of 80 &#181;g/mL. Positive bands for exosomal markers CD9, CD81, and TSG101 were observed. This study showed that hUC-MSC-sEVs were successfully isolated from hUC-MSCs conditioned medium, and characterization showed that the isolated product fulfilled the criteria mentioned by Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 (MISEV 2018).

This protocol demonstrates how to isolate human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells&#39; small extracellular vesicles (hUC-MSC-sEVs) with a simple lab-scale benchtop setting. The size distribution, protein concentration, sEVs markers, and morphology of isolated hUC-MSC-sEVs are characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis, BCA protein assay, western blot, and transmission electron microscope, respectively.

인간 중간엽 줄기세포에서 작은 세포외 소포를 분리하는 간단한 탁상형 여과 방법

The ultracentrifugation-based process is considered the common method for small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) isolation. However, the yield from this ...