이 연구는 의학의 중사 님 학교, 캘리포니아, 미국 대학, 대학 대학 런던, 영국에서 수행되었다. KL는 건강 기금 5 U19 CA148112-02의 국립 연구소에 의해 지원을 받고 있습니다. BG는 이브 어필 부인과 종양학 자선 (UK)에서 프로젝트 교부금으로 운용되었다. UCLH / UCL에서 수행이 작업 중 일부는 부분적으로 건강의 NIHR 바이오 메디컬 연구 센터 자금 제도의학과에서 자금을 대고있었습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Jelovac, D., Armstrong, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+progress+in+the+diagnosis+and+treatment+of+ovarian+cancer.">Recent progress in the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer.</a> CA Cancer J. Clin. , (2011).</li><li>Office for National Statistics. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cancer Statistics registrations: registrations of cancer diagnosed in 2008. , (2011).</li><li>K&#246;bel, M., Kalloger, S. E., Santos, J. 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R., Yasmeen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ovarian+cancer:+can+we+make+the+clinical+diagnosis+earlier.">Ovarian cancer: can we make the clinical diagnosis earlier.</a> Cancer. 104, 1398-1407 (2005).</li><li>Aviv, A., Hunt, S. C., Lin, J., Cao, X., Kimura, M., Blackburn, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impartial+comparative+analysis+of+measurement+of+leukocyte+telomere+length/DNA+content+by+Southern+blots+and+qPCR.">Impartial comparative analysis of measurement of leukocyte telomere length/DNA content by Southern blots and qPCR.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 39, e134 (2011).</li><li>Kim, N. W., Wu, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+quantification+and+characterization+of+telomerase+activity+by+the+telomeric+repeat+amplification+protocol+(TRAP.">Advances in quantification and characterization of telomerase activity by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 2595-2597 (1997).</li><li>Lawrenson, K., Grun, B., Benjamin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Senescent+fibroblasts+promote+neoplastic+transformation+of+partially+transformed+ovarian+epithelial+cells+in+a+three-dimensional+model+of+early+stage+ovarian+cancer.">Senescent fibroblasts promote neoplastic transformation of partially transformed ovarian epithelial cells in a three-dimensional model of early stage ovarian cancer.</a> Neoplasia. 12, 317-325 (2010).</li><li>Lawrenson, K., Benjamin, E., Turmaine, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+three-dimensional+modelling+of+human+ovarian+surface+epithelial+cells.">In vitro three-dimensional modelling of human ovarian surface epithelial cells.</a> Cell Prolif. 42, 385-393 (2009).</li><li>Lawrenson, K., Sproul, D., Grun, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+genetic+and+clinical+heterogeneity+in+epithelial+ovarian+cancers.">Modelling genetic and clinical heterogeneity in epithelial ovarian cancers.</a> Carcinogenesis. 32, 1540-1549 (2011).</li><li>Grun, B., Benjamin, E., Sinclair, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+in+vitro+cell+biology+models+of+ovarian+and+endometrial+cancer.">Three-dimensional in vitro cell biology models of ovarian and endometrial cancer.</a> Cell Prolif. 42, 219-228 (2009).</li><li>Zietarska, M., Maugard, C. M., Filali-Mouhim, A., Alam-Fahmy, M., Tonin, P. N., Provencher, D. M., Mes-Masson, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+description+of+a+3D+in+vitro+model+for+the+study+of+epithelial+ovarian+cancer+(EOC.">Molecular description of a 3D in vitro model for the study of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC.</a> Mol. Carcinog. 46, 872-885 (2007).</li><li>Shield, K., Ackland, M. L., Ahmed, N., Rice, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicellular+spheroids+in+ovarian+cancer+metastases:+Biology+and+pathology.">Multicellular spheroids in ovarian cancer metastases: Biology and pathology.</a> Gynecol Oncol. 113, 143-148 (2009).</li><li>Dafou, D., Grun, B., Sinclair, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microcell-mediated+chromosome+transfer+identifies+EPB41L3+as+a+functional+suppressor+of+epithelial+ovarian+cancers.">Microcell-mediated chromosome transfer identifies EPB41L3 as a functional suppressor of epithelial ovarian cancers.</a> Neoplasia. 12, 579-589 (2010).</li><li>Levanon, K., Crum, C., Drapkin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+pathogenesis+of+serous+ovarian+cancer+and+its+clinical+impact.">New insights into the pathogenesis of serous ovarian cancer and its clinical impact.</a> J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 5284-5293 (2008).</li><li>Kurman, R. J., Shih, I. e. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+pathogenesis+and+extraovarian+origin+of+epithelial+ovarian+cancer--shifting+the+paradigm.">Molecular pathogenesis and extraovarian origin of epithelial ovarian cancer--shifting the paradigm.</a> Hum. Pathol. 42, 918-931 (2011).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

초기 단계의 상피 난소 암 (EOC)의 생물은 제대로 이해된다. 아마도 몇 년 동안이 분야의 주요 장애물 중 하나는 조직의 특정 질병의 기원과 EOC 개발 microenvironment의 역할의 중요성에 대한 이해의 부족이었다. 지난 몇 년 동안, EOC는 아마 다른 하위 유형에 대해 서로 다른 세포의 기원에 여러 별개의 histophathological 하위 유형과 이기종 질병입니다 분명이되었습니다 있습니다. 예를 들어, 현재의 데이?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 </td><td> 공급 업체 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td></tr><tr><td> 세포 배양에 적합한 PolyHEMA, </td><td> 시그마 알드리치 </td><td> P3932 </td></tr><tr><td> 분자 생물학 등급 에탄올 </td><td> 시그마 알드리치 </td><td> E7023 </td></tr><tr><td> 세포 배양을위한 멸균 물 </td><td> VWR </td><td> 12001-356 </td></tr><tr><td> MCDB105 </td><td> 시그마 알드리치 </td><td> M6395 </td></tr><tr><td> 보통 199 </td><td> 시그마 알드리치 </td><td> M2154 </td></tr><tr><td> Hyclone 태아 소 혈청 </td><td> 열 과학 </td><td> SH30088.03 </td></tr><tr> &lt;TD&gt; Gentamicin </td><td> 시그마 알드리치 </td><td> G1397 </td></tr><tr><td> Amphotericin B </td><td> 시그마 알드리치 </td><td> A2942 </td></tr><tr><td> pBABE - hygro-hTERT </td><td> Addgene </td><td> 1773 </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td> VWR </td><td> 12001-766 </td></tr><tr><td> 0.25 % 트립신 - EDTA (에틸렌 다이아 민 테트라 초산) </td><td> Invitrogen </td><td> 25200-072 </td></tr><tr><td> 셀 스트레이너 (40 ~ 70 μm) </td><td> VWR </td><td> 21008-949 21008-952 </td></tr><tr><td> 안티 - 섬유 아세포 표면 단백질 항체, 클론 1B10 </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> F4771 </td></tr><tr><td> 안티 팬-cytokeratin 항체 (C11) </td><td> 산타 크루즈 (Santa Cruz) </td><td> SC-8018 </td></tr><tr><td> Polybrene (hexadimethrine 브롬화) </td><td> 시그마 </td><td> 107689 </td></tr><tr><td> TeloTAGGG Telomerase PCR 엘리사 PLUS </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 12013789001 </td></tr><tr><td> Telomere 길이 분석을 TeloTAGGG </td><td> 로슈 </td><td> 12209136001 </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1. 시약 및 장비는이 연구에 언급.

heterotypic three-dimensional in vitro modeling of stromal-epithelial interactions during ovarian cancer initiation and progression

상피 난소 암 (EOCs)는 서양 사회에서 부인과 종에서 죽음의 주요 원인입니다. 수술 치료 및 향상된 백금 기반 chemotherapies의 발전에도 불구하고, 이상 40 년의 1,2에 대한 EOC 생존 요금에 약간의 개선이있었습니다. 무대하는 동안 I 종양은 5 년 생존 율이&gt; 85 %, 스테이지 III / IV 질환의 생존 요금은 &lt;40% 있습니다. 종양은 이전보다 치료할 수, 단계 3-5에서 감지 된 경우 따라서, EOC에 대한 사망률의 높은 비율이 크게 감소 될 수 있습니다. 현재 초기 단계의 질병 개발의 분자 유전 및 생물학적으로는 제대로 이해된다. 더 구체적으로, 작은은 종양 개시시 microenvironment의 역할에 대해 잘 알려져 있습니다,하지만 EOCs (예 : 나이와 패리티)에 대한 알려진 위험 요소는 microenvironment이 EOCs의 초기 기원에 중요한 역할을하는 것이 좋습니다. 따라서 입체 heterotypic 모델을 개발정상적인 난소 모두와 초기 단계의 난소 암의. 정상 난소를 들어, 공동 교양 일반 난소 표면 상피 (잃을)와 문화에서 이러한 세포의 수명을 연장하기 위해 인간의 telomerase의 holoenzyme (hTERT)의 촉매 subunit의 retrovrial 도입에 의해 불후의 일반 stromal 섬유 아세포 (INOF) 세포. 난소 상피 세포의 변형, 잃을 셀의 CMYC 종양 유전자의 overexpression, 다시 INOF 세포와 공동 배양의 초기 단계를 모델링합니다. 이 heterotypic 모델은 상피 세포의 변화와 침략에 노화와 노화의 효과를 조사하는 데 사용되었다. 여기 이러한 3 차원 모델의 개발 방법론 단계를 설명 할 수있다;이 방법은 정상 난소와 난소 암 조직의 발전에 해당하지 않습니다, 그리고 stromal 및 상피 세포의 상호 작용이 기본 위치를 다른 조직 유형을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다 조직 유지 보수 및 디의 측면sea​​se 개발.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression at JoVE.com

Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

우리는 구축 방법을 설명<em&gt; 체외에서</em&gt; 난소 섬유 아세포 및 일반 난소의 표면이나 난소 암 상피 세포를 포함하는 heterotypic 입체 모델. 우리는 난소 암 개발하는 동안 발생하는 stromal-상피 상호 작용을 연구하기 위해 이러한 모델의 사용에 대해 설명합니다.

3 차원 Heterotypic<em&gt; 체외에서</em난소 암 개시 및 진행하는 동안 Stromal - 상피 조직의 상호 작용&gt; 모델링

Epithelial ovarian cancers (EOCs) are the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancy in Western societies. Despite advances in surgical ...

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Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

15.0K 조회수.  University of Southern California. 우리는 구축 방법을 설명 체외에서 난소 섬유 아세포 및 일반 난소의 표면이나 난소 암 상피 세포를 포함하는 heterotypic 입체 모델. 우리는 난소 암 개발하는 동안 발생하는 stromal-상피 상호 작용을 연구하기 위해 이러한 모델의 사용에 대해 설명합니다.

비디오: Heterotypic Three-dimensional In Vitro Modeling of Stromal-Epithelial Interactions During Ovarian Cancer Initiation and Progression

MAME Models for 4D Live-cell Imaging of Tumor: Microenvironment Interactions that Impact Malignant Progression

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in real-time of cell:cell interactions. Our overall goal was to develop models that recapitulate the architecture of preinvasive breast lesions to study their progression to an invasive phenotype. Specifically, we developed models to analyze interactions among pre-malignant breast epithelial cell variants and other cell types of the tumor microenvironment that have been implicated in enhancing or reducing the progression of preinvasive breast epithelial cells to invasive ductal carcinomas. Other cell types studied to date are myoepithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and blood and lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells. In addition to the MAME models, which are designed to recapitulate the cellular interactions within the breast during cancer progression, we have developed comparable models for the progression of prostate cancers. 
Here we illustrate the procedures for establishing the 3D cocultures along with the use of live-cell imaging and a functional proteolysis assay to follow the transition of cocultures of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cells and fibroblasts to an invasive phenotype over time, in this case over twenty-three days in culture. The MAME cocultures consist of multiple layers. Fibroblasts are embedded in the bottom layer of type I collagen. On that is placed a layer of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) on which DCIS cells are seeded. A final top layer of 2% rBM is included and replenished with every change of media. To image proteolysis associated with the progression to an invasive phenotype, we use dye-quenched (DQ) fluorescent matrix proteins (DQ-collagen I mixed with the layer of collagen I and DQ-collagen IV mixed with the middle layer of rBM) and observe live cultures using confocal microscopy. Optical sections are captured, processed and reconstructed in 3D with Volocity visualization software. Over the course of 23 days in MAME cocultures, the DCIS cells proliferate and coalesce into large invasive structures. Fibroblasts migrate and become incorporated into these invasive structures. Fluorescent proteolytic fragments of the collagens are found in association with the surface of DCIS structures, intracellularly, and also dispersed throughout the surrounding matrix. Drugs that target proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways or modifications in the cellular composition of the cocultures can reduce the invasiveness, suggesting that MAME models can be used as preclinical screens for novel therapeutic approaches.

We have developed 3D coculture models for live-cell imaging in real-time of interactions among breast tumor cells and other cells in their microenvironment that impact progression to an invasive phenotype. These models can serve as preclinical screens for drugs to target paracrine-induced proteolytic, chemokine/cytokine and kinase pathways implicated in invasiveness.

종양의 4D 라이브 세포 이미징을위한 MAME 모델 : Microenvironment 상호 작용 영향을 미치는 악성 진행

We have developed 3D coculture models, which we term MAME (mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering), and used them for live-cell imaging in ...

연구

의학

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

체외 Mesothelial 정리 분석에서는 그것이 난소 암 전이의 초기 단계 모델

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%. New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology. To better understand the interaction of cancer cells with the pancreatic microenvironment, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression. Luciferase-tagged pancreatic cancer cells are resuspended in Matrigel and delivered into the pancreatic tail during laparotomy. Matrigel solidifies at body temperature to prevent leakage of cancer cells during injection. Primary tumor growth and metastasis to distant organs are monitored following injection of the luciferase substrate luciferin, using in vivo imaging of bioluminescence emission from the cancer cells. In vivo imaging also may be used to track primary tumor recurrence after resection. This orthotopic model is suited to both syngeneic and xenograft models and may be used in pre-clinical trials to investigate the impact of novel anti-cancer therapeutics on the growth of the primary pancreatic tumor and metastasis.

Improved understanding of pancreatic cancer biology is critically needed to enable the development of better therapeutic options to treat pancreatic cancer. To address this need, we demonstrate an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer that permits non-invasive monitoring of cancer progression using in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

췌장암의 진행 발광 동소 모델

Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor five-year survival rate of 4-6%.  New therapeutic options are critically needed and depend on improved ...

A Three-dimensional Tissue Culture Model to Study Primary Human Bone Marrow and its Malignancies

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods rely on the ability of cells either to attach to a solid substratum of a tissue culture dish or to grow in suspension in liquid medium. Multiple immortal cell lines have been created and grown using such approaches, however, these methods frequently fail when primary cells need to be grown ex vivo. Such failure has been attributed to the absence of the appropriate extracellular matrix components of the tissue microenvironment from the standard systems where tissue culture plastic is used as a surface for cell growth. Extracellular matrix is an integral component of the tissue microenvironment and its presence is crucial for the maintenance of physiological functions such as cell polarization, survival, and proliferation. Here we present a 3-dimensional tissue culture method where primary bone marrow cells are grown in extracellular matrix formulated to recapitulate the microenvironment of the human bone (rBM system). Embedded in the extracellular matrix, cells are supplied with nutrients through the medium supplemented with human plasma, thus providing a comprehensive system where cell survival and proliferation can be sustained for up to 30 days while maintaining the cellular composition of the primary tissue. Using the rBM system we have successfully grown primary bone marrow cells from normal donors and patients with amyloidosis, and various hematological malignancies. The rBM system allows for direct, in-matrix real time visualization of the cell behavior and evaluation of preclinical efficacy of novel therapeutics. Moreover, cells can be isolated from the rBM and subsequently used for in vivo transplantation, cell sorting, flow cytometry, and nucleic acid and protein analysis. Taken together, the rBM method provides a reliable system for the growth of primary bone marrow cells under physiological conditions.

In standard culture methods cells are taken out of their physiological environment and grown on the plastic surface of a dish. To study the behavior of primary human bone marrow cells we created a 3-D culture system where cells are grown under conditions recapitulating the native microenvironment of the tissue.

차 사람 골수 및 악성 종양을 연구하는 세 가지 차원 조직 배양 모델

Tissue culture has been an invaluable tool to study many aspects of cell function, from normal development to disease. Conventional cell culture methods ...

Three Dimensional Cultures: A Tool To Study Normal Acinar Architecture vs. Malignant Transformation Of Breast Cells

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The interplay of signals between cancer cells and their microenvironment exerts a powerful influence on breast cancer growth and biological behavior1. However, most of these signals from the extracellular matrix are lost or their relevance is understudied when cells are grown in two dimensional culture (2D) as a monolayer. In recent years, three dimensional (3D) culture on a reconstituted basement membrane has emerged as a method of choice to recapitulate the tissue architecture of benign and malignant breast cells. Cells grown in 3D retain the important cues from the extracellular matrix and provide a physiologically relevant ex&#160;vivo system2,3. Of note, there is growing evidence suggesting that cells behave differently when grown in 3D as compared to 2D4. 3D culture can be effectively used as a means to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype and for underpinning the cellular and molecular signaling involved3. One of the distinguishing characteristics of benign epithelial cells is that they are polarized so that the apical cytoplasm is towards the lumen and the basal cytoplasm rests on the basement membrane. This apico-basal polarity is lost in invasive breast carcinomas, which are characterized by cellular disorganization and formation of anastomosing and branching tubules that haphazardly infiltrates the surrounding stroma. These histopathological differences between benign gland and invasive carcinoma can be reproduced in 3D6,7. Using the appropriate read-outs like the quantitation of single round acinar structures, or differential expression of validated molecular markers for cell proliferation, polarity and apoptosis in combination with other molecular and cell biology techniques, 3D culture can provide an important tool to better understand the cellular changes during malignant transformation and for delineating the responsible signaling.

Three dimensional culture of mammary epithelial cells on a reconstituted basement membrane is a useful method to recapitulate the in vivo architecture of the benign breast, and to differentiate the malignant phenotype from the benign breast phenotype. Importantly, this system can be applied to study invasive carcinomas in other tissues.

세 가지 차원 문화 : 유방 세포의 악성 변형 대 일반 선포 건축을 연구하는 도구

Invasive breast carcinomas are a group of malignant epithelial tumors characterized by the invasion of adjacent tissues and propensity to metastasize. The ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

3 차원 (3D) 모델을 사용하여 유방암 세포 침윤의 정량화

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor initiation and/or relapse. Clarifying the mechanisms by which these tumor-initiating cells (TICs) support tumor formation and progression could lead to the development of clinically favorable therapies. Ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent disease. Recent studies suggest TICs may play an important role in disease biology. We have identified culture conditions that enrich for TICs from ovarian cancer cell lines. Growing either adherent cells or non-adherent &#8216;floater&#8217; cells in a low attachment plate with serum free media in the presence of growth factors supports the propagation of ovarian cancer TICs with stem cell markers (CD133 and ALDH activity) and increased tumorigenicity without the need to physically separate the TICs from other cell types within the culture. Although the presence of floater cells is not common for all cell lines, this population of cells with innate low adherence may have high tumorigenic potential.Compared to adherent cells grown in the presence of serum, TICs readily form spheres, are significantly more tumorigenic in mice, and express putative stem cell markers. The conditions are easy to establish in a timely manner and can be used to study signaling pathways important for maintaining stem characteristics, and to identify drugs or combinations of drugs targeting TICs. The culture conditions described herein are applicable for a variety of ovarian cancer cells of epithelial origin and will be critical in providing new information about the role of TICs in tumor initiation, progression, and relapse.

In vitro Enrichment of Ovarian Cancer Tumor-initiating Cells

Tumor-initiating cells (TICs) may represent a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of ovarian cancer, a highly recurrent and fatal disease. We present a protocol for culture conditions that enrich for this highly tumorigenic population of cells.

난소 암 종양 시작 세포의 생체 농축에

Evidence suggests that small subpopulations of tumor cells maintain a unique self-renewing and differentiation capacity and may be responsible for tumor ...

Three-Dimensional (3D) Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in particular (e.g., brain tumors such as glioblastoma multiforme and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck &#8211; SCCHN) it is a cause of severe morbidity and can be life-threatening even in the absence of distant metastases. In addition, cancers which have relapsed following treatment unfortunately often present with a more aggressive phenotype. Therefore, there is an opportunity to target the process of invasion to provide novel therapies that could be complementary to standard anti-proliferative agents. Until now, this strategy has been hampered by the lack of robust, reproducible assays suitable for a detailed analysis of invasion and for drug screening. Here we provide a simple micro-plate method (based on uniform, self-assembling 3D tumor spheroids) which has great potential for such studies. We exemplify the assay platform using a human glioblastoma cell line and also an SCCHN model where the development of resistance against targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors is associated with enhanced matrix-invasive potential. We also provide two alternative methods of semi-automated quantification: one using an imaging cytometer and a second which simply requires standard microscopy and image capture with digital image analysis.

Three-Dimensional 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion Assay

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is a defining characteristic of malignant tumors. We provide here a simple, semi-automated micro-plate assay of invasion into a natural 3D biomatrix that has been exemplified with a number of models of advanced human cancers.

3 차원 (3D) 종양 회전 타원체 침공 분석

Invasion of surrounding normal tissues is generally considered to be a key hallmark of malignant (as opposed to benign) tumors. For some cancers in ...

Modeling the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Dissemination in an Organotypic Culture of the Human Peritoneal Cavity

The pattern of ovarian cancer metastasis is markedly different from that of most other epithelial tumors, because it rarely spreads hematogenously. Instead, ovarian cancer cells exfoliated from the primary tumor are carried by peritoneal fluid to metastatic sites within the peritoneal cavity. These sites, most notably the abdominal peritoneum and omentum, are organs covered by a mesothelium-lined surface. To investigate the processes of ovarian cancer dissemination, we assembled a complex three-dimensional culture system that reconstructs the lining of the peritoneal cavity in vitro. Primary human fibroblasts and mesothelial cells were isolated from human omentum. The fibroblasts were then mixed with extracellular matrix and covered with a layer of the primary human mesothelial cells to mimic the peritoneal and omental surfaces encountered by metastasizing ovarian cancer cells. The resulting organotypic model is, as shown, used to examine the early steps of ovarian cancer dissemination, including cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation. This model has been used in a number of studies to investigate the role of the microenvironment (cellular and acellular) in early ovarian cancer dissemination. It has also been successfully adapted to high throughput screening and used to identify and test inhibitors of ovarian cancer metastasis.

Here, we present a protocol to construct a three-dimensional in vitro model of the lining of the peritoneal cavity, composed of primary human mesothelial cells and fibroblasts layered with extracellular matrix, as a tool to investigate ovarian cancer cell adhesion, invasion, and proliferation.

인간의 복강의의 Organotypic 문화 난소 암 보급의 초기 단계 모델링

The pattern of ovarian cancer metastasis is markedly different from that of most other epithelial tumors, because it rarely spreads hematogenously. ...

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

It is well established that the bone marrow microenvironment provides a unique site of sanctuary for hematopoietic diseases that both initiate and progress in this site. The model presented in the current report utilizes human primary bone marrow stromal cells and osteoblasts as two representative cell types from the marrow niche that influence tumor cell phenotype. The in vitro co-culture conditions described for human leukemic cells with these primary niche components support the generation of a chemoresistant subpopulation of tumor cells that can be efficiently recovered from culture for analysis by diverse techniques. A strict feeding schedule to prevent nutrient fluxes followed by gel type 10 cross-linked dextran (G10) particles recovery of the population of tumor cells that have migrated beneath the adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) or osteoblasts (OB) generating a "phase dim" (PD) population of tumor cells, provides a consistent source of purified therapy resistant leukemic cells. This clinically relevant population of tumor cells can be evaluated by standard methods to investigate apoptotic, metabolic, and cell cycle regulatory pathways as well as providing a more rigorous target in which to test novel therapeutic strategies prior to pre-clinical investigations targeted at minimal residual disease.

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

The current report summarizes a protocol that can be utilized to model the influence of the bone marrow microenvironment niche on leukemic cells with emphasis placed on enrichment of the most chemoresistant subpopulation.