이 작품은 DFG에서 그리니치 표준시로 보조금에 의해 지원되었다

<ol>
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J., Sink, H., Kolodkin, A. L., Goodman, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semaphorin+II+can+function+as+a+selective+inhibitor+of+specific+synaptic+arborizations.">Semaphorin II can function as a selective inhibitor of specific synaptic arborizations.</a> Cell. 81, 631-639 (1995).</li><li>Murray, M. J., Whitington, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+roundabout+on+growth+cone+dynamics,+filopodial+length,+and+growth+cone+morphology+at+the+midline+and+throughout+the+neuropile.">Effects of roundabout on growth cone dynamics, filopodial length, and growth cone morphology at the midline and throughout the neuropile.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 19, 7901-7912 (1999).</li><li>Murray, M. J., Merritt, D. J., Brand, A. H., Whitington, P. 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M., Seifert, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axon+growth+from+limb+motorneurons+in+the+locust+embryo:+the+effect+of+target+limb+removal+on+the+pattern+of+axon+branching+in+the+periphery.">Axon growth from limb motorneurons in the locust embryo: the effect of target limb removal on the pattern of axon branching in the periphery.</a> Developmental Biology. 106, 438-449 (1984).</li><li>Whitington, P. M., Leach, D., Sandeman, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolutionary+change+in+neural+development+within+the+arthropods:+axonogenesis+in+the+embryos+of+two+crustaceans.">Evolutionary change in neural development within the arthropods: axonogenesis in the embryos of two crustaceans.</a> Development. 118, 449-461 (1993).</li><li>Williams, D. W., Tyrer, M., Shepherd, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tau+and+tau+reporters+disrupt+central+projections+of+sensory+neurons+in+Drosophila.">Tau and tau reporters disrupt central projections of sensory neurons in Drosophila.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 428, 630-640 (2000).</li></ol>

제작자들은 더 경쟁 금융 이익이 없다는 점 선언합니다.

모델 시스템으로 Drosophila 중 하나 큰 장점은 단일 세포 수준의 개발과 기능의 분석을 허용한다는 것입니다. 이 세포 유형의 다양성이 매우 높은이며, 이웃 세포의 기능과 형태가 완전히 다를 수 신경계에 관한 특히 유용합니다. 우리가 여기서 제시하는 방법 중 하나 영구적 인 얼룩이나 형광 현미경에 의해 직접 검사로 변환 할 수있는 염료 개별 뉴런의 라벨 수 있습니...

개별 셀의 수준에서 neuronal 형태의 지식은 neuronal 연결 및 CNS 기능을 이해하는 중요한 전제 조건이다. 따라서, 신경 과학의 초기에서, 연구자는 단일 셀 라벨 기술 (이 문제의 역사적인 치료 7 참조) 개발을 모색하고있다. 이러한 Golgi의 착색 등의 고전 방법은 neuronal 형태의 우수한 해상도를 제공하지만, 하나는 착색이 임의의 방식으로 발생 등의 이동 방법으로 신경 세포의 특정 유형의 라벨을 추구하는 경우 적합하지 않습니다. microelectrode에서 염료의 세포 또는 juxtacellular 주입하여 단일 세포를 얼룩위한 방법의 개발은 특정 상표의 요구 사항을 해결. Drosophila에 하나의 뉴런 염료 주입의 응용 프로그램 때문에 유기체와 뉴런 모두의 작은 크기, 큰 도전을 제시. 배아 Drosophila의 그럼에도 불구하고, 단일 신경 세포의 착색 </em&gt; 뉴런은 코리 굿맨 (15)의 연구실에서 1980 년대 중반에 달성되었다. 방법은 eminently 유용하고 지난 20~30년 (예 : 2, 10) 이상 Drosophila의 neuronal 개발을위한 메커니즘으로 몇 가지 주요 통찰력을 제공하고 있지만, 많은 근로자는 주로 때문에 기술적 요구의 그것과 떨어져 shied했습니다. Drosophila의 neuronal 라벨에 유전자 기술의 최근 몇 년 동안 사용 가능 여부는 하나의 신경 세포의 색소 주입의 unpopularity에 공헌하고 있습니다. 막 타겟 GFP 구조의 GAL4-지시 표현은 신경 형태 1, 20 뛰어난 해상도를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 그러나,이 방법은 특정 제한이 있습니다 : 여러 셀에 GFP의 자주 불가피한 표현은 개별 뉴런의 구조를 가리 수 있으며 GAL4 드라이버 라인은 관심의 특정 신경 세포에 표현을 유도 할 수되지 않을 수 있습니다. MARCM (담당자와 모자이크 분석ressible 세포 마커) 방법 8은 개별 세포 수준에서 본질적으로 어떤 신경 세포의 라벨 있지만, 성공적으로 인해 GAL80 단백질의 느린 매출의 배아와 초기 유충에 사용할 수 없습니다를 제공 할 수 있습니다. 유전자 라벨 이러한 제한을 감안할 때, 우리는 Drosophila의 배아에서 해당 단일 신경 세포의 색소 주입이 귀중한 기술을 유지하고 폭 넓은 응용을받을 권리가 생각합니다. 이러한 목표를 촉진하기 위해, 우리는 여기 방법에 대한 자세한 설명을 제공합니다. 힘의 그림은 후반 Drosophila의 배아 (14)의 복부 neuromeres의 interneurons의 전체 세트의 형태와 우리의 최근 계정에 의해 제공됩니다. 개인 neuronal 세포 유형의 형태학의 다양성과 배의 CNS에서 neuromere 조직의 원리를 모두 공개이 연구는 다른 현재 분류​​ 방법으로 불가능했을 것입니다.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 / 재료의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 </td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 시약 </td></tr><tr><td> DAB </td><td> 시그마 - 알드리치 </td><td> <a href="http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/d5905" target="_blank">D-5905</a> </td><td> 100 MM 트리스 - HCL, pH를 7.4에 2-3 MG / ML </td></tr><tr><td> DiI </td><td> Invitrogen / 분자 프로브 </td><td> <a href="http://products.invitrogen.com/ivgn/product/D282" target="_blank">D-282</a> </td><td> 에탄올 1 MG / ML </td></tr><tr><td> <a href="http://www.merckmillipore.com/germany/chemicals/formaldehydloesung-min-37-prozent/MDA_CHEM-104002/p_Wt6b.s1L6pAAAAEWpOEfVhTl" target="_blank">포름 알데히드</a> </td><td> 머크 Millipore </td><td></td><td> PBS에서 7,4 % </td> &lt;/ TR&gt; <tr><td> 글리세린 </td><td> <a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank">로스</a> </td><td> 3783 </td><td> PBS의 70% </td></tr><tr><td> 헵탄 접착제 </td><td> 바이어스 도르프 AG </td><td> 첼로 31-39-30 * </td><td> CA를 희석. N-헵탄과 1-1 </td></tr><tr><td> PBS </td><td></td><td></td><td> 1X </td></tr><tr><td> 트리스 </td><td> <a href="http://www.carlroth.com/catalogue/" target="_blank">로스</a> </td><td> 4855 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Vectashield </td><td> 벡터 연구소 </td><td> <a href="http://www.vectorlabs.com/catalog.aspx?prodID=427" target="_blank">H1000</a> </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 장비 </td></tr><tr><td> 공 촛점 현미경 </td><td> Leica </td><td> TCS SP2 </td><td> 형광에 labelings을 확인하고 문서화하는 </td></tr><tr><td> DC -mplifier </td><td> Dragan 공사 </td><td> 초석 ION-100 </td><td> labelings를 수행하는 방법 </td></tr><tr><td> Coverslips </td><td> <a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank">Menzel</a> </td><td> BB018018A1 </td><td> 18 X 18mm </td></tr><tr><td> Coverslips </td><td> <a href="http://www.menzel.de/" target="_blank">Menzel</a> </td><td> BB024060A1 </td><td> 24 X 60mm </td></tr><tr><td> 현미경을 해부 </td><td> Leica </td><td> MZ8 </td><td> 배아를 준비하고 disect하기 </td></tr><tr><td> 플랫 모세 혈관 </td><td> <a href="http://www.hilgenberg-gmbh.de/" target="_blank">Hilgenberg</a> </td><td></td><td> 외경 1mm, glas 두께 0.1 mm </td></tr><tr><td> 사출 모세 혈관 </td><td> 과학 제품 </td><td> 기가바이트 100 TF 8P </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Micromanipulator의 R </td><td> Leica </td><td></td><td> labelings를 수행하는 방법 </td></tr><tr><td> 모델 P-97 </td><td> 셔터 악기 </td><td></td><td> 모세 혈관을 해낼 수 있다는 것을 </td></tr><tr><td> 개체 슬라이드 </td><td> <a href="http://www.marienfeld-superior.com/" target="_blank">Marienfeld 수 페리 어</a> </td><td> 1000000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 과학 현미경 </td><td> Zeiss </td><td> Axioskop이 운수성 </td><td> photoconversion 후 labelings를 볼 수 있습니다 </td></tr><tr><td> 과학 현미경 </td><td> 하늘 </td><td> BX50 </td><td> labelings를 수행하는 방법 </td></tr><tr><td> 소니 MC3255 비디오 카메라 </td><td> 소니 / AVT 혼 </td><td> 소니 MC3255 </td><td> photoconversion 후 labelings를 기록하는 </td></tr></tbody></table> 표 1.

labeling of single cells in the central nervous system of drosophila melanogaster

이 글에서 우리는 개별적으로 lipophilic 형광 막 마커 DiI의 juxtacellular 주입에 의한 Drosophila melanogaster의 배아 CNS의 뉴런에 레이블을하는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 이 방법은 아주 자세히 neuronal 세포 형태의 시각화 할 수 있습니다. 그것은 CNS에있는 셀에 레이블을 할 수 있습니다 : 대상 뉴런의 세포 기관은 DIC 광학에서 또는 GFP 등의 형광 유전자 마커의 표현으로 시각화 수 있습니다. 라벨 후, DiI는 전송 빛과 DIC 광학으로 세포 형태의 시각화를 허용하도록 photoconversion하여 영구적 인 갈색 얼룩로 변환 할 수 있습니다. 또는 DiI - 라벨 세포는 유전자 도입 형광 기자 단백질이 colocalised 할 수 있도록, 공 촛점 현미경과 직접 관찰 할 수 있습니다. 기술은이 가능 단세포 해상도 돌연변이 phenotypes을 분석하고, 관계없이 유전자형의 모든 동물에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

그림 4는 기술의 전형적인 결과를 보여줍니다, 우리는 여기에 대해 설명합니다. 그림 4A 확실히 해두 고 photoconverted 된 DiI 가득 단일 interneuron의 예를 보여줍니다. 그것은 멋지게 세부의 양이 준비 제공을 보여줍니다. 비 라벨 주변 조직 내에있는 레이블 셀의 공간적 맥락이 표시되고 DIC 광학에서 볼 때, 피질 내의 neuropile 내의 섬유 투영의 전지 본체의 위치를 지정할 수?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

우리는 중추 신경 시스템에 하나의 뉴런을 라벨에 대한 기술 (CNS)의 제시<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 전송 빛 또는 공 촛점 현미경에 의해 neuronal 형태의 분석을 허용 배아.

의 중추 신경계에 단일 세포의 라벨<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

In this  article we describe how to individually label neurons in the embryonic CNS of Drosophila melanogaster by juxtacellular injection of the ...

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Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

12.6K 조회수.  University of Mainz. 우리는 중추 신경 시스템에 하나의 뉴런을 라벨에 대한 기술 (CNS)의 제시 Drosophila 전송 빛 또는 공 촛점 현미경에 의해 neuronal 형태의 분석을 허용 배아.

비디오: Labeling of Single Cells in the Central Nervous System of Drosophila melanogaster

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Thorough preclinical testing of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics includes a consideration of routes of administration and agent biodistribution in assessing therapeutic efficacy. Between the two major classifications of administration, local vs. systemic, systemic delivery approaches are often preferred due to ease of administration. However, systemic delivery may result in suboptimal drug concentration being achieved in the CNS, and lead to erroneous conclusions regarding agent efficacy. Local drug delivery methods are more invasive, but may be necessary to achieve therapeutic CNS drug levels. Here, we demonstrate proper technique for three routes of systemic drug delivery: intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, and oral gavage. In addition, we show a method for local delivery to the brain: convection-enhanced delivery (CED). The use of fluorescently-labeled compounds is included for in vivo imaging and verification of proper drug administration. The methods are presented using murine models, but can easily be adapted for use in rats.

Thorough preclinical testing of drugs that act in the central nervous system often involves assessing and comparing drug biodistribution in association with specific routes of administration. Here, three commonly used methods of systemic delivery (intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral) as well as a method for local delivery (convection-enhanced delivery) are demonstrated in mice.

Thorough preclinical testing of central nervous system (CNS) therapeutics includes a consideration of routes of administration and agent biodistribution ...

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신경과학

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the procedure for the visualization of Drosophila embryonic nervous system using antibodies to neuronal proteins. Since the entire embryonic peripheral nervous and central nervous systems are well characterized at the level of individual cells (Dambly-Chaudi&egrave;re et al., 1986; Bodmer et al., 1987; Bodmer et al., 1989), any aberrations to these systems can be easily identified using antibodies to different neuronal proteins. The developing embryos are collected at certain times to ensure that the embryos are in the proper developmental stages for visualization. After collection, the outer layers of the embryo, the chorion membrane and the vitelline envelope that surrounds the embryo, are removed before fixation. Embryos are then incubated with neuronal antibodies and visualized using fluorescently labeled secondary antibodies. Embryos at stages 12-17 are visualized to access the embryonic nervous system. At stage 12 the CNS germ band starts shortening and by stage 15 the definitive pattern of the commissure has been achieved. By stage 17 the CNS contracts and the PNS is fully developed (Campos-Ortega et al. 1985). Thus changes in the pattern of the PNS and CNS can be easily observed during these developmental stages.

Visualization of the Embryonic Nervous System in Whole-mount Drosophila Embryos

We describe the procedure to prepare staged Drosophila embryos for the visualization of the embryonic nervous system during embryogenesis.

전체 마운트의 배아 신경 계통의 시각화 Drosophila 태아

The Drosophila embryo is an attractive model system for investigating the cellular and molecular basis of neuronal development. Here we describe the ...

Optic Nerve Transection: A Model of Adult Neuron Apoptosis in the Central Nervous System

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be accessed within the orbit of the eye and completely transected (axotomized), cutting the axons of the entire RGC population. Optic nerve 
transection is a reproducible model of apoptotic neuronal cell death in the adult CNS 1-4. This model is particularly attractive because the vitreous
 chamber of the eye acts as a capsule for drug delivery to the retina, permitting experimental manipulations via intraocular injections. The diffusion of chemicals 
through the vitreous fluid ensures that they act upon the entire RGC population. Moreover, RGCs can be selectively transfected by applying short interfering RNAs 
(siRNAs), plasmids, or viral vectors to the cut end of the optic nerve 5-7 or injecting vectors into their target, the superior colliculus 8. 
This allows researchers to study apoptotic mechanisms in the desired neuronal population without confounding effects on other bystander neurons or surrounding glia. 
An additional benefit is the ease and accuracy with which cell survival can be quantified after injury. The retina is a flat, layered tissue and RGCs are localized in 
the innermost layer, the ganglion cell layer. The survival of RGCs can be tracked over time by applying a fluorescent tracer (3% Fluorogold) to the cut end of the 
optic nerve at the time of axotomy, or by injecting the tracer into the superior colliculus (RGC target) one week prior to axotomy. The tracer is retrogradely transported, labeling 
the entire RGC population. Because the ganglion cell layer is a monolayer (one cell thick), RGC densities can be quantified in flat-mounted tissue, without the need 
for stereology. Optic nerve transection leads to the apoptotic death of 90% of injured RGCs within 14 days postaxotomy 9-11. RGC apoptosis has a 
characteristic time-course whereby cell death is delayed 3-4 days postaxotomy, after which the cells rapidly degenerate. This provides a time window for 
experimental manipulations directed against pathways involved in apoptosis.

Optic Nerve transection is a widely used model of adult CNS injury. Ninety percent of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) whose axons are completely transected (axotomy) die within 14 days after axotomy. This model is easily amenable to experimental manipulations and highly reproducible.

시신경의 절개 : 중추 신경계에서 신경 세포의 Apoptosis 성인의 모델

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are CNS neurons that output visual information from the retina to the brain, via the optic nerve. 
The optic nerve can be ...

Multimodal Imaging of Stem Cell Implantation in the Central Nervous System of Mice

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, both in preclinical and clinical studies. However, to date results regarding functional outcome and/or tissue regeneration following stem cell transplantation are quite diverse. Generally, a clinical benefit is observed without profound understanding of the underlying mechanism(s)1. Therefore, multiple efforts have led to the development of different molecular imaging modalities to monitor stem cell grafting with the ultimate aim to accurately evaluate survival, fate and physiology of grafted stem cells and/or their micro-environment. Changes observed in one or more parameters determined by molecular imaging might be related to the observed clinical effect. In this context, our studies focus on the combined use of bioluminescence imaging (BLI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histological analysis to evaluate stem cell grafting.
BLI is commonly used to non-invasively perform cell tracking and monitor cell survival in time following transplantation2-7, based on a biochemical reaction where cells expressing the Luciferase-reporter gene are able to emit light following interaction with its substrate (e.g. D-luciferin)8, 9. MRI on the other hand is a non-invasive technique which is clinically applicable10 and can be used to precisely locate cellular grafts with very high resolution11-15, although its sensitivity highly depends on the contrast generated after cell labeling with an MRI contrast agent. Finally, post-mortem histological analysis is the method of choice to validate research results obtained with non-invasive techniques with highest resolution and sensitivity. Moreover end-point histological analysis allows us to perform detailed phenotypic analysis of grafted cells and/or the surrounding tissue, based on the use of fluorescent reporter proteins and/or direct cell labeling with specific antibodies.
In summary, we here visually demonstrate the complementarities of BLI, MRI and histology to unravel different stem cell- and/or environment-associated characteristics following stem cell grafting in the CNS of mice. As an example, bone marrow-derived stromal cells, genetically engineered to express the enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (eGFP) and firefly Luciferase (fLuc), and labeled with blue fluorescent micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs), will be grafted in the CNS of immune-competent mice and outcome will be monitored by BLI, MRI and histology (Figure 1).

This article describes an optimized sequence of events for multimodal imaging of cellular grafts in rodent brain using: (i) in vivo bioluminescence and magnetic resonance imaging, and (ii) post mortem histological analysis. Combining these imaging modalities on a single animal allows cellular graft evaluation with high resolution, sensitivity and specificity.

마우스의 중추 신경계에서 줄기 세포 주입의 Multimodal 이미징

During the past decade, stem cell transplantation has gained increasing interest as primary or secondary therapeutic modality for a variety of diseases, ...

Production of Lentiviral Vectors for Transducing Cells from the Central Nervous System

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing therapeutic approaches. Lentiviral vectors are attractive tools in transduction of neurons and other cell types in CNS as they transduce both dividing and non-dividing cells, support sustained expression of transgenes, and have relatively large packaging capacity and low toxicity 1-3. Lentiviral vectors have been successfully used in transducing many neural cell types in vitro 4-6 and in animals 7-10.
Great efforts have been made to develop lentiviral vectors with improved biosafety and efficiency for gene delivery. The current third generation replication-defective and self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vectors are depicted in Figure 1. The required elements for vector packaging are split into four plasmids. In the lentiviral transfer plasmid, the U3 region in the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) is replaced with a strong promoter from another virus. This modification allows the transcription of the vector sequence independent of HIV-1 Tat protein that is normally required for HIV gene expression 11. The packaging signal (&Psi;) is essential for encapsidation and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) is required for producing high titer vectors. The central polypurine tract (cPPT) is important for nuclear import of the vector DNA, a feature required for transducing non-dividing cells 12. In the 3' LTR, the cis-regulatory sequences are completely removed from the U3 region. This deletion is copied to 5' LTR after reverse transcription, resulting in transcriptional inactivation of both LTRs. Plasmid pMDLg/pRRE contains HIV-1 gag/pol genes, which provide structural proteins and reverse transcriptase. pRSV-Rev encodes Rev which binds to the RRE for efficient RNA export from the nucleus. pCMV-G encodes the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) that replaces HIV-1 Env. VSV-G expands the tropism of the vectors and allows concentration via ultracentrifugation 13. All the genes encoding the accessory proteins, including Vif, Vpr, Vpu, and Nef are excluded in the packaging system. The production and manipulation of lentiviral vectors should be carried out according to NIH guidelines for research involving recombinant DNA (<a href="http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf" target="_blank">http://oba.od.nih.gov/oba/rac/Guidelines/NIH_Guidelines.pdf</a>). An approval from individual Institutional Biological and Chemical Safety Committee may be required before using lentiviral vectors. Lentiviral vectors are commonly produced by cotransfection of 293T cells with lentiviral transfer plasmid and the helper plasmids encoding the proteins required for vector packaging. Many lentiviral transfer plasmids and helper plasmids can be obtained from Addgene, a non-profit plasmid repository (<a href="http://www.addgene.org/" target="_blank">http://www.addgene.org/</a>). Some stable packaging cell lines have been developed, but these systems provide less flexibility and their packaging efficiency generally declines over time 14, 15. Commercially available transfection kits may support high efficiency of transfection 16, but they can be very expensive for large scale vector preparations. Calcium phosphate precipitation methods provide highly efficient transfection of 293T cells and thus provide a reliable and cost effective approach for lentiviral vector production.
In this protocol, we produce lentiviral vectors by cotransfection of 293T cells with four plasmids based on the calcium phosphate precipitation principle, followed by purification and concentration with ultracentrifugation through a 20% sucrose cushion. The vector titers are determined by fluorescence- activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis or by real time qPCR. The production and titration of lentiviral vectors in this protocol can be finished with 9 days. We provide an example of transducing these vectors into murine neocortical cultures containing both neurons and astrocytes. We demonstrate that lentiviral vectors support high efficiency of transduction and cell type-specific gene expression in primary cultured cells from CNS.

In this protocol we describe production, purification and titration of lentiviral vectors. We provide an example of lentiviral vector-mediated gene delivery in primary cultured neurons and astrocytes. Our methods may also apply to other cell types in vitro and in vivo.

중추 신경계에서 Transducing 전지 Lentiviral 벡터 제작

Efficient gene delivery in the central nervous system (CNS) is important in studying gene functions, modeling neurological diseases and developing ...

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. Understanding repair and regeneration in animals is a key question in biology. The damaged human CNS does not regenerate, and understanding how to promote the regeneration is one of main goals of medical neuroscience. The powerful genetic toolkit of Drosophila can be used to tackle the problem of CNS regeneration.
A lesion to the CNS ventral nerve cord (VNC, equivalent to the vertebrate spinal cord) is applied manually with a tungsten needle. The VNC can subsequently be filmed in time-lapse using laser scanning confocal microscopy for up to 24 hr to follow the development of the lesion over time. Alternatively, it can be cultured, then fixed and stained using immunofluorescence to visualize neuron and glial cells with confocal microscopy. Using appropriate markers, changes in cell morphology and cell state as a result of injury can be visualized. With ImageJ and purposely developed plug-ins, quantitative and statistical analyses can be carried out to measure changes in wound size over time and the effects of injury in cell proliferation and cell death. These methods allow the analysis of large sample sizes. They can be combined with the powerful genetics of Drosophila to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying CNS regeneration and repair.

An Injury Paradigm to Investigate Central Nervous System Repair in Drosophila

An injury paradigm using the Drosophila larval ventral nerve cord to investigate central nervous system regeneration and repair is described. Stabbing followed by laser scanning confocal microscopy in time-lapse and fixed specimens, combined with quantitative analysis with purposefully developed software and genetics, are used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of CNS regeneration and repair.

에 중추 신경 시스템 복구를 조사하기 위해 상해 패러다임<em&gt; Drosophila</em

An experimental method has been developed to investigate the cellular responses to central nervous system (CNS) injury using the fruit-fly Drosophila. ...

Direct Intraventricular Delivery of Drugs to the Rodent Central Nervous System

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses specifically on antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), though the techniques shown in the video here can also be used to deliver a plethora of other drugs to the CNS. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have the capability to knockdown sequence-specific targets 1 as well as shift isoform ratios of specific genes 2. To achieve widespread gene knockdown or splicing in the CNS of mice, the ASOs can be delivered into the brain using two separate routes of administration, both of which we demonstrate in the video.
The first uses Alzet osmotic pumps, connected to a catheter that is surgically implanted into the lateral ventricle. This allows the ASOs to be continuously infused into the CNS for a designated period of time. The second involves a single bolus injection of a high concentration of ASO into the right lateral ventricle. Both methods use the mouse cerebral ventricular system to deliver the ASO to the entire brain and spinal cord, though depending on the needs of the study, one method may be preferred over the other.

We describe a method to target drugs to the central nervous system by either implanting a catheter or performing a bolus injection into the right lateral ventricle in mice. We focus specifically on the delivery of antisense oligonucleotides. This technique is readily adaptable to other drugs and to rats.

Due to an inability to cross the blood brain barrier, certain drugs need to be directly delivered into the central nervous system (CNS). Our lab focuses ...

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

Multiple processes are involved in gene expression including transcription, translation and stability of mRNAs and proteins. Each of these steps are tightly regulated, affecting the final dynamics of protein abundance. Various regulatory mechanisms exist at the translation step, rendering mRNA levels alone an unreliable indicator of gene expression. In addition, local regulation of mRNA translation has been particularly implicated in neuronal functions, shifting &#39;translatomics&#39; to the focus of attention in neurobiology. The presented method can be used to bridge transcriptomics and proteomics.
Here we describe essential modifications to the technique of polyribosome fractionation, which interrogates the translatome based on the association of actively translated mRNAs to multiple ribosomes and their differential sedimentation in sucrose gradients. Traditionally, working with in vivo samples, particularly of the central nervous system (CNS), has proven challenging due to the restricted amounts of material and the presence of fatty tissue components. In order to address this, the described protocol is specifically optimized for use with minimal amount of CNS material, as demonstrated by the use of single mouse spinal cord and brain. Briefly, CNS tissues are extracted and translating ribosomes are immobilized on mRNAs with cycloheximide. Myelin flotation is then performed to remove lipid rich components. Fractionation is performed on a sucrose gradient where mRNAs are separated according to their ribosomal loading. Isolated fractions are suitable for a range of downstream assays, including new genome wide assay technologies.

In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

This protocol illustrates essential modifications of polyribosome fractionation in order to study the translatome of in vivo CNS samples. It allows global assessment of translation and transcription regulation through the isolation and comparison of total RNA to ribosome bound RNA fractions.

Polyribosome 분별에 의한 중추 신경계 Translatome의 생체 심문

Multiple processes are involved in gene expression including transcription, translation and stability of mRNAs and proteins. Each of these steps are ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution has been a long sought tool for neuroscientists in the systems-level search for the neural circuitry governing complex behavioral states. Optogenetics is a cutting-edge tool that is revolutionizing the field of neuroscience and represents one of the first systematic approaches to enable causal testing regarding the relation between neural signaling events and behavior. By combining optical and genetic approaches, neural signaling can be bi-directionally controlled through expression of light-sensitive ion channels (opsins) in mammalian cells. The current protocol describes delivery of specific wavelengths of light to opsin-expressing cells in deep brain structures of awake, freely-moving rodents for neural circuit modulation. Theoretical principles of light transmission as an experimental consideration are discussed in the context of performing in vivo optogenetic stimulation. The protocol details the design and construction of both simple and complex laser configurations and describes tethering strategies to permit simultaneous stimulation of multiple animals for high-throughput behavioral testing.

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Optogenetics has become a powerful tool for use in behavioral neuroscience experiments. This protocol offers a step-by-step guide to the design and set-up of laser systems, and provides a full protocol for carrying out multiple and simultaneous in vivo optogenetic stimulations compatible with most rodent behavioral testing paradigms.

설치류 중추 신경계의 생체 Optogenetic 자극

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique non-linear deformations, dramatically hampering one's ability to evaluate cellular morphology, distribution and connectivity in the central nervous system (CNS). However, optical clearing techniques are changing the way tissues are visualized. These approaches permit one to probe deeply into intact organ preparations, providing tremendous insight into the structural organization of tissues in health and disease. Techniques such as Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) achieve this goal by providing a matrix that binds important biomolecules while permitting light-scattering lipids to freely diffuse out. Lipid removal, followed by refractive index matching, renders the tissue transparent and readily imaged in 3 dimensions (3D). Nevertheless, the electrophoretic tissue clearing (ETC) used in the original CLARITY protocol can be challenging to implement successfully and the use of a proprietary refraction index matching solution makes it expensive to use the technique routinely. This report demonstrates the implementation of a simple and inexpensive optical clearing protocol that combines passive CLARITY for improved tissue integrity and 2,2&#8242;-thiodiethanol (TDE), a previously described refractive index matching solution.

Optical clearing techniques are revolutionizing the way tissues are visualized. In this report we describe modifications of the original Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) protocol that yields more consistent and less expensive results.

수동 CLARITY를 사용하여 마우스 중추 신경계의 광학 지우기

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique ...