저자는 기술 지원 호세 루이스 드 라 베가, 에리카 Melchy 박사 타쿠야 Nishigaki 감사합니다. Dirección 일반 드 Asuntos 델 개인 Académico / 국립 대학교 AUTONOMA 드 멕시코 (CT에 IN202212-3),이 작품은 Consejo 나시 오날 드 Ciencia Y Tecnología (CONACYT-멕시코) (CT에 99333 및 128566)에 의해 지원되었다.

<ol>
	<li>Bouschet, T., Henley, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+as+an+extracellular+signalling+molecule:+perspectives+on+the+Calcium+Sensing+Receptor+in+the+brain.">Calcium as an extracellular signalling molecule: perspectives on the Calcium Sensing Receptor in the brain.</a> Comptes Rendus Biologies. 328, 691-700 (2005).</li><li>Darszon, A., Nishigaki, T., Beltran, C., Trevino, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+channels+in+the+development,+maturation,+and+function+of+spermatozoa.">Calcium channels in the development, maturation, and function of spermatozoa.</a> Physiol. Rev. 91, 1305-1355 (2011).</li><li>Esposito, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mice+deficient+for+soluble+adenylyl+cyclase+are+infertile+because+of+a+severe+sperm-motility+defect.">Mice deficient for soluble adenylyl cyclase are infertile because of a severe sperm-motility defect.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 2993-2998 (2004).</li><li>Avenarius, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+male+infertility+caused+by+mutations+in+the+CATSPER1+channel+protein.">Human male infertility caused by mutations in the CATSPER1 channel protein.</a> American Journal of Human Genetics. 84, 505-510 (2009).</li><li>Carlson, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+targeting+of+native+CatSper+channels+reveals+a+required+role+in+maintenance+of+sperm+hyperactivation.">Pharmacological targeting of native CatSper channels reveals a required role in maintenance of sperm hyperactivation.</a> PLoS ONE. 4, e6844 (2009).</li><li>Brokaw, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium+and+flagellar+response+during+the+chemotaxis+of+bracken+spermatozoids.">Calcium and flagellar response during the chemotaxis of bracken spermatozoids.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 83, 151-158 (1974).</li><li>Visconti, P. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Capacitation+of+mouse+spermatozoa.+II.+Protein+tyrosine+phosphorylation+and+capacitation+are+regulated+by+a+cAMP-dependent+pathway.">Capacitation of mouse spermatozoa. II. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and capacitation are regulated by a cAMP-dependent pathway.</a> Development. 121, 1139-1150 (1995).</li><li>Svahn, H. A., van den Berg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+cells+or+large+populations.">Single cells or large populations.</a> Lab on a chip. 7, 544-546 (2007).</li><li>Pepperkok, R., Ellenberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+fluorescence+microscopy+for+systems+biology.">High-throughput fluorescence microscopy for systems biology.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 7, 690-696 (2006).</li><li>Strunker, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+CatSper+channel+mediates+progesterone-induced+Ca2++influx+in+human+sperm.">The CatSper channel mediates progesterone-induced Ca2+ influx in human sperm.</a> Nature. 471, 382-386 (2011).</li><li>Lishko, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Control+of+Male+Fertility+by+Spermatozoan+Ion+Channels.">The Control of Male Fertility by Spermatozoan Ion Channels.</a> Annu. Rev. Physiol. , (2011).</li><li>Kao, J. P., Harootunian, A. T., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemically+generated+cytosolic+calcium+pulses+and+their+detection+by+fluo-3.">Photochemically generated cytosolic calcium pulses and their detection by fluo-3.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 264, 8179-8184 (1989).</li><li>Kilic, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caged+progesterone:+a+new+tool+for+studying+rapid+nongenomic+actions+of+progesterone.">Caged progesterone: a new tool for studying rapid nongenomic actions of progesterone.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 131, 4027-4030 (2009).</li><li>Lishko, P. V., Botchkina, I. L., Kirichok, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progesterone+activates+the+principal+Ca2++channel+of+human+sperm.">Progesterone activates the principal Ca2+ channel of human sperm.</a> Nature. 471, 387-391 (2011).</li><li>Xia, J., Ren, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+BSA-induced+Ca2++influx+during+sperm+capacitation+is+CATSPER+channel-dependent.">The BSA-induced Ca2+ influx during sperm capacitation is CATSPER channel-dependent.</a> Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 7, 119 (2009).</li><li>Galantino-Homer, H. L., Florman, H. M., Storey, B. T., Dobrinski, I., Kopf, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bovine+sperm+capacitation:+assessment+of+phosphodiesterase+activity+and+intracellular+alkalinization+on+capacitation-associated+protein+tyrosine+phosphorylation.">Bovine sperm capacitation: assessment of phosphodiesterase activity and intracellular alkalinization on capacitation-associated protein tyrosine phosphorylation.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 67, 487-500 (2004).</li><li>Baldi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+calcium+accumulation+and+responsiveness+to+progesterone+in+capacitating+human+spermatozoa.">Intracellular calcium accumulation and responsiveness to progesterone in capacitating human spermatozoa.</a> J. Androl. 12, 323-330 (1991).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 아무것도 없어.

세포 내 신호는 대부분의 세포 활동을 위해 매우 중요합니다, 칼슘 2 + 수명주기의 끝에, 수정의 기원에서 자신의 전체 수명에 걸쳐 포유 동물 세포와 함께 유비쿼터스 메신저이다. 다른 자극에 대한 응답으로, [칼슘 2 +] 나는 증가, 발진 및 시공간적 화와 감소, 따라서, 다양한 프로세스가 활성화됩니다, 변조 또는 칼슘 2 + 인코딩 메시지가 종료되었습니다. 내 Ca 2 +이</s...

칼슘 2 + 진핵 세포의 신호 전달 경로의 보편적 인 두 번째 메신저이다. 내 Ca 2 +은 (칼슘 2 + I) 흥분과 비 흥분성 세포 모두에서 많은 근본적인 생리적 인 과정의 조절에 참여하고 있습니다. 칼슘의 중요성과 보편성 + 두번째 메신저와 같은 신호 전달 이벤트 기간 동안은 세포 내에서 정보의 전송에있는 그것의 시공간적 다양성에서 파생됩니다. 칼슘 2 + 드 노보 또는 세포의 세포 내 농도 ([칼슘 2 +] i) 내에서 분해 합성 할 수없는 서로 다른 세포 지속적으로 버퍼, 격리한다는 구획화하는 메커니즘 및 /를 통해 매우 엄격한 한계 내에서 유지되거나 칼슘을 축적하는 동안 +. 이 이온의 농도의 변화는 세포 1 ~ 매우 지역화 된 지역에서 발생하고 그러한 변동을 해독하는 데 확보를 위해 필수적입니다 수 있습니다신호 메커니즘 (1) 자신의 역할, (2) 자신의 생리적 중요성 및 세포 신호 (3) 일반 기계 장치의 EPER 이해. 칼슘 2 + - 매개 신호 정자 생리학이 특히 중요하다. 정자의 운동성은 수정의 성공을 위해 가장 중요한 기능 중 하나이며, 실제로 여러 정자 운동성 결함 불임 3-5가 발생할 수 있습니다. + 편모 운동에 칼슘의 중요성은 긴 6 인식되고 있지만, 칼슘 2 + 편모 굴곡의 특정한 모양을 제어하는 방법의 메커니즘은 완전히 이해되지 않습니다. 계란 융합하기 전에 정자가 capacitation, 여성의 요로 안에 정자 거주지에 따라 복잡한 과정을 거쳐야합니다. capacitation 동안 정자 세포막의 지질 구조와 조직은 주로 세포막에서 콜레스테롤 제거의 결과로 수정됩니다. 또한, 여러 가지 단백질 티로신 형광체 있습니다7 ylated. 중요한 것은, capacitation 동안이 세포 내 pH가 증가 (산도 I)과의 [칼슘 2 +] i를하고 막 잠재력은 어떤 종 2 hyperpolarizes. Capacitation는 정자 (20-40%)의 모집단에서 발생하고, 이러한 모든 세포 변화에 관여하는 메커니즘은 명확 멀리 있습니다. 그것은 일반적으로 생리 인덕터에 노출되었을 때 capacitated 정자 만 모집단이 첨 반응 (AR)을 받아야하는 허용됩니다. AR은 (외부 및 내부 점막과 전문 소기관) 첨을 가진 모든 종에서 수정에 필요한 칼슘 2 + 조절 이벤트입니다. 이 과정에서 정자의 세포막과 외부 acrosomal 막 퓨즈, 정자 세포 달걀 (투명대 또는 ZP)를 둘러싼 글리코 단백질 성 매트릭스에 침투 할 수 있도록 가수 분해 효소를 방출. AR은 또한 상호 작용하는 새로운 fusogenic 정자 세포 표면에 노출두 배우자의 최종 융합 계란 원형질막. AR, 프로게스테론은 가장 그들 가운데 연구 중 하나 인 유도 여러 세포 리간드가 있습니다. 이 작품에서 우리는 측정하는 칼슘 2 +에 민감한 형광 염료의 사용과 관련된 네 가지 기술을 제시 [칼슘 2 +] 나는 황체 호르몬에 의해 트리거 인간의 정자의 변화 (우리는 [칼슘 2 측정하는 유동 세포 계측법을 제외 + ] 내가) 체외 capacitation 프로세스 중에 유도 증가한다. 이 특정한 경우에 우리가 사용하는 플루오을 오전 3시 (생활 기술, 그랜드 아일랜드, NY)와 막 투과성 염료 K D = 325 nm의. 체외에서 우리는 방법 세 가지와 시간의 함수로 형광 변화를 감시, 그리고 네 번째 기술로 우리는 시간에 하나의 주어진 시점에서 형광 값을 측정 하였다. 모두 그들은 공간과 시간적 해상도를 제공 이후 서로 다른 접근 방법은 서로를 보완단일 세포와 세포 인구 수준 모두에서 olution. 세포 인구 또는 대량 실험 그들은 잘 설립, 간단하고, 하나의 실험에서 세포의 수백만에서 수행되는 측정에서 정보의 평균화 수 있기 때문에 그들이 필요로하는 악기도 쉽게 사용할 수 있지만, 때문에 대량 기술이 광범위하게뿐만 아니라 사용됩니다. 기술 # 1. 기존 Fluorometry 이 기술은 시간의 함수로 형광의 변화를 모니터링, 실험은 200 ~ 1,000 μL에 이르기까지 샘플 볼륨이 유리 큐벳에서 수행됩니다. 추가 시약의 적절한 혼합은 자기 교반이 필요하며, 얻어진하므로 시간적 해상도 (초)의 순서입니다. 분석 시료의 전형적인 세포 농도 범위는 10 5 -10 8 세포 / ㎖이다. 기술 # 2. 정지 흐름 Fluorometry 티그의 기술은 또한 시간의 함수로 형광의 변화를 감시하지만, 시약을 매우 작은 샘플 볼륨 (25-100 μL에 이르기까지)를 포함하는 기록 베트로 (사용 압력) 함께 혼합된다. 따라서 시약의 균질화 (밀리 초)의 순서에서 높은 시간적 해상도를 가능하게 순간이다. 결과 형광 대 시간 트레이스의 분석은 분석 시료의 일반적인 세포 농도 범위는 짧은 반응 중간체 등에 대한 정보를 얻는 반응 메커니즘의 복잡성을 해명, 반응 속도를 결정하기에 적합한 10 5 -10 7 세포 / ML. 단일 세포 실험 대량 실험은 세포의 큰 숫자의 평균 행동을보고 있지만, 인구는 자주 측정과 같은 유형의 동안 간과 이종 특성을 보일 수 있습니다. 단일 세포 기술은 따라서 일을 보완하는 데 사용됩니다전자 정보는 세포 인구의 실험을 얻었다. 기술 # 3. 유동 세포 계측법 단일 세포 측정에서 발생하는 정보의 중요성에도 불구하고, 그것은 전체 인구 세포 특정 속성의 잘못된 추정을 방지하기 위해 세포의 큰 숫자를 분석하는 것이 중요합니다. 이러한 이유로, 높은 처리량 기법을 선호하고 가장 인기있는 방법은 조건 10,000 세포가 종래 분석하는, 유동 세포 계측법이다. 그것의 크기 (전방 산란 (FSC)), 단위 (사이드 분산 형 (SSC)) 및 형광 강도 (항체 특정 라벨, 생존 마커 등)에 따라 세포를 분류이 방법은 이기종 인구의 다중 매개 변수 분석을 가능하게 따라서 셀 그룹에 대한 매개 변수 &#39;유통에 대한 정보를 제공한다. 유동 세포 계측법 오히려 시간에 따른 정보 8보다 인스턴트를 제공합니다. 앞으로 측면 산란 값 AR세포를 포함하지만, 형광 측정, 부정과 긍정적 인 형광 컨트롤의 세포 파편, 먼지 등을 차별 게이트를 선택하는 유용 E도 포함되어야합니다. 두 개 이상의 형광 채널을 사용하는 경우, 보상으로 알려진 과정 (자세한 내용은 참조를 위해 수행해야 <a href="http://www.bdbiosciences.com/resources/protocols/setting_compensation.jsp" target="_blank">http://www.bdbiosciences.com/resources/protocols/setting_compensation.jsp을</a> ). 보상 형광체 사이에 스펙트럼 중복 차별 할 수 있습니다. 유동 세포 계측법은의 propidium 요오드 염색에 의해 일반적으로 죽은 세포의 차별을 할 수 있습니다. 기술 # 4. 단일 셀 이미징 현미경 단일 세포의 행동을 연구하는 또 다른 일반적인 방법입니다, 그것은 잘 시간에 따른 연구에 적합하고 또한 공간 해상도를 제공합니다. 주요 단점은 높은 처리량 분석은 현 시점에서 초기 단계에 유일한 것입니다 <s9&gt;까지.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalog Number</td>
 <td>Comments</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ham's F-10</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>N-6013</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>A-7906</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calcium Chloride Dihydrate approx. 99%</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C-3881</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Makler Counting Chamber</td>
 <td>SEFI Medical Insruments LTD</td>
 <td>SEF-MAKL</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fluo-3 AM</td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>F-1242</td>
 <td>20 vials/50 &mu;g each</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Ionomycin</td>
 <td>Alomone</td>
 <td>I-700</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Progesterone</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P0130</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>S-9888</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Potassium chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P-3911</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
 <td>JT Baker</td>
 <td>3506</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Magnesium chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M-2670</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calcium chloride anhydrous</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C-1016</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>HEPES</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>H-3125</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>D-Glucose</td>
 <td>JT Baker</td>
 <td>1906-01</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P-2256</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Sodium L-lactate (aprox. 99%)</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>L- 7022</td>
 <td>Reagents for human sperm medium (HSM)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Propidium Iodide </td>
 <td>Invitrogen</td>
 <td>L-7011 </td>
 <td>Component B</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Triton X-100 (t-Octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol)</td>
 <td>Sigma- Aldrich</td>
 <td>X-100</td>
 <td>2.4 mM solution in water </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Round coverslip </td>
 <td>VWR</td>
 <td>48380 080</td>
 <td>25 mm diameter</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Poly-L-lysine solution </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>P8920</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Manganese chloride</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>M-3634</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Attofluor; Cell Chamber, for microscopy</td>
 <td>Life technologies</td>
 <td>A-7816</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Dimethyl Sulphoxide</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>D2650</td>
 <td>5x5 ml</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

measuring intracellular ca2+ changes in human sperm using four techniques: conventional fluorometry, stopped flow fluorometry, flow cytometry and single cell imaging

정자, 특히 도달 인식하고 계란 융합 디자인 남성의 생식 세포 수 있습니다. 이 작업을 수행하려면, 정자 세포는 끊임없이 변화하는 환경에 직면하고 여러 개의 물리적 장벽을 극복 할 준비를해야합니다. transcriptionally 및 translationally 침묵하는 본질이기 때문에, 이러한 운동성이있는 세포는 방향 자체에 다양한 신호 전달 메커니즘에 깊이 의존하고 지시 패션에서 수영을하고, 계란을 찾기 위해 자신의 여행을하는 동안 환경 조건을 도전에 맞설 수 있습니다. 특히 칼슘 2 + - 매개 신호는 여러 정자 기능에 필수적이다 : 운동, capacitation (첨 반응 정자를 준비하는 복잡한 과정)과 첨 반응 (정자 - 난자의 융합을 할 수 exocytotic 이벤트)의 활성화. 이 이온의 세포 내 변화를 추적 할 수있는 형광 염료를 사용하는 응용 프로그램, 감도의 용이성으로 인해 현저한 중요성과 DET의 다양성ection. 하나의 염료 로딩 프로토콜을 사용하여 우리는 정자의 칼슘 2 + 역학을 모니터링하는 네 가지 형광 기술을 사용합니다. 각 기술은 모두 하나의 세포와 세포 인구 수준에서 데이터를 생성, 공간 및 / 또는 시간적 해상도를 가능하게 독특한 정보를 제공합니다.

<img alt="그림 1" fo:content-width="6in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50344/50344fig1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50344/50344fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1. 스 윔업 방법으로 정자 샘플 준비를위한 실험 프로토콜입니다. 운동성 정자의 분리와 그 농도 조정을위한 주요 단계의 개략적 인 다이어그램이 설명된다. capacitation이 필요한 경우 마지막 부화 단계는 수행됩니다. <p class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell 

Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Imaging

세포 내 칼슘<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; 역학 정자 생리학 및 캘리포니아에 매우 중요하다<sup&gt; 2 +</sup&gt; 민감한 형광 염료를 연구하는 다양한 도구를 구성합니다. 인구 실험 (fluorometry 및 흐름 fluorometry 중지) 및 단일 세포 실험 (유동 세포 계측법 및 단일 세포 이미징) 시공간적 [CA를 추적하는 데 사용됩니다<sup&gt; 2 +</sup인간의 정자 세포의&gt;] 변경됩니다.

세포 내 칼슘 측정<sup&gt; 2 +</sup개의 기술하여 인간 정자에서&gt; 변경 : 기존 Fluorometry은 흐름 Fluorometry, 유동 세포 계측법 및 단일 세포 이미징을 중지

Spermatozoa  are male reproductive cells especially designed to reach, recognize and fuse  with the egg. To perform these tasks, sperm cells must be ...

measuring-intracellular-ca2-changes-human-sperm-using-four-techniques

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Imaging

20.1K 조회수.  Instituto de Biotecnología-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 세포 내 칼슘 2 + 역학 정자 생리학 및 캘리포니아에 매우 중요하다 2 + 민감한 형광 염료를 연구하는 다양한 도구를 구성합니다. 인구 실험 (fluorometry 및 흐름 fluorometry 중지) 및 단일 세포 실험 (유동 세포 계측법 및 단일 세포 이미징) 시공간적 [CA를 추적하는 데 사용됩니다 2 +] 변경됩니다.

비디오: Measuring Intracellular Ca2+ Changes in Human Sperm using Four Techniques: Conventional Fluorometry, Stopped Flow Fluorometry, Flow Cytometry and Single Cell Imaging

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in live cells. Here we describe the method used in our laboratories for loading suspensions of human sperm with Ca2+-reporting dyes and measuring the fluorescence signal during physiological stimulation. Motile cells are isolated by direct swim-up and incubated under capacitating conditions for 0-24 h, depending upon the experiment. The cell-permeant AM (acetoxy methyl ester) ester form of the Ca2+-reporting dye is then added to a cell aliquot and a period of 1 h is allowed for loading of the dye into the cytoplasm. We use visible wavelength dyes to minimize photo-damage to the cells, but this means that ratiometric recording is not possible. Advantages and disadvantages of this approach are discussed. During the loading period cells are introduced into an imaging chamber and allowed to adhere to a poly-D-lysine coated coverslip. At the end of the loading period excess dye and loose cells are removed by connection of the chamber to the perfusion apparatus. The chamber is perfused continuously, stimuli and modified salines are then added to the perfusion header. Experiments are recorded by time-lapse acquisition of fluorescence images and analyzed in detail offline, by manually drawing regions of interest. Data are normalized to pre-stimulus levels such that, for each cell (or part of a cell), a graph showing the Ca2+ response as % change in fluorescence is obtained.

Techniques for Imaging Ca2+ Signaling in Human Sperm

Stimulus-evoked [Ca2+]i signals of individual human sperm are assessed. Motile cells are loaded with Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent dye (AM-ester method) and immobilised in a perfusable chamber. Cells are imaged by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and stimulated via the perfusing medium. Responses of single cells (or regions) are analysed offline using Excel.

이미징 CA의 기술 2 + 인간 정자의 시그널링

Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with fluorescent, Ca2+-sensitive dyes is used for measurement of spatial and temporal aspects of Ca2+ signaling in ...

연구

생물학

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

마우스 Meiotic 셀 유동세포계측법의 정제

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Measuring Cell Cycle Progression Kinetics with Metabolic Labeling and Flow Cytometry

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating cells. Cell cycle division is an integral part of growth and reproduction and deregulation of key cell cycle components have been implicated in the precipitating events of carcinogenesis 1,2. Molecular agents in anti-cancer therapies frequently target biological pathways responsible for the regulation and coordination of cell cycle division 3. Although cell cycle kinetics tend to vary according to cell type, the distribution of cells amongst the four stages of the cell cycle is rather consistent within a particular cell line due to the consistent pattern of mitogen and growth factor expression. Genotoxic events and other cellular stressors can result in a temporary block of cell cycle progression, resulting in arrest or a temporary pause in a particular cell cycle phase to allow for instigation of the appropriate response mechanism. 
The ability to experimentally observe the behavior of a cell population with reference to their cell cycle progression stage is an important advance in cell biology. Common procedures such as mitotic shake off, differential centrifugation or flow cytometry-based sorting are used to isolate cells at specific stages of the cell cycle 4-6. These fractionated, cell cycle phase-enriched populations are then subjected to experimental treatments. Yield, purity and viability of the separated fractions can often be compromised using these physical separation methods. As well, the time lapse between separation of the cell populations and the start of experimental treatment, whereby the fractionated cells can progress from the selected cell cycle stage, can pose significant challenges in the successful implementation and interpretation of these experiments.
Other approaches to study cell cycle stages include the use of chemicals to synchronize cells. Treatment of cells with chemical inhibitors of key metabolic processes for each cell cycle stage are useful in blocking the progression of the cell cycle to the next stage. For example, the ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea halts cells at the G1/S juncture by limiting the supply of deoxynucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. Other notable chemicals include treatment with aphidicolin, a polymerase alpha inhibitor for G1 arrest, treatment with colchicine and nocodazole, both of which interfere with mitotic spindle formation to halt cells in M phase and finally, treatment with the DNA chain terminator 5-fluorodeoxyridine to initiate S phase arrest 7-9. Treatment with these chemicals is an effective means of synchronizing an entire population of cells at a particular phase. With removal of the chemical, cells rejoin the cell cycle in unison. Treatment of the test agent following release from the cell cycle blocking chemical ensures that the drug response elicited is from a uniform, cell cycle stage-specific population. However, since many of the chemical synchronizers are known genotoxic compounds, teasing apart the participation of various response pathways (to the synchronizers vs. the test agents) is challenging. 
Here we describe a metabolic labeling method for following a subpopulation of actively cycling cells through their progression from the DNA replication phase, through to the division and separation of their daughter cells. Coupled with flow cytometry quantification, this protocol enables for measurement of kinetic progression of the cell cycle in the absence of either mechanically- or chemically- induced cellular stresses commonly associated with other cell cycle synchronization methodologies 10. In the following sections we will discuss the methodology, as well as some of its applications in biomedical research.

Tracking subtle changes in the progression and kinetics of cell cycle stages can be accomplished by use of a combination of metabolic labeling of nucleic acids with BrdU and total genomic DNA staining via Propidium Iodide. This method avoids the need of chemical synchronization of cycling cells, thereby preventing the introduction of non-specific DNA damage, which in turn affects cell cycle progression.

신진 대사 레이블 및 유동세포계측법와 세포주기 진행의 동력학 측정

Precise control of the initiation and subsequent progression through the various phases of the cell cycle are of paramount importance in proliferating ...

Optimized Staining and Proliferation Modeling Methods for Cell Division Monitoring using Cell Tracking Dyes

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of different cell types in vitro and in vivo.1-5 Although there are literally thousands of publications using such dyes, some of the most commonly encountered cell tracking applications include monitoring of:
<ol>
	<li>stem and progenitor cell quiescence, proliferation and/or differentiation6-8</li>
	<li>antigen-driven membrane transfer9 and/or precursor cell proliferation3,4,10-18 and</li>
	<li>immune regulatory and effector cell function1,18-21.</li>
</ol>
Commercially available cell tracking dyes vary widely in their chemistries and fluorescence properties but the great majority fall into one of two classes based on their mechanism of cell labeling. "Membrane dyes", typified by PKH26, are highly lipophilic dyes that partition stably but non-covalently into cell membranes1,2,11. "Protein dyes", typified by CFSE, are amino-reactive dyes that form stable covalent bonds with cell proteins4,16,18. Each class has its own advantages and limitations. The key to their successful use, particularly in multicolor studies where multiple dyes are used to track different cell types, is therefore to understand the critical issues enabling optimal use of each class2-4,16,18,24.
The protocols included here highlight three common causes of poor or variable results when using cell-tracking dyes. These are:
<ol>
	<li>Failure to achieve bright, uniform, reproducible labeling. This is a necessary starting point for any cell tracking study but requires attention to different variables when using membrane dyes than when using protein dyes or equilibrium binding reagents such as antibodies.</li>
	<li>Suboptimal fluorochrome combinations and/or failure to include critical compensation controls. Tracking dye fluorescence is typically 102 - 103 times brighter than antibody fluorescence. It is therefore essential to verify that the presence of tracking dye does not compromise the ability to detect other probes being used.</li>
	<li>Failure to obtain a good fit with peak modeling software. Such software allows quantitative comparison of proliferative responses across different populations or stimuli based on precursor frequency or other metrics. Obtaining a good fit, however, requires exclusion of dead/dying cells that can distort dye dilution profiles and matching of the assumptions underlying the model with characteristics of the observed dye dilution profile.</li>
</ol>
Examples given here illustrate how these variables can affect results when using membrane and/or protein dyes to monitor cell proliferation.

Successful use of cell tracking dyes to monitor immune cell function and proliferation involves several critical steps. We describe methods for: 1) obtaining bright, uniform, reproducible label-ing with membrane dyes; 2) selecting fluorochromes and data acquisition conditions; and 3) choosing a model to quantify cell proliferation based on dye dilution.

셀 추적 염료를 사용하여 전지 부문 모니터링에 최적화 된 착색 및 확산 모델링 방법

Fluorescent cell tracking dyes, in combination with flow and image cytometry, are powerful tools with which to study the interactions and fates of ...

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion channels in oocytes. Recordings from the cut-open setup are particularly useful for resolving low magnitude gating currents, rapid ionic current activation, and deactivation. The main benefits over the two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC) technique include increased clamp speed, improved signal-to-noise ratio, and the ability to modulate the intracellular and extracellular milieu.
Here, we employ the human cardiac sodium channel (hNaV1.5), expressed in Xenopus oocytes, to demonstrate the cut-open setup and protocol as well as modifications that are required to add voltage clamp fluorometry capability.
The properties of fast activating ion channels, such as hNaV1.5, cannot be fully resolved near room temperature using TEVC, in which the entirety of the oocyte membrane is clamped, making voltage control difficult. However, in the cut-open technique, isolation of only a small portion of the cell membrane allows for the rapid clamping required to accurately record fast kinetics while preventing channel run-down associated with patch clamp techniques.
In conjunction with the COVG technique, ion channel kinetics and electrophysiological properties can be further assayed by using voltage clamp fluorometry, where protein motion is tracked via cysteine conjugation of extracellularly applied fluorophores, insertion of genetically encoded fluorescent proteins, or the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into the region of interest1. This additional data yields kinetic information about voltage-dependent conformational rearrangements of the protein via changes in the microenvironment surrounding the fluorescent molecule.

The Xenopus Oocyte Cut-open Vaseline Gap Voltage-clamp Technique With Fluorometry

The cut-open Vaseline gap approach is used to obtain low noise recordings of ionic and gating currents from voltage-dependent ion channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes with high resolution of fast channel kinetics. With minor modification, voltage clamp fluorometry can be coupled to the cut-open oocyte protocol.

<em&gt; Xenopus의</em형광 측정으로&gt; 난자 절개 바셀린 갭 전압 클램프 기술

The cut-open oocyte Vaseline gap (COVG) voltage clamp technique allows for analysis of electrophysiological and kinetic properties of heterologous ion ...

Techniques for the Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Using Flow Cytometry

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help regulate a diverse range of biological processes. Analysis of EVs using flow cytometry (FCM) has been notoriously difficult due to their small size and lack of discrete populations positive for markers of interest. Methods for EV analysis, while considerably improved over the last decade, are still a work in progress. Unfortunately, there is no one-size-fits-all protocol, and several aspects must be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Presented here are several different techniques for processing EVs and two protocols for analyzing EVs using either individual detection or a bead-based approach. The methods described here will assist with eliminating the antibody aggregates commonly found in commercial preparations, increasing signal&#8211;to-noise ratio, and setting gates in a rational fashion that minimizes detection of background fluorescence. The first protocol uses an individual detection method that is especially well suited for analyzing a high volume of clinical samples, while the second protocol uses a bead-based approach to capture and detect smaller EVs and exosomes.

Many different methods exist for the measurement of extracellular vesicles (EVs) using flow cytometry (FCM). Several aspects should be considered when determining the most appropriate method to use. Two protocols for measuring EVs are presented, using either individual detection or a bead-based approach.

유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 세포 외 소포의 분석을위한 기술

Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-derived vesicles found in bodily fluids that are highly involved in cell-cell communication and help ...

Analysis of Cell Suspensions Isolated from Solid Tissues by Spectral Flow Cytometry

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to the analysis of a few fluorochromes, currently there are dozens of different fluorescent dyes, and up to 14-18 different dyes can be combined at a time. However, several limitations still impair the analytical capabilities. Because of the multiplicity of fluorescent probes, data analysis has become increasingly complex due to the need of large, multi-parametric compensation matrices. Moreover, mutant mouse models carrying fluorescent proteins to detect and trace specific cell types in different tissues have become available, so the analysis (by flow cytometry) of auto-fluorescent cell suspensions obtained from solid organs is required. Spectral flow cytometry, which distinguishes the shapes of emission spectra along a wide range of continuous wavelengths, addresses some of these problems. The data is analyzed with an algorithm that replaces compensation matrices and treats auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. Thus, spectral flow cytometry should be capable of discriminating fluorochromes with similar emission peaks and can provide a multi-parametric analysis without compensation requirements.
This protocol describes the spectral flow cytometry analysis, allowing for a 21-parameter (19 fluorescent probes) characterization and the management of an auto-fluorescent signal, providing high resolution in minor population detection. The results presented here show that spectral flow cytometry presents advantages in the analysis of cell populations from tissues difficult to characterize in conventional flow cytometry, such as the heart and the intestine. Spectral flow cytometry thus demonstrates the multi-parametric analytical capacity of high-performing conventional flow cytometry without the requirement for compensation and enables auto-fluorescence management.

This article describes spectral cytometry, a new approach in flow cytometry that uses the shapes of emission spectra to distinguish fluorochromes. An algorithm replaces compensations and can treat auto-fluorescence as an independent parameter. This new approach allows for the proper analysis of cells isolated from solid organs.

스펙트럼 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 고체 조직에서 분리 한 세포 현탁액의 분석

Flow cytometry has been used for the past 40 years to define and analyze the phenotype of lymphoid and other hematopoietic cells. Initially restricted to ...

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway in which normal or dysfunctional cellular components that accumulate during growth and differentiation are degraded via the lysosome and are recycled. During autophagy, cytoplasmic LC3 protein is lipidated and recruited to the autophagosomal membranes. The autophagosome then fuses with the lysosome to form the autolysosome, where the breakdown of the autophagosome vesicle and its contents occurs. The ubiquitin-associated protein p62, which binds to LC3, is also used to monitor autophagic flux. Cells undergoing autophagy should demonstrate the co-localization of p62, LC3, and lysosomal markers. Immunofluorescence microscopy has been used to visually identify LC3 puncta, p62, and/or lysosomes on a per-cell basis. However, an objective and statistically rigorous assessment can be difficult to obtain. To overcome these problems, multispectral imaging flow cytometry was used along with an analytical feature that compares the bright detail images from three autophagy markers (LC3, p62 and lysosomal LAMP1) and quantifies their co-localization, in combination with LC3 spot counting to measure autophagy in an objective, quantitative, and statistically robust manner.

Here, multispectral imaging flow cytometry with an analytical feature that compares bright detail images of 3 autophagy markers and quantifies their co-localization, along with LC3 spot counting, was used to measure autophagy in an objective, quantitative, and statistically robust manner.

Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry를 사용하여 LC3, p62 및 LAMP1 Co-Localization 측정을 통한 Autophagic Flux 평가

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway in which normal or dysfunctional cellular components that accumulate during growth and differentiation are degraded via ...

Measuring Endoreduplication by Flow Cytometry of Isolated Tuber Protoplasts

Endoreduplication, the replication of a cell's nuclear genome without subsequent cytokinesis, yields cells with increased DNA content and is associated with specialization, development and increase in cellular size. In plants, endoreduplication seems to facilitate the growth and expansion of certain tissues and organs. Among them is the tuber of potato (Solanum tuberosum), which undergoes considerable cellular expansion in fulfilling its function of carbohydrate storage. Thus, endoreduplication may play an important role in how tubers are able to accommodate this abundance of carbon. However, the cellular debris resulting from crude nuclear isolation methods of tubers, methods that can be used effectively with leaves, precludes the estimation of the tuber endoreduplication index (EI). This article presents a technique for assessing tuber endoreduplication through the isolation of protoplasts while demonstrating representative results obtained from different genotypes and compartmentalized tuber tissues. The major limitations of the protocol are the time and reagent costs required for sample preparation as well as relatively short lifespan of samples after lysis of protoplasts. While the protocol is sensitive to technical variation, it represents an improvement over traditional methods of nuclear isolation from these large specialized cells. Possibilities for improvements to the protocol such as recycling enzyme, the use of fixatives, and other alterations are proposed.

The protocol described herein is a method for measuring endoreduplication within tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum). It includes plasmolysis and protoplast extraction steps to decrease the noise and debris in downstream flow cytometric analysis.

격리 된 괴 경 Protoplasts의 Cytometry에 의해 측정 Endoreduplication

Endoreduplication, the replication of a cell's nuclear genome without subsequent cytokinesis, yields cells with increased DNA content and is associated ...

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires careful and in-depth analyses and quantification to capture as much information about the underlying events as possible. Spatial, temporal and intensity parameters intrinsic to Ca2+ signals such as frequency, duration, propagation, velocity and amplitude may provide some biological information required for intracellular signalling. High-resolution Ca2+ imaging typically results in the acquisition of large data files that are time consuming to process in terms of translating the imaging information into quantifiable data, and this process can be susceptible to human error and bias. Analysis of Ca2+ signals from cells in situ typically relies on simple intensity measurements from arbitrarily selected regions of interest (ROI) within a field of view (FOV). This approach ignores much of the important signaling information contained in the FOV. Thus, in order to maximize recovery of information from such high-resolution recordings obtained with Ca2+dyes or optogenetic Ca2+ imaging, appropriate spatial and temporal analysis of the Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols outlined in this paper will describe how a high volume of data can be obtained from Ca2+ imaging recordings to facilitate more complete analysis and quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded from cells using a combination of spatiotemporal map (STM)-based analysis and particle-based analysis. The protocols also describe how different patterns of Ca2+ signaling observed in different cell populations in situ can be analyzed appropriately. For illustration, the method will examine Ca2+ signaling in a specialized population of cells in the small intestine, interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), using GECIs.

Applications of Spatio-temporal Mapping and Particle Analysis Techniques to Quantify Intracellular Ca2+ Signaling In Situ

Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs) have radically changed how in situ Ca2+ imaging is performed. To maximize data recovery from such recordings, appropriate analysis of Ca2+ signals is required. The protocols in this paper facilitate the quantification of Ca2+ signals recorded in situ using spatiotemporal mapping and particle-based analysis.

세포내 캘리포니아2 + 제자리에서 신호 계량 Spatio 시간적 매핑 및 입자 분석 기법에의 응용

Ca2+ imaging of isolated cells or specific types of cells within intact tissues often reveals complex patterns of Ca2+ signaling. This activity requires ...