1. H.와 대 식세포의 감염 capsulatum, C. albicans에 <ol><li> 감염 이전에 16 시간, 24 잘 접시에 원하는 농도에 씨앗 식세포. 이 프로토콜에서는 잘 3.0 × 10 5 세포의 밀도가 /을 사용 하였다. </li><li> 감염 원하는 다중성 (MOI)에서 로그 위상 성장 곰팡이 세포를 추가합니다. 이 프로토콜은 MOI의 범위 (- 5.0 0.2)을 수용 할 수 있습니다. H.와 RAW264.7 대식 세포의 감염 capsulatum, 우리는 MOI 0.2을 사용했다. </li><li> 1.5 시간 식균 작용을 허용하는 다음, 세포 곰팡이를 제거하는 PBS와 대식 세포를 세 번 씻는다. </li><li> 시료 분석 이전 시간에 원하는 번호를 품어. (우리의 실험 0.2) MOI 저에 감염된 대식 세포는 며칠 동안 가능한 남아 있고, 샘플마다 약 12​​ ~ 24 시간을 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 대식 세포 용해 <ol><li> 대식 세포에서 곰팡이를 해방하려면, 미디어를 제거 PBS로 3 회 세척하고,0.5 ML 멸균 물을 추가합니다. 이러한 조건에서, 대식 세포 용해하고 곰팡이 세포는 그대로 유지됩니다. </li><li> 상온에서 5 분 동안 품어. </li><li> 얼음에 보관, 멸균 튜브에 해물을 전송합니다. </li><li> 별도의 튜브에 20 ㎕의 해물을 전송 한 후 20 μL AO / PI 솔루션을 추가합니다. &quot;샘플 준비 이미지 유세포 분석을위한&quot;5 단계로 진행 </li></ol> 3. CFU 도금 <ol><li> 미디어 해물의 10 배 희석 (단계 2.3) 수행합니다. </li><li> 각 희석 플레이트 (100) μL는 HMM-아가 플레이트에 복제합니다. 7-8일에 대한 5 % CO 2와 37 ° C에서 가습 챔버에서 번호판을 품어. </li><li> 수동으로 최소 100 1,000 별개의 식민지의 최대 표시 판에 식민지를 계산합니다. </li></ol> 4. 라이브 식세포 내 균류의 시각화 <ol><li> 라이브 식세포를 수집하려면, PBS로 세포를 3 회 세척한다. 4시 30 분 0.5 ML PBS과 부화를 추가 ° C.</li><li> 조직 문화 우물에서 대 식세포를 제거하려면 부드럽게 여러 번 위아래로 피펫. 얼음에 보관, 멸균 튜브에 액체를 전송합니다. </li><li> 별도의 튜브에 20 ㎕의 샘플을 전송 후, 20 μL AO / PI 솔루션을 추가합니다. &quot;이미지 유세포 분석을위한 샘플 준비&quot;5 단계로 진행합니다. </li></ol> 5. 이미지 유세포 분석을위한 시료 준비 <ol><li> 철저하게 대상 시료를 피펫하고 일회용 세포 계수 챔버에 시료 20 μl를 전송합니다. </li><li> 세포가 30 초 동안 챔버에 정착하도록 허용합니다. </li><li> 이미지 cytometer에에 실을 계산 삽입합니다. </li></ol> 6. Cellometer 장비 설정 <ol><li> 시스템에 VB-535-402 및 VB-660-502 그리고 그들은 제자리에 고정되어 있는지 확인하십시오 : 형광 광학 모듈을 삽입합니다. <ol><li> VB-535-402은 (475 nm의 여기, 535 nm에서 방출) 아 크리 딘 오렌지와 GFP 감지하는 데 사용됩니다. </li><li> VB-660-502 (excitati540 nm에서 660 nm의 방출은)의 propidium 요오드 검출에 사용됩니다. </li></ol></li><li> 이미지 cytometer에 전원을 켜고 함께 제공되는 소프트웨어를 엽니 다. </li></ol> 7. Cellometer 소프트웨어 설치 <ol><li> 사전 &quot;분석 유형&quot;및 분석 드롭 다운 메뉴에서 &quot;셀 유형&quot;을 선택합니다. <ol><li> 생존을 위해, 분석은 크리 딘 오렌지와의 propidium 요오드 검출에 최적화되어 있습니다. </li><li> 칸디다 감염의 탐지를 위해, 분석은 GFP 감지에 최적화되어 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 상단의 &quot;옵​​션&quot;을 선택하고 &quot;테이크 배경 이미지&quot;를 클릭하고 작업을 완료 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> &quot;미리 시야 이미지&quot;를 클릭하십시오. </li></ol> 8. 이미지 수집 절차 <ol><li> 이미지 cytometer에로 준비된 샘플 챔버를 삽입합니다. </li><li> 초점 노브를 사용하여 초점을 조정합니다. </li><li> 일단 초점 &quot;조사&quot;를 클릭하고 이미지 수집 작업을 완료 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 레모일회용 계산 챔버를 쉬게하고 적절하게 폐기하십시오. </li></ol> 9. 이미지 데이터 분석 <ol><li> 농도와 생존 능력 측정 <ol><li> 계산이 완료되면, 대상 세포의 농도와 생존은 결과 페이지에 표시됩니다. </li><li> 칸디다 감염 실험에서 GFP의 세포 인구 분석을위한 FCS 익스프레스 4로 데이터를 내보내려면 &quot;내보내기&quot;를 클릭하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 칸디다 감염 세포의 FCS 인 분석 <ol><li> FCS 인 4 줄거리 형광 히스토그램의 결과로. &quot;NXDAT&quot;파일을 가져옵니다. </li><li> 칸디다 감염 세포의 인구 비율을 결정하는 히스토그램 세포 인구 게이트를 적용합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Worsham, P. L., Goldman, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+plating+of+Histoplasma+capsulatum+without+addition+of+conditioned+medium+or+siderophores.">Quantitative plating of Histoplasma capsulatum without addition of conditioned medium or siderophores.</a> J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 26, 137-143 (1988).</li><li>Goihman-Yahr, M., Pine, L., Albornoz, M. C., Yarzabal, L., de Gomez, M. H., San Martin, B., Ocanto, A., Molina, T., Convit, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+plating+efficiency+and+estimation+of+viability+of+suspensions+of+Paracoccidioides+brasiliensis+yeast+cells.">Studies on plating efficiency and estimation of viability of suspensions of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis yeast cells.</a> Mycopathologia. 71, 73-83 (1980).</li><li>Bhatti, M. A., Hjertstedt, J., Hahn, B. L., Sohnle, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inefficient+delivery+of+yeast+cells+as+an+explanation+for+reduced+plating+efficiency+of+Candida+albicans.">Inefficient delivery of yeast cells as an explanation for reduced plating efficiency of Candida albicans.</a> Med. Mycol. 40, 465-469 (2002).</li><li>Chang, W. L., vander Heyde, H. C., Klein, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+quantitation+of+yeast:+a+novel+technique+for+use+in+animal+model+work+and+in+vitro+immunologic+assays.">Flow cytometric quantitation of yeast: a novel technique for use in animal model work and in vitro immunologic assays.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 211, 51-63 (1998).</li><li>Green, L., Petersen, B., Steimel, L., Haeber, P., Current, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+determination+of+antifungal+activity+by+flow+cytometry.">Rapid determination of antifungal activity by flow cytometry.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 32, 1088-1091 (1994).</li><li>Kirk, S. M., Callister, S. M., Lim, L. C., Schell, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+susceptibility+testing+of+Candida+albicans+by+flow+cytometry.">Rapid susceptibility testing of Candida albicans by flow cytometry.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35, 358-363 (1997).</li><li>Chan, L. L. -. Y., Lai, N., Wang, E., Smith, T., Yang, X., Lin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+detection+method+for+apoptosis+and+necrosis+measurement+using+the+Cellometer+imaging+cytometry.">A rapid detection method for apoptosis and necrosis measurement using the Cellometer imaging cytometry.</a> Apoptosis. 16, 1295-1303 (2011).</li><li>Chan, L. L. -. Y., Shen, D., Wilkinson, A. R., Patton, W., Lai, N., Chan, E., Kuksin, D., Lin, B., Qiu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+image-based+cytometry+method+for+autophagy+detection+in+living+cells.">A novel image-based cytometry method for autophagy detection in living cells.</a> Autophagy. 8, 1371-1382 (2012).</li><li>Chan, L. L., Wilkinson, A. R., Paradis, B. D., Lai, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Image-based+Cytometry+for+Comparison+of+Fluorescent+Viability+Staining+Methods.">Rapid Image-based Cytometry for Comparison of Fluorescent Viability Staining Methods.</a> Journal of Fluorescence. 22, 1301-1311 (2012).</li><li>Chan, L. L., Zhong, X., Pirani, A., Lin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+kinetic+measurements+of+rare+cell+proliferation+using+Cellometer+image-based+cytometry.">A novel method for kinetic measurements of rare cell proliferation using Cellometer image-based cytometry.</a> J. Immunol. Methods. 377, 8-14 (2012).</li><li>Chan, L. L., Zhong, X., Qiu, J., Li, P. Y., Lin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellometer+Vision+as+an+alternative+to+flow+cytometry+for+cell+cycle+analysis,+mitochondrial+potential,+and+immunophenotyping.">Cellometer Vision as an alternative to flow cytometry for cell cycle analysis, mitochondrial potential, and immunophenotyping.</a> Cytom. Part A. 79, 507-517 (2011).</li><li>Hull, C. M., Johnson, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+mating+type-like+locus+in+the+asexual+pathogenic+yeast+Candida+albicans.">Identification of a mating type-like locus in the asexual pathogenic yeast Candida albicans.</a> Science. 285, 1271-1275 (1999).</li><li>Berkes, C. A., Chan, L. L., Wilkinson, A., Paradis, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Quantification+of+Pathogenic+Fungi+by+Cellometer+Image-Based+Cytometry.">Rapid Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi by Cellometer Image-Based Cytometry.</a> J. Micro. Meth. 91, 468-476 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, V. Q., Sil, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temperature-induced+switch+to+the+pathogenic+yeast+form+of+Histoplasma+capsulatum+requires+Ryp1,+a+conserved+transcriptional+regulator.">Temperature-induced switch to the pathogenic yeast form of Histoplasma capsulatum requires Ryp1, a conserved transcriptional regulator.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (12), 4880-4885 (2008).</li><li>Wenisch, C., Linnau, K. F., Parschalk, B., Zedtwitz-Liebenstein, K., Georgopoulos, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+susceptibility+testing+of+fungi+by+flow+cytometry+using+vital+staining.">Rapid susceptibility testing of fungi by flow cytometry using vital staining.</a> Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 35, 5-10 (1997).</li></ol>

저자 레오 리튬 잉 찬과 벤자민 파라는 Nexcelom 생명 LLC의 직원입니다.

이미지 세포 계측법은 사용자가 고품질 이미지를 캡처 전문 소프트웨어를 사용하여 세포의 빠른 정량화를 수행 할 수 있습니다. 미생물 병인의 분야에있는 이미지 세포 계측법의 채택에 하나의 잠재적 인 문제는 계산되는 미생물 포유류 숙주 세포를 포함한 세포의 혼합 인구에 존재하는 것입니다. 여기에서, 우리는 이미지 세포 계측법은 체외 대식 세포 감염시 가능한 병원성 효모?...

자신의 호스트 및 / 또는 숙주 세포와 관련하여 병원성 곰팡이의 연구는 종종 시간 과정을 통해 또는 다른 감염 조건 하에서 가능한 진균 세포의 정량화가 필요합니다. 집락 열거 형 (CFU)이 가능한 진균 세포의 수를 측정 한하는 표준 방법입니다, 그러나,이 방법은 몇 가지 단점과 한계가있다. 첫째, 많은 곰팡이 종은 천천히 성장하고있다. 고체 매체에 표시 식민지의 성장은 크게 연구의 속도를 둔화, 1-3 주 소요될 수 있습니다. 여러 희석은 식민지의 셀 수있는 숫자를 보장하기 위해 도금해야하기 때문에 둘째, CFU 도금 동안 시료의 조작은, 힘든 과정입니다. 도금 효율은 물론 100 % 이하이기 때문에 셋째, CFU의 수는 도금 가능한 유기체의 수보다 일반적으로 낮다. 예를 들어, 동종 이형의 진균 병원체 Histoplasma capsulatum에 대한 도금 효율은 90 %로 높은 수 있지만, 같은 일상적으로 낮은 수30 %는 관련 곰팡이 dimorph의 Paracoccidioides의의 brasiliensis 1, 2 (10 %)도 낮다. 칸디다 albicans에 대한 도금 효율도 변화 3에 따라 달라질 수 있습니다. 많은 경우에, 그것은 죽은 및 / 또는 대사 비활성 셀의 존재와 농도를 결정하는 것이 유용 할 것이다 반면 마지막으로, CFU 분석은 고체 매체에 성장을 수립 할 수있는 유일한 라이브 적극적으로 나누어 세포를 차지하고 있습니다. 이전에 여러 가지 병원성 진균의 정량화를위한 ​​유세포 방법은 4-6에 설명되어 있습니다. 그러나 공유 흐름 cytometers에 바이오 안전성 수준 2 (BSL2) 또는 BSL3 수준의 병원체를 사용하여 관련 바이오 안전성 봉쇄 문제로 인해,이 기술의 채택이 제한되었습니다. 유동 세포 계측법 마찬가지로, 이미지 세포 계측법 세포 정량의 민감하고 빠른 방법입니다. 그러나 이미지 세포 계측법은 비교 결과 7 적은 비용으로 수행 할 수 있습니다 -11. 여기, 우리는 호스트 세포와 관련하여 병원성 곰팡이의 이미지 세포 계측법을 수행하는 방법을 설명합니다. 우리는 두 사람의 곰팡이 병원균을 사용하여 우리의 방법을 보여줍니다 Histoplasma capsulatum 및 칸디다 균 albicans를 H.. capsulatum는 호흡기 질환을 일으키는 동종 이형의 진균 병원체, 인간, 그것은 같은 신진 효모 성장하고 폐포 대 식세포 내에서 복제 칸디다 때때로 칸디다증을 일으키는 인간의 공생 종입니다.. 우리는 이미지 세포 계측법 시각화 기능과 함께,이 효모의 빠른 정량화 할 수 있는지 보여줍니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-084</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>16000044</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>AO/PI Solution</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td>
			<td>CSK-0102</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Disposable Counting Chamber</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td>
			<td>CHT4-SD100 </td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cellometer Vision</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Cellometer Vision Software</td>
			<td>Nexcelom Bioscience</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

use of image cytometry for quantification of pathogenic fungi in association with host cells

이러한 칸디다 알비 칸스, Histoplasma capsulatum, 그리고 크립토 neoformans를 같은 병원성 효모의 세포 발병 메커니즘의 연구는 일반적으로 단위 분석이나 유동 세포 계측법을 형성 식민지을 사용하여 효모 정량 뒤에 포유류의 호스트 또는 호스트 세포 (즉, 대 식세포)의 감염을 사용합니다. 콜로니 형성 단위 열거 분야에서 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 방법 왔지만,이 기술은 성장을 비교할 때 특별한 관심입니다 고체 미디어 및 저 및 / 또는 변수 도금 효율에 약간의 곰팡이 종의 성장 둔화 등 단점과 한계를 가지고 야생형과 돌연변이 균주. 유동 세포 계측법 효모의 생존에 대한 신속한 정량 정보를 제공 할 수 있습니다, 그러나, 병원성 효모에 대한 유세포 검출 채택 높은 비용과 바이오 안전성 고려 등 실제적인 이유로 제한되었습니다. 여기에서, 우리는 이미지 기반을 보여대식 세포와 공동 배양 가능한 병원성 효모의 정량 Cellometer 비전 (생명 Nexcelom, LLC)를 사용하여 유세포 방법. Histoplasma capsulatum과 칸디다 H. :. 우리의 연구는 두 가지 인간의 곰팡이 병원균의 검출에 초점을 capsulatum는 대식 세포 phagosome에 내 복제하여 폐포 대 식세포를 정착, 그리고 여기, 우리는 양적 H.의 성장을 평가 이미지 세포 계측법과 함께 크리 딘 오렌지 /의 propidium 요오드 염색을 사용하여 RAW 264.7 대 식세포에서 capsulatum 효모. 우리의 방법 충실 단위 열거 형을 형성하는 전통적인 식민지로 측정 recapitulates 성장 동향,하지만 크게 증가 감도. 또한, 우리가 직접 C.의 GFP 발현 균주 라이브 대식 세포의 감염을 평가 알비 칸스. 우리의 방법론은 협회의 재치있는 중요한 인간의 곰팡이 병원균의 검출 및 정량화, 신속 정확하고 경제적 인 방법을 제공합니다H 호스트 세포.

우리는 H.의 성장을 모니터링하는 Cellometer 비전 이미지 cytometer에 사용 대식 세포 capsulatum. RAW 264.7 세포는 H. 감염된 다양한 시간 지점에서 capsulatum 효모 세포는 샘플 이미지 기반의 유세포 분석에 의해 다음 AO / PI 염색을 실시 하였다. 병렬로, 샘플은 기존 CFU 열거 형으로 분석 하였다. 각 시점에서 시료는 대식 세포를 용해 물에 배양하였으며, 해방 효모 세포는 Cellometer ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells at JoVE.com

Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells

여기에서, 우리는 이미지 세포 계측법은 문화 숙주 세포와 관련하여 병원성 곰팡이의 정량화를 위해 사용할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 기술은 CFU 열거에 대한 대안으로 사용할 수 있습니다.

숙주 세포와 관련하여 병원성 곰팡이의 정량화를 위해 이미지 계측법의 사용

Studies of the cellular pathogenesis mechanisms of pathogenic yeasts such as Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Cryptococcus neoformans ...

use-image-cytometry-for-quantification-pathogenic-fungi-association

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.8K 조회수.  Merrimack College. 여기에서, 우리는 이미지 세포 계측법은 문화 숙주 세포와 관련하여 병원성 곰팡이의 정량화를 위해 사용할 수있는 방법을 보여줍니다. 이 기술은 CFU 열거에 대한 대안으로 사용할 수 있습니다.

비디오: Use of Image Cytometry for Quantification of Pathogenic Fungi in Association with Host Cells

Quantitative Assessment of Immune Cells in the Injured Spinal Cord Tissue by Flow Cytometry:  a Novel Use for a Cell Purification Method

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true quantitative analysis of cellular inflammation. Flow cytometry is a quick alternative method to quantify immune cells in the injured brain or spinal cord tissue. Historically, flow cytometry has been used to quantify immune cells collected from blood or dissociated spleen or thymus, and only a few studies have attempted to quantify immune cells in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry using fresh dissociated cord tissue. However, the dissociated spinal cord tissue is concentrated with myelin debris that can be mistaken for cells and reduce cell count reliability obtained by the flow cytometer. We have advanced a cell preparation method using the OptiPrep gradient system to effectively separate lipid/myelin debris from cells, providing sensitive and reliable quantifications of cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord by flow cytometry. As described in our recent study (Beck &amp; Nguyen et al., Brain. 2010 Feb; 133 (Pt 2): 433-47), the OptiPrep cell preparation had increased sensitivity to detect cellular inflammation in the injured spinal cord, with counts of specific cell types correlating with injury severity. Critically, novel usage of this method provided the first characterization of acute and chronic cellular inflammation after SCI to include a complete time course for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs, neutrophils), macrophages/microglia, and T-cells over a period ranging from 2 hours to 180 days post-injury (dpi), identifying a surprising novel second phase of cellular inflammation. Thorough characterization of cellular inflammation using this method may provide a better understanding of neuroinflammation in the injured CNS, and reveal an important multiphasic component of neuroinflammation that may be critical for the design and implementation of rational therapeutic treatment strategies, including both cell-based and pharmacological interventions for SCI.

Quantification of cellular inflammation in the injured/pathological CNS by flow cytometry is complicated by lipid/myelin debris that can have similar size and granulation to cells, decreasing sensitivity/accuracy. We have advanced a cell preparation method to remove myelin debris and improve cell detection by flow cytometry in the injured spinal cord.

유동세포계측법에 의해 피해를 입은 척수 조직에서 면역 세포의 양적 평가 : 세포 정제 방법에 대한 소설을 사용

Detection of immune cells in the injured central nervous system (CNS) using morphological or histological techniques has not always provided true ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and temporal control between the phagocytic cell and microbe has rendered focused observations into the initial interactions of host response to pathogens difficult. Historically, intercellular contact events such as phagocytosis3 have been imaged by mixing two cell types, and then continuously scanning the field-of-view to find serendipitous intercellular contacts at the appropriate stage of interaction. The stochastic nature of these events renders this process tedious, and it is difficult to observe early or fleeting events in cell-cell contact by this approach. This method requires finding cell pairs that are on the verge of contact, and observing them until they consummate their contact, or do not. To address these limitations, we use optical trapping as a non-invasive, non-destructive, but fast and effective method to position cells in culture.
Optical traps, or optical tweezers, are increasingly utilized in biological research to capture and physically manipulate cells and other micron-sized particles in three dimensions4. Radiation pressure was first observed and applied to optical tweezer systems in 19705, 6, and was first used to control biological specimens in 19877. Since then, optical tweezers have matured into a technology to probe a variety of biological phenomena8-13.
We describe a method14 that advances live cell imaging by integrating an optical trap with spinning disk confocal microscopy with temperature and humidity control to provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of pathogenic organisms in a physiological environment to facilitate interactions with host cells, as determined by the operator. Live, pathogenic organisms like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which can cause potentially lethal, invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals15, 16 (e.g. AIDS, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation patients), were optically trapped using non-destructive laser intensities and moved adjacent to macrophages, which can phagocytose the pathogen. High resolution, transmitted light and fluorescence-based movies established the ability to observe early events of phagocytosis in living cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability in immunology, primary T-cells were also trapped and manipulated to form synapses with anti-CD3 coated microspheres in vivo, and time-lapse imaging of synapse formation was also obtained. By providing a method to exert fine spatial control of live pathogens with respect to immune cells, cellular interactions can be captured by fluorescence microscopy with minimal perturbation to cells and can yield powerful insight into early responses of innate and adaptive immunity.

A method is described to individually select, manipulate, and image live pathogens using an optical trap coupled to a spinning disk microscope. The optical trap provides spatial and temporal control of organisms and places them adjacent to host cells. Fluorescence microscopy captures dynamic intercellular interactions with minimal perturbation to cells.

동적 라이브 셀 이미징에 대한 호스트 병원체 상호 작용 연구를위한 광학 트랩의 사용

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

Use of the EpiAirway Model for Characterizing Long-term Host-pathogen Interactions

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory mucosa 1; 2. To study the mechanisms by which these organisms survive on and inside respiratory tissues, a model in which successful long-term co-culture of bacteria and human cells can be performed is required. We use primary human respiratory epithelial tissues raised to the air-liquid interface, the EpiAirway model (MatTek, Ashland, MA). These are non-immortalized, well-differentiated, 3-dimensional tissues that contain tight junctions, ciliated and nonciliated cells, goblet cells that produce mucin, and retain the ability to produce cytokines in response to infection. 
This biologically relevant in vitro model of the human upper airway can be used in a number of ways; the overall goal of this method is to perform long-term co-culture of EpiAirway tissues with NTHi and quantitate cell-associated and internalized bacteria over time. As well, mucin production and the cytokine profile of the infected co-cultures can be determined. This approach improves upon existing methods in that many current protocols use submerged monolayer or Transwell cultures of human cells, which are not capable of supporting bacterial infections over extended periods3. For example, if an organism can replicate in the overlying media, this can result in unacceptable levels of cytotoxicity and loss of host cells, arresting the experiment. The EpiAirway model allows characterization of long-term host-pathogen interactions. Further, since the source for the EpiAirway is normal human tracheo-bronchial cells rather than an immortalized line, each is an excellent representation of actual human upper respiratory tract tissue, both in structure and in function4.
For this method, the EpiAirway tissues are weaned off of anti-microbial and anti-fungal compounds for 2 days prior to delivery, and all procedures are performed under antibiotic-free conditions. This necessitates special considerations, since both bacteria and primary human tissues are used in the same biosafety cabinet, and are co-cultured for extended periods.

This method allows characterization of extended bacterial co-culture with EpiAirways, primary human respiratory epithelial tissue grown at the air-liquid interface, a biologically relevant in vitro model. The approach can be used with any microbe that is amenable to long-term co-culture.

장기 호스트 병원체 상호 작용을 특성화에 대한 EpiAirway 모델의 사용

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae  (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory ...

Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Determining the Viability of Bacteria in Association with Mammalian Cells

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols to address these questions include colony count assays, gentamicin protection assays, and electron microscopy. Colony count and gentamicin protection assays only assess the viability of the entire bacterial population and are unable to determine individual bacterial viability. Electron microscopy can be used to determine the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding their localization in host cells. However, bacteria often display a range of electron densities, making assessment of viability difficult. This article outlines protocols for the use of fluorescent dyes that reveal the viability of individual bacteria inside and associated with host cells. These assays were developed originally to assess survival of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in primary human neutrophils, but should be applicable to any bacterium-host cell interaction. These protocols combine membrane-permeable fluorescent dyes (SYTO9 and 4&#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI]), which stain all bacteria, with membrane-impermeable fluorescent dyes (propidium iodide and SYTOX Green), which are only accessible to nonviable bacteria. Prior to eukaryotic cell permeabilization, an antibody or fluorescent reagent is added to identify extracellular bacteria. Thus these assays discriminate the viability of bacteria adherent to and inside eukaryotic cells. A protocol is also provided for using the viability dyes in combination with fluorescent antibodies to eukaryotic cell markers, in order to determine the subcellular localization of individual bacteria. The bacterial viability dyes discussed in this article are a sensitive complement and/or alternative to traditional microbiology techniques to evaluate the viability of individual bacteria and provide information regarding where bacteria survive in host cells.

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. This article outlines protocols for the use of fluorescent dyes that reveal the viability of individual bacteria inside and associated with host cells.

포유 동물 세포와 관련있는 박테리아의 생존을 확인하는 방법에 대한 형광 현미경 방법

Central to the field of bacterial pathogenesis is the ability to define if and how microbes survive after exposure to eukaryotic cells. Current protocols ...

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Anaerobic bacteria far outnumber aerobes in many human niches such as the gut, mouth, and vagina. Furthermore, anaerobic infections are common and frequently of indigenous origin. The ability of some anaerobic pathogens to invade human cells gives them adaptive measures to escape innate immunity as well as to modulate host cell behavior. However, ensuring that the anaerobic bacteria are live during experimental investigation of the events may pose challenges. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative anaerobe, is capable of invading a variety of eukaryotic non-phagocytic cells. This article outlines how to successfully culture and assess the ability of P. gingivalis to invade human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Two protocols were developed: one to measure bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize bacteria interacting with host cells. These techniques necessitate the use of an anaerobic chamber to supply P. gingivalis with an anaerobic environment for optimal growth.
The first protocol is based on the antibiotic protection assay, which is largely used to study the invasion of host cells by bacteria. However, the antibiotic protection assay is limited; only intracellular bacteria that are culturable following antibiotic treatment and host cell lysis are measured. To assess all bacteria interacting with host cells, both live and dead, we developed a protocol that uses fluorescent microscopy to examine host-pathogen interaction. Bacteria are fluorescently labeled with 2&#39;,7&#39;-Bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF-AM) and used to infect eukaryotic cells under anaerobic conditions. Following fixing with paraformaldehyde and permeabilization with 0.2% Triton X-100, host cells are labeled with TRITC phalloidin and DAPI to label the cell cytoskeleton and nucleus, respectively. Multiple images taken at different focal points (Z-stack) are obtained for temporal-spatial visualization of bacteria. Methods used in this study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type.

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

This article presents two protocols: one to measure anaerobic bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize anaerobic bacteria interacting with host cells. This study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type.

숙주 세포와 혐기성 세균의 상호 작용을 평가하기위한 모델 생물로 포피 진지 발리

Anaerobic bacteria far outnumber aerobes in many human niches such as the gut, mouth, and vagina. Furthermore, anaerobic infections are common and ...

The Use of Flow Cytometry to Assess the State of Chromatin in T Cells

During a proper immune response, quiescent T cells become activated upon antigen presentation to their antigen-specific T cell receptor. This leads to clonal proliferation of only those T cells that bear a receptor that recognizes the antigen. Chromatin decondensation is a hallmark of T cell activation and is required for T cells to acquire the ability to proliferate after antigen engagement. This change in chromatin condensation can be detected using antibodies raised against histone proteins. These antibodies cannot bind to their epitopes in na&#239;ve T cells as well as they can in activated T cells. We describe how to simultaneously stain T cell-specific surface markers, track viability with a fixable dead cell stain, and measure chromatin status via intracellular staining of Histone H3 proteins. Stained cells are analyzed by flow cytometry and chromatin condensation status is measured as the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the Histone H3 stain. Chromatin decondensation during T cell activation is demonstrated as an increase in the MFI

Flow cytometry can be utilized to assess the state of chromatin within T cells. This protocol allows scientists to interpret evidence of chromatin decondensation during T cell activation demonstrated by an increase in the mean florescence intensity (MFI) of fluorescent Histone H3 antibodies

유동 세포 계측법의 사용은 T 세포의 염색질의 상태를 평가하기 위해

During a proper immune response, quiescent T cells become activated upon antigen presentation to their antigen-specific T cell receptor. This leads to ...

Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular components responsible for supplying cell energy; however, excess mitochondria also produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could cause cell death. Therefore, the number of mitochondria must constantly be adjusted to fit the needs of the cells. This dynamic regulation is achieved in part through the function of lysosomes that remove surplus/damaged organelles and macromolecules. Hence, cellular mitochondrial and lysosomal contents are key indicators to evaluate the metabolic adjustment of cells. With the development of probes for organelles, well-characterized lysosome or mitochondria-specific dyes have become available in various formats to label cellular lysosomes and mitochondria. Multicolor flow cytometry is a common tool to profile cell phenotypes, and has the capability to be integrated with other assays. Here, we present a detailed protocol of how to combine organelle-specific dyes with surface markers staining to measure the amount of lysosomes and mitochondria in different T cell populations on a flow cytometer.

This article illustrates a powerful method to quantify mitochondria or lysosomes in living cells. The combination of lysosome- or mitochondria-specific dyes with fluorescently conjugated antibodies against surface markers allows the quantification of these organelles in mixed cell populations, like primary cells harvested from tissue samples, by using multicolor flow cytometry.

미토 콘 드리 아와 T 세포에서는 리소좀의 다 색 흐름 Cytometry 기반 정량화

T cells utilize different metabolic programs to match their functional needs during differentiation and proliferation. Mitochondria are crucial cellular ...

An Advanced Murine Model for Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Association with Type 2 Diabetes

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, contributing to an increasing prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent research has established that pro-inflammatory immune cells infiltrate obese hypertrophic adipose tissue and liver. Given the emerging importance of immune cells in the context of metabolic homeostasis, there is a critical need to quantify and characterize their modification during the development of type 2 diabetes and NASH. However, animal models that induce pathophysiological features typical of human NASH are sparse.
In this article, we provide a detailed protocol to identify immune cell subsets isolated from liver and adipose tissue in a reliable mouse model of NASH, established by housing high-fat diet (HFD) mice under non-specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions without a barrier for at least seven weeks. We demonstrate the handling of mice in non-SPF conditions, digestion of the tissues and identification of macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, dendritic cells, B and T cell subsets by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry plots from SPF HFD mice and non-SPF mice are provided. To obtain reliable and interpretable data, the use of antibodies, accurate and precise methods for tissue digestion and proper gating in flow cytometry experiments are critical elements.
The intervention to restore physiological antigen exposure in mice by housing them in non-SPF conditions and unspecific exposure to microbial antigens could provide a relevant tool for investigating the link between immunological alterations, diet-induced obesity and related long term complications.

A simple and reliable diet-induced rodent animal model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is described, achieved through non-SPF housing of the animals and administration of a specific high-fat diet. We describe identification of hepatic and adipose immune cell subsets to recapitulate human immunological conditions by exposing mice to environmental germs.

타입-2 당뇨병과 관련 하 여 무 알콜 수 막 염을 위한 진보 된 뮤 린 모형

Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, contributing to an increasing prevalence of chronic metabolic diseases, ...

Analysis of SAMHD1 Restriction by Flow Cytometry in Human Myeloid U937 Cells

Sterile &#945;-motif/histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits replication of HIV-1 in quiescent myeloid cells. U937 cells are widely used as a convenient cell system for analyzing SAMHD1 activity due to a low level of SAMHD1 RNA expression, leading to undetectable endogenous protein expression. Based on similar assays developed in the Stoye laboratory to characterize other retroviral restriction factors, the Bishop lab developed a two-color restriction assay to analyze SAMHD1 in U937 cells. Murine Leukaemia Virus-like particles expressing SAMHD1, alongside YFP expressed from an IRES, are used to transduce U937 cells. Cells are then treated with phorbol myristate acetate to induce differentiation to a quiescent phenotype. Following differentiation, cells are infected with HIV-1 virus-like particles expressing a fluorescent reporter. After 48 h, cells are harvested and analyzed by flow cytometry. The proportion of HIV-infected cells in the SAMHD1-expressing population is compared to that in internal control cells lacking SAMHD1. This comparison reveals a restriction ratio. SAMHD1 expression leads to a five-fold reduction in HIV infection, corresponding to a restriction ratio of 0.2. Our recent substitution of RFP for the original GFP as the reporter gene for HIV infection has facilitated flow cytometry analysis.
This assay has been successfully used to characterize the effect of amino acid substitutions on SAMHD1 restriction by transducing with viruses encoding altered SAMHD1 proteins, derived from site-directed mutagenesis of the expression vector. For example, the catalytic site substitutions HD206-7AA show a restriction phenotype of 1, indicating a loss of restriction activity. Equally, the susceptibility of different tester viruses can be determined. The assay can be further adapted to incorporate the effect of differentiation status, metabolic status, and SAMHD1 modifiers to better understand the relationship between SAMHD1, cell metabolic state, and viral restriction.

Described here is an established method to determine the extent of HIV-1 restriction by the cellular inhibitory protein SAMHD1. Human myeloid lineage U937 cells are transduced with a SAMHD1 expression vector co-expressing YFP, differentiated and then challenged with HIV-RFP. The level of restriction is determined by flow cytometry analysis.

인간 골수성 U937 세포에서 유세포 분석에 의한 SAMHD1 제한 분석

Sterile &#945;-motif/histidine-aspartate domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) inhibits replication of HIV-1 in quiescent myeloid cells. U937 cells are ...

An Automated Culture System for Use in Preclinical Testing of Host-Directed Therapies for Tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), was the most significant infectious disease killer globally until the advent of COVID-19. Mtb has evolved to persist in its intracellular environment, evade host defenses, and has developed resistance to many anti-tubercular drugs. One approach to solving resistance is identifying existing&#160;approved drugs that will boost the host immune response to Mtb. These drugs could then be repurposed as adjunctive host-directed therapies (HDT) to shorten treatment time and help overcome antibiotic resistance.
Quantification of intracellular Mtb growth in macrophages is a crucial aspect of assessing potential HDT. The gold standard for measuring Mtb growth is counting colony-forming units (CFU) on agar plates. This is a slow, labor-intensive assay that does not lend itself to rapid screening of drugs. In this protocol, an automated, broth-based culture system, which is more commonly used to detect Mtb in clinical specimens, has been adapted for preclinical screening of host-directed therapies. The capacity of the liquid culture assay system to investigate intracellular Mtb growth in macrophages treated with HDT was evaluated. The HDTs tested for their ability to inhibit Mtb growth were all-trans Retinoic acid (AtRA), both in solution and encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles and the combination of interferon-gamma and linezolid. The advantages of this automated liquid culture-based technique over the CFU method include simplicity of setup, less labor-intensive preparation, and faster time to results (5-12 days compared to 21 days or more for agar plates).

Rapid and efficient quantification of intracellular M. tuberculosis growth is crucial for pursuing improved therapies against tuberculosis (TB). This protocol describes a broth-based colorimetric detection assay using an automated liquid culture system to quantify Mtb growth in macrophages treated with candidate host-directed therapies.

결핵에 대한 숙주 유도 요법의 전임상 테스트에 사용하기 위한 자동화된 배양 시스템

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), was the most significant infectious disease killer globally until the advent ...