이 작품은 건강의 미국 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다 HL082798 및 HL111580을 부여합니다.

1. 신장 조직 섹션 <ol><li> 포르말린 - 고정 (10 %) 파라핀 신장 섹션 슬라이드 분석 전에 몇 달 동안 저장 될 수 마이크로 미터 HM (355)를 사용하여 S. 5mm 두께로 현미경 슬라이드 상으로 절단된다. </li></ol> 2. 솔루션 준비 <ol><li> 고압 증기 멸균 나사 정상 병에 DDH 2 O에 1X PBS의 1 L를 준비합니다. DDH 2 O 1 L로 다른 병 채우기 각 병, 덮개에 DEPC의 1 ML을 추가하고 격렬하게 흔들어. 솔루션 RNAses을 파괴 한 후 오토 클레이브 실온에서 밤새 앉아 보자. PBS-T 만들기 위해 400 ㎖의 트윈 20 1X PBS의 L 1에 추가합니다. </li><li> 단백질 분해 효소 K 버퍼 (50 mMTris 염산, pH를 8.0 DEPC에 1 ㎜ 염화칼슘 처리 된 물)을 준비합니다. </li><li> PBS-T에서 0.2 % 글리신의 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li></ol> 3. 조직 준비 <ol><li> 혼성화 완충액 대량 50 % 포름 아미드로 이루어진 (50 ~ 100 ㎖), 5X SSC, 0.1 % 트윈, 9.2 준비pH가 6, 50 ㎍ / ㎖의 헤파린, 및 DEPC에 500 ㎍ / ㎖의 효모 RNA에 조정을위한 MM의 구연산은 DDH 2 O를 처리 C. º -80에서 1 ㎖ 분량 씩 분주하여 보관하여 </li><li> 5 분마다 신선한 크실렌의 3 배를 세척하여 조직에서 파라핀을 제거합니다. </li><li> DDH 2 O. 에탄올 농도 (100 %, 75 %, 50 % 및 25 %)를 감소에서 5 분 배양하여 조직 절편을 재수 </li><li> 완전 1 분 동안 조직 절편 (약 0.4 ~ 0.5 ml)에 충당하기에 충분한 DEPC로 슬라이드를 취급한다. 확인 조직은 건조하지 않습니다. </li><li> DEPC의 슬라이드는 적절한 처리에 대한 DEPC 포함 된 폐기물을 수집, 5 분 동안 두 번 PBS-T를 처리 씻어. 모든 시약은 DEPC이 시점에서 RNAses을 제거하는 치료를해야한다. </li><li> Prewarm 테 K 버퍼링 및 10 μg / ML의 최종 농도에 단백질 분해 효소의 K를 추가합니다. 단백질 분해 K 솔루션으로 조직 섹션을 덮고 5 분 동안 37 º C에서 알을 품다. </li><li> 빨리 proteinas 제거전자 K 솔루션 30 초 동안 PBS-T에서 0.2 % 글리신을 추가합니다. </li><li> DEPC에 린스 슬라이드는 30 초마다 두 번 PBS-T를 처리. </li><li> 10 분 동안 갓 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드의 부분을 수정. </li></ol> 4. 이종 교잡 <ol><li> 하이브리드 버퍼의 50 μL (50 % 포름 아미드, 배 SSC, 0.1 % 트윈, pH를 6, 50 ㎍ / ㎖의 헤파린, 500 ㎍ / ㎖의 효모 RNA에 조정을위한 9.2 MM의 구연산) 조직 섹션 당을 추가하고 이는 RNAse 무료 HybriSlips 커버 조직 섹션보다 더 큰 단지 컷. </li><li> 3 &#39;제닌 표지 프로브 (탐침의 보통 DNA TM에 대해 결정 하이브리드의 온도에서 2 시간 동안 습도 제어 하이브리드 오븐에서 Prehybridize 섹션 -21 ° C ~, 미르 - 382에 대한 (즉, 54 ° C는 DNA TM = 75 ° C를 조사 ), 챔버를 유지하기 위해 50 % formamide/50 %의 5 배 SSC에 배어 조직 실험실 와이프를 사용하여 가습. </li><li> miRNA의 프로브, 양성 대조군 (U6 작은 핵 RNA)과 대조군 (스크램블을 희석하이브리드 버퍼에 40 nm의 순서는 () 버퍼의 75 μL)는 섹션 당 필요합니다. </li><li> 5 분 동안 65 º C에서 혼성화 버퍼 프로브를 가열한다. </li><li> 하이브리드 오븐에서 슬라이드를 제거하고 예비 혼성화에서 커버 슬립 과잉 하이브리드 버퍼를 제거합니다. </li><li> 직접 조직에, 조직 섹션 당 프로브를 포함하는 버퍼의 75 μl를 추가합니다. 조직 섹션을 포함 할 정도로 그냥 큰 HybriSlips과 조직을 커버. </li><li> 슬라이드 홀더 수준을 유지, 4.2 단계 (약 16 시간)의 온도에서 하룻밤 배양을위한 하이브리드 오븐으로 돌아갑니다. </li></ol> 5. 엄격한 세척 <ol><li> 조직에서 커버 슬립을 해제하는 데 도움이 단지 커버 슬립 중 하나 가장자리에서 하이브리드 온도로 가열 200 μL 2X SSC를 추가합니다. 슬라이드를 기울여 커버 슬립을 제거합니다. </li><li> 30 분 각각의 혼성화 온도의 3 배에 50 %의 포름 아미드, 50 % 2X SSC 200 μL에 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 헹구기슬라이드는 저속에서 진탕에 5 분 각각 실온에서 PBS-T에서 5 배. </li></ol> 6. 검출 <ol><li> 저속에서 진탕에 실온에서 1 시간 동안 버퍼 (2 % 염소 또는 말 혈청, 2 ㎎ / ㎖ PBS-T에 BSA를) 차단에 슬라이드를 품어. </li><li> 1:100에서 버퍼를 차단하는 안티-DIG-AP Fab 단편을 희석. 조직 섹션 당 100 μl를 추가하고 HybriSlips 커버는 부분을 커버하기에 충분한 단지 큰 잘라. </li><li> 4 ° C 하룻밤 (약 16 시간)에 가습 실에 항체를 품어. </li><li> 낮은 속도로 진탕에 5 분마다, PBS-T 7 배에 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. </li><li> 5 분마다, 3 배 (100 ㎜ TrisHCl의 pH 9.5, 50 mM의 MgCl2를 100mm 크기의 NaCl, 0.1 % 트윈 20) AP 버퍼에 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. </li><li> AP 버퍼에 NBT / BCIP 솔루션을 추가 (200 μl/10 ML 버퍼) </li><li> 완전히 모든 조직 섹션을 포함하는 각각의 슬라이드에 희석 NBT / BCIP 솔루션의 400 ~ 500 ML을 추가합니다. 어두운, 레벨, humidif에 개발4 ~ 5 시간 동안 폭발물 실. </li></ol> 7. 장착 슬라이드 <ol><li> 5 분마다 에탄올 농도 (25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100 %)을 증가하는 섹션 탈수. </li><li> 섹션을 취소하기 위해 크실렌 배에 품어. </li><li> 마운트 글라스를 덮고 퍼 마운트로 봉입 설치 매체 건조 하룻밤에 슬라이드. </li></ol>

<ol>
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공개 아무것도 없다.

이 문서의 목적은 포르말린 고정 신장 조직에서 잘 작동 현장 하이브리드 화에 miRNA를위한 프로토콜을 설명했다. 이 프로토콜을 작업하는 동안 염색 유물의 몇 가지 중요한 소스가 확인되었습니다. 이러한 점에주의는 염색 유물을 방지하고 성공적인 ISH 실행의 가능성을 높일 수 있습니다. 가 조직 섹션 긴 배양 중에 건조 할 때 염색 유물의 가장 예방 가능한 원인 중 ?...

마이크로 RNA는 내생 적으로 생산되는 RNA를 비 암호화 (약 22 뉴클레오티드) 작은 수 있습니다. 그들은 일반적으로 번역 억압 또는 mRNA의 분해를 통해 단백질 발현을 억제하는 기능을한다. 완전 보완와 mRNA의 대상에있는 miRNA 바인딩, 그것이 가능한 하나의 miRNA가 여러 대상을 억제하기 위해 만드는. 세포의 종류와 구조의 miRNAs을 표현 이해 메커니즘을 이해의 중요한 부분 인을 통해 miRNA의 발현에 영향을 미치는 세포와 조직의 표현형의 변화. 이러한 miRNA의 시퀀싱, qPCR에 노던 블로 팅 등의 방법은 전체 조직에서의 miRNA의 검출에 사용 할 수 있지만,이 방법은 하나가 특정 조직 내에서 온 어떤 특정 세포 유형을 결정하는 것을 허용하지 않습니다. 이러한 방법을 사용하여 분석 전에 셀룰러 및 구조 구성 요소의 해부는 매우 어려울 수 있습니다 적절한 아이솔레이션을 달성하기 위해 필요한 조건은 알을 초래할 수 있습니다유전자 발현 또는 RNA를 저하에 terations. 원위치 혼성화에서 마이크로 RNA는 조직에서 마이크로 RNA 위치 및 발현 수준을 가시화하기 위해 사용하는 방법이다. 이 기술은 신장 등 이종 구조, 구성 조직에 특히 유용합니다. 마이크로 RNA는 신장 개발 2,3 생리학 4에서 규정하는 역할을하는 것으로 나타났다. 마이크로 RNA 발현의 변화는 또한 섬유증 5-10, 당뇨병 성 신증 7, 신장 암 11, 12, 급성 신장 손상은 13 신장 병리에 관여하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 우리의 연구에서는 신장 조직에 대한 현장 하이브리드 마이크로 RNA를 최적화하는 것이 건강과 질병 (14) 모두에 miRNA의 표현의 정확한 구조 위치를 결정하기위한 가치있는 것을 발견했다. 다른 마이크로 RNA의 관 및 세포 발현의 결정은 중요하기 때문에 타 자신의 규제rgets는 세포 기능에 의존 할 수있다. 병에 걸린 상태에서 그것은 miRNA의 발현의 변경 기능에 영향을 될 수있는 방법을 결정하는 것도 중요하다. 여기에 설명 된 방법의 목적은 Kloosterman 등. 15, 16, 17, 다른 연구자에 의해 개발 된 기존 ISH 방법론에 따라 구축 할 수 있었고, 사람들은 Exiqon 1에 의해 제안 된 포르말린 고정 신장 조직하는 방법을 최적화 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 성공적으로 일방적 인 요관 폐색 (18)와 신장 마이크로 RNA 미르 - 382 식의 지역적인 차이를 식별하기 위해이 방법을 사용했습니다. 이러한 접근은 추가적인 최적화뿐만 아니라 다른 조직으로 사용될 수있다.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">P6148</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">70011044</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Diethyl Pyrocarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">D5758</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">P1379</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Xylenes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">534056</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Ultra Pure</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">200CSPTP</td>
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			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15506-017</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2536</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">4059-00</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Citric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2404</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Formamide</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">F9037</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">20x SSC Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">15557-044</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Heparin</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SAGENT</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">25021-400-30</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Yeast RNA</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">AM7118</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">M8266-1004</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">4058-01</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fermentas</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">EO0491</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">3&#8217; DIG- miRNA probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">miR dependent-05</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">3&#8217; DIG- Scrambled miR probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">99004-05</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">3&#8217; DIG- U6 miR probe</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Exiqon</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">99002-05</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Anti-Digoxigenin-Ab Fab</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:71px;">Roche</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:137px;">11093274910</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Fragments</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">NBT/BCIP</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">11681451001</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Permount</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">SP15-500</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">Fit to tissue size</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:195px;">Microtom HM 355 S</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">23-900-672</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">In-slide Out Hybridization Oven</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Boekel</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">241000</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Aluminum Tray Assembly</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Boekel</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2403973</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:195px;">Stainless Steel Rack Insert</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Boekel</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">C2403754</td>
			<td style="width:79px;"></td>
		</tr>
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microrna in situ hybridization for formalin fixed kidney tissues

이 문서에서 우리는 마이크로 RNA 프로브를 태그 제닌과 현장 하이브리드 화에를 통해 신장의 miRNA의 비색 검출하는 방법을 설명합니다. 원래 Kloosterman 및 Exiqon miRNA의 프로브 1 폭 넓은 사용을 위해 동료에 의해 ​​개발 된이 프로토콜은, 신장 조직에서의 miRNA 분석에 내재 된 문제를 극복하도록 수정되었습니다. 여기에는 구조 식별 및 잔류 조사 및 항체를 제거하기 어려운 문제가 있습니다. 비교적 얇은 사용, 두께 5mm, 강한 프로브 신호가 세포 내에 유지하면서, 신장 구조의 명확한 시각화를 허용 조직 섹션. 또한, 프로브 농도와 배양 조건은 낮은 배경 및 비특이적 신호 마이크로 RNA 발현의 시각화를 용이하게하기 위해 최적화되었다. 여기서, 최적화 프로토콜은 프로 시저의 끝에서 슬라이드 실장 통해 초기 티슈 콜렉션 및 준비를 덮고, 설명한다. 기본 compone이 프로토콜의 국세청은 다른 조직과 세포 배양 모델 응용 프로그램에 대해 변경 될 수 있습니다.

혼성화, 배양 중에 건조 또는 NBT / BCIP를 개발하는 동안 더 어둡게 염색 결국 전체적으로 같이 세척 될 조직 절편의 영역. 1 HybriSlip가 가장자리 떨어져 미끄러 된 신장 부분의 일부를 보여준다 그것은 부분적으로 탈수가 될 수 있도록 조직. 나머지 단계에서 재수 커버리지에도 불구하고, 탈수 부에서의 신호는 인위적으로 높다. NBT-BCIP 개발 시간을 제?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues at JoVE.com

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

이 문서는 포르말린 고정 신장 섹션의 마이크로 RNA 발현 colormetric 검출에 최적화의 현장 하이브리드 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

마이크로 RNA<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 포르말린 고정 신장 조직에 대한 하이브리드

In this article we describe a method for colorimetric detection of miRNA in the kidney through in situ hybridization with digoxigenin tagged microRNA ...

microrna-in-situ-hybridization-for-formalin-fixed-kidney-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

14.9K 조회수.  Medical College of Wisconsin.  이 문서는 포르말린 고정 신장 섹션의 마이크로 RNA 발현 colormetric 검출에 최적화의 현장 하이브리드 프로토콜을 설명합니다. 

비디오: MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

조기 칙 태아의 현장 하이브리드화에서 더블 전체 산

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

연구

생물학

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish 전체 마운트 고해상도 더블 형광등 현장에서 하이브 리다이 제이션

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic process in the parents. In human males, these errors can lead to the production of spermatozoa with numerical chromosome abnormalities which represent an increased risk of transmitting these anomalies to the offspring.
For this reason, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm nuclei has become a protocol widely incorporated in the context of clinical diagnosis. This practice provides an estimate of the frequencies of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the gametes of the patients that seek for genetic reproductive advice.
To date, the chromosomes most frequently included in sperm FISH analysis are chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21.
This video-article describes, step by step, how to process and fix a human semen sample, how to decondense and denature the sperm chromatin, how to proceed to obtain sperm FISH preparations, and how to visualize the results at the microscope. Special remarks of the most relevant steps are given to achieve the best results.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

This video-article describes, step by step, how to process a semen sample to achieve good-quality fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatozoa. Preparations obtained can be used for aneuploidy screening in the context of clinical diagnosis.

형광 현장에서</em인간의 정자에서> 하이브리드화 (물고기) 프로토콜

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene expression. Microarray and next generation sequencing approaches are being used to investigate developmental, physiological and stress response processes, dissect epigenetic and small RNA pathways, and build large gene regulatory networks1-3. While these techniques facilitate the simultaneous analysis of large gene sets, they typically provide a very limited spatiotemporal resolution of gene expression changes. This limitation can be partially overcome by using either profiling method in conjunction with lasermicrodissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting4-7. However, to fully understand the biological role of a gene, knowledge of its spatiotemporal pattern of expression at a cellular resolution is essential. Particularly, when studying development or the effects of environmental stimuli and mutants can the detailed analysis of a gene's expression pattern become essential. For instance, subtle quantitative differences in the expression levels of key regulatory genes can lead to dramatic phenotypes when associated with the loss or gain of expression in specific cell types. 
Several methods are routinely used for the detailed examination of gene expression patterns. One is through analysis of transgenic reporter lines. Such analysis can, however, become time-consuming when analyzing multiple genes or working in plants recalcitrant to transformation. Moreover, an independent validation to ensure that the transgene expression pattern mimics that of the endogenous gene is typically required. Immunohistochemical protein localization or mRNA in situ hybridization present relatively fast alternatives for the direct visualization of gene expression within cells and tissues. The latter has the distinct advantage that it can be readily used on any gene of interest. In situ hybridization allows detection of target mRNAs in cells by hybridization with a labeled anti-sense RNA probe obtained by in vitro transcription of the gene of interest. 
Here we outline a protocol for the in situ localization of gene expression in plants that is highly sensitivity and specific. It is optimized for use with paraformaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, which give excellent preservation of histology, and DIG-labeled probes that are visualized by immuno-detection and alkaline-phosphatase colorimetric reaction. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of tissues from a wide range of plant species, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs as well as small RNAs8-14.

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.

식물의 성적 증명서의 정확한 현지화에 대한 원위치 하이브리드화에서

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. Each of these features can be accomplished with in situ hybridization to mRNAs within cells. Here we present a radioactive in situ hybridization method modified from Clayton et al. (1988)1 that has been working successfully in our lab for many years, especially for adult vertebrate brains2-5. The long complementary RNA (cRNA) probes to the target sequence allows for detection of low abundance transcripts6,7. Incorporation of radioactive nucleotides into the cRNA probes allows for further detection sensitivity of low abundance transcripts and quantitative analyses, either by light sensitive x-ray film or emulsion coated over the tissue. These detection methods provide a long-term record of target gene expression. Compared with non-radioactive probe methods, such as DIG-labeling, the radioactive probe hybridization method does not require multiple amplification steps using HRP-antibodies and/or TSA kit to detect low abundance transcripts. Therefore, this method provides a linear relation between signal intensity and targeted mRNA amounts for quantitative analysis. It allows processing 100-200 slides simultaneously. It works well for different developmental stages of embryos. Most developmental studies of gene expression use whole embryos and non-radioactive approaches8,9, in part because embryonic tissue is more fragile than adult tissue, with less cohesion between cells, making it difficult to see boundaries between cell populations with tissue sections. In contrast, our radioactive approach, due to the larger range of sensitivity, is able to obtain higher contrast in resolution of gene expression between tissue regions, making it easier to see boundaries between populations. Using this method, researchers could reveal the possible significance of a newly identified gene, and further predict the function of the gene of interest.

Radioactive in situ Hybridization for Detecting Diverse Gene Expression Patterns in Tissue

This protocol is successfully used to quantitatively detect levels and spatial patterns of mRNA expression in multiple tissue types across vertebrate species. The method can detect low abundance transcripts and allows processing of hundreds of slides simultaneously. We present this protocol using expression profiling of avian embryonic brain formation as an example.

방사성 현장에서</em조직에서 다양한 유전자 발현 패턴을 검출> 하이브리드화

Knowing the timing, level, cellular localization, and cell type that a gene is expressed in contributes to our understanding of the function of the gene. ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many aspects of host cell function are commandeered by viruses, usually by the expression of viral gene products that recruit host cell proteins and machineries. Moreover, viruses engineer specific membrane organelles or tag on to mobile vesicles and motor proteins to target regions of the cell (during de novo infection, viruses co-opt molecular motor proteins to target the nucleus; later, during virus assembly, they will hijack cellular machineries that will help in the assembly of viruses). Less is understood on how viruses, in particular those with RNA genomes, coordinate the intracellular trafficking of both protein and RNA components and how they achieve assembly of infectious particles at specific loci in the cell. The study of RNA localization began in earlier work. Developing lower eukaryotic embryos and neuronal cells provided important biological information, and also underscored the importance of RNA localization in the programming of gene expression cascades. The study in other organisms and cell systems has yielded similar important information. Viruses are obligate parasites and must utilise their host cells to replicate. Thus, it is critical to understand how RNA viruses direct their RNA genomes from the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, through the cytoplasm and on to one of its final destinations, into progeny virus particles 1.
FISH serves as a useful tool to identify changes in steady-state localization of viral RNA. When combined with immunofluorescence (IF) analysis 22, FISH/IF co-analyses will provide information on the co-localization of proteins with the viral RNA3. This analysis therefore provides a good starting point to test for RNA-protein interactions by other biochemical or biophysical tests 4,5, since co-localization by itself is not enough evidence to be certain of an interaction. In studying viral RNA localization using a method like this, abundant information has been gained on both viral and cellular RNA trafficking events 6. For instance, HIV-1 produces RNA in the nucleus of infected cells but the RNA is only translated in the cytoplasm. When one key viral protein is missing (Rev) 7, FISH of the viral RNA has revealed that the block to viral replication is due to the retention of the HIV-1 genomic RNA in the nucleus 8. 
Here, we present the method for visual analysis of viral genomic RNA in situ. The method makes use of a labelled RNA probe. This probe is designed to be complementary to the viral genomic RNA. During the in vitro synthesis of the antisense RNA probe, the ribonucleotide that is modified with digoxigenin (DIG) is included in an in vitro transcription reaction. Once the probe has hybridized to the target mRNA in cells, subsequent antibody labelling steps (Figure 1) will reveal the localization of the mRNA as well as proteins of interest when performing FISH/IF.

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to visually detect viral genomic RNA using fluorescence microscopy. A probe is made with specificity to the viral RNA that can then be identified using a combination of hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. This technique offers the advantage of identifying the localization of the viral RNA or DNA at steady-state, providing information on the control of intracellular virus trafficking events.

형광에 의한 바이러스성 RNA의 탐지<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드화 (물고기)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 protein variants encoded by the var genes.
The haploid P. falciparum genome harbors approximately 60 different var genes of which only one has been believed to be transcribed per cell at a time during the blood stage of the infection. How such mutually exclusive regulation of var gene transcription is achieved is unclear, as is the identification of individual var genes or sub-groups of var genes associated with different receptors and the consequence of differential binding on the clinical outcome of P. falciparum infections. Recently, the mutually exclusive transcription paradigm has been called into doubt by transcription assays based on individual P. falciparum transcript identification in single infected erythrocytic cells using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of var gene transcription by the parasite in individual nuclei of P. falciparum IE1.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out the RNA-FISH methodology for analysis of var gene transcription in single-nuclei of P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. The method is based on the use of digoxigenin- and biotin- labeled antisense RNA probes using the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopic analyses and freshly selected P. falciparum IE. The in situ hybridization method can be used to monitor transcription and regulation of a variety of genes expressed during the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle and is adaptable to other malaria parasite species and other organisms and cell types.

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and organisms.

RNA 형광하여 단일 세포 유전자 전사의 분석<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드 (물고기)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The specification of replication timing is thought to be a dynamic process regulated by tissue-specific and developmental cues that are responsive to epigenetic modifications. However, the mechanisms regulating where and when DNA replication initiates along chromosomes remains poorly understood. Homologous chromosomes usually replicate synchronously, however there are notable exceptions to this rule. For example, in female mammalian cells one of the two X chromosomes becomes late replicating through a process known as X inactivation1. Along with this delay in replication timing, estimated to be 2-3 hr, the majority of genes become transcriptionally silenced on one X chromosome. In addition, a discrete cis-acting locus, known as the X inactivation center, regulates this X inactivation process, including the induction of delayed replication timing on the entire inactive X chromosome. In addition, certain chromosome rearrangements found in cancer cells and in cells exposed to ionizing radiation display a significant delay in replication timing of &gt;3 hours that affects the entire chromosome2,3. Recent work from our lab indicates that disruption of discrete cis-acting autosomal loci result in an extremely late replicating phenotype that affects the entire chromosome4. Additional 'chromosome engineering' studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes result in this abnormal replication-timing phenotype, suggesting that all mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control proper replication timing of individual chromosomes5.
Here, we present a method for the quantitative analysis of chromosome replication timing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method allows for a direct comparison of replication timing between homologous chromosomes within the same cell, and was adapted from6. In addition, this method allows for the unambiguous identification of chromosomal rearrangements that correlate with changes in replication timing that affect the entire chromosome. This method has advantages over recently developed high throughput micro-array or sequencing protocols that cannot distinguish between homologous alleles present on rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes. In addition, because the method described here evaluates single cells, it can detect changes in chromosome replication timing on chromosomal rearrangements that are present in only a fraction of the cells in a population.

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

A quantitative method for the analysis of chromosome replication timing is described. The method utilizes BrdU incorporation in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess replication timing of mammalian chromosomes. This technique allows for the direct comparison of rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes within the same cell.

형광등과 결합 염색체 복제 타이밍<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

전체 마운트 RNA 형광<em&gt; 현장에서</em의&gt; 하이브리드<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; 태아

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

형광을 사용하여 mRNA의 분자의 시각화 및 분석<em&gt; 제자리에서</em에서&gt; 하이브리드<em&gt; 사카 cerevisiae의</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

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마이크로 RNA