우리는 원고의 중요한 읽기의 phagosome 생물학 실험실의 구성원을 감사드립니다. 이 작품은 헬름홀츠 젊은 탐정 그랜트 (이니셔티브와 헬름홀츠 협회의 네트워킹 기금) 및 우선 순위 프로그램의 독일 연구위원회 (도이치 Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG)의 SPP1580 교부금에 의해 지원된다.

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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

다음 섹션에서 우리는 제시된 방법과 그 한계의 중요한 단계를 설명합니다. 또한, 우리는 그들의 솔루션과 일반적인 문제 중 일부를 연결 가능한 수정 사항을 소개하고 우리의 방법의 장점뿐만 아니라이 방법에 적합한 보완적인 방법을 고려할 것입니다. 비드 표면의 IgG의 결합을 포함한 비드의 제조는, 결정적이고 unfresh 제제의 사용은 피해야한다. 그것에 추가, 그것은 덱스...

대 식세포 등의 전문 식세포는 면역 시스템에서 중요한 재생할 수 있습니다. 선천성 면역 시스템 방어의 첫 번째 라인 인 이외에, 그들은 또한 역할 1-3 제시 그들의 시그널링 및 항원을 통하여 적응 면역의 활성화에 중요한 역할을한다. 전문 식세포의 기능이 다방면 동안, 성숙의 phagosome는 전문 식세포 4,5의 살균 및 항원 처리 기능의 중요한 골격이다. 수용체 매개 말림 및 박테리아와 같은 식세포 대상의 이해에 따라, 초기의 phagosome는 상호 작용과 세포 내 이입 네트워크의 구획 및 여러 다른 세포 소기관 6과의 교류의 복잡하고 잘 조율 된 순서를 통해 간다. 화합물의 성질은 이러한 셀룰러 엔티티뿐만 아니라 규제와 교환 및 융합 이벤트의 타이밍은 내강 phagosomal의 환경 및 phagos을 결정OMAL 막 조성과, 따라서 7, 성숙의 phagosome 8의 운명. 성숙의 phagosome의 생리 학적 관련성은 탈출 체포 또는 성숙의 phagosome 9를 파괴하기 위해 다양한 세포 내 병원균에 의해 사용되는 다양한 전략을들 수있다. 가수 분해 효소 및 성숙의 phagosome 7 안티 박테리아 요소 벌크 그들을 부여한다 늦은 엔도 솜 / 리소좀 구획의 phagosome의 융합, 이러한 전략의 대부분은 직접 또는 간접적으로 성숙의 phagosome 프로세스의 최종적이고 중요한 단계를 방지 , 8,10. 자연의 생리 학적 상태가 활용되고있는 특정 실험 설정에서 영향을 긍정적으로 또는 부정적으로되는 경우이 마지막 중요한 단계의 분석은 따라서 phagosomes를 성숙의 상태에 대해 강한 지표를 저희에게 제공 할 수 있습니다. 늦은 엔도 좀 / 리소좀 함설정 해제는 일반적으로 각종의 존재에 의해 초기 세포 내 이입 구획에서 정의한 고유 세포 내 이입 경로의 말단 구획, 특정 마커 분자를 무대로 간주된다. 예를 같은 사람 11 중 리소좀 관련 막 단백질 (램프)로 가수 분해 효소 또는 막 구성 요소에 대한. 단말 내 이입이 구획-금후 리소좀는 또한-식세포 / 이입 통로 (12)의 단부에 소화의 최종 단계를 위해 주요 위치 역할을 간단히 언급. 이러한 방식으로, 난소 화성 프로브는 세포 외 환경에서의 엔도 시토 시스와 macropinocytosis 통해로드 될 수 있고, 그것은 흡수 및 체이스의 정의 사이클에 따라도 13, 14를 축적 리소좀으로 세포 내 이입 경로를 통해 반송. 15-17 endocyticprobes 등 유기 난소 화성 고분자 덱스 트란 형광 현미경 형광 - 복합 프로브는 일반적으로 사용됩니다. <p clas이 방법의 = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;, 우리는 된 phagosomes에 리소좀 내강 내용의 전달을 분석하여 성숙의 phagosome을 조사하기 식세포화물로 IgG의 코팅 마이크로 비즈의 활용에 대해 설명합니다. 라이브 골수 유래 대 식세포 (BMM) 및 공 초점 레이저 주사 현미경 시간 경과 비디오 영상에서 리소좀의 즉시 검출 마커로 형광 - 복합 덱스 트란 프로브를 사용하여, 우리는 최고를 가진 된 phagosomes에화물 배달의 동적 프로세스를 따라야 시간 해상도. 우리는 통계적으로 Microsoft Excel을 사용하여 분석 및 그래프 패드 프리즘 소프트웨어 (14, 18)를 사용하여 제시 수집 시간 경과 영상 데이터는 오픈 소스와 무료로 사용할 이미지 분석 소프트웨어, 피지 (또는 ImageJ에)를 사용하여 평가 될 수있는 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 우리의 방법에 대한 설명에 이어, 유사한 실험의 phagosome 성숙에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수정 된 설정 요인을 사용하여 설계 될 수 있으며, 거의 모든 OT부착 차 또는 세포 라인 포식 세포의 그녀의 유형을 포함하여 기능 실험의 유전 손실 유전자 아웃을 노크 노크 다운, 돌연변이 또는 융합 단백질, 식세포 - 대상, 마이크로 비드 코팅 화합물, 엔도 좀 / 리소좀 프로브 및 요인 등의 표현 그 중에서도 사이토킨, 화학 억제제 또는 siRNA의이 방법의 기본적인 접근 방식에 적용될 수있는 모든 변수이다. 우리는 다음과 같이이 방법의 목표와 기본 요구 사항을 정의 : <ul type="disc"><li> 방법의 목표 : 식세포의 살아있는 세포에서 높은 시간 해상도와 성숙의 phagosome의 직접 양적 및 질적 관찰과 분석을 가능하게하는. </li><li> 식세포화물 : 적절하게 코팅 된 미세 입자 또는 생물학적 대상입니다. 여기에서 우리는 쉽게 구단-γ 수용체 매개 식균 작용을 통해 내장되어 3 μm의 구형 폴리스티렌 미립자 IgG의 코팅 사용합니다. 또한, 모든 미생물 또는 코팅 된 마이크식세포 수용체는 세포에 존재하는 roparticle가 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 식세포 : 해당 식세포 수용체를 표현 자기편 식세포. 여기에서 우리는 풍부 구단-γ 수용체를 표현 마우스 기본의 BMMs를 사용합니다. 또한, 수지상 세포 (DC), 단핵구 또는 식세포 상피 세포 또는 유전자 돌연변이 또는 녹아웃 변형이 사용될 수있다. </li><li> 리소좀화물 : 찬란 리소좀 프로브. 여기에, 텍사스 레드 - 복합 70,000 킬로 달톤의 덱스 트란 (Dex70kD)는 리소좀의 내강화물로 사용됩니다. 대안 적으로, 산도있는 분해 능력으로 phagosomal 속성에 대한 세포 구획 또는 세포 기관, 또는 적절한 프로브의 형광 검출 마커, 성숙의 phagosome의 진행을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. </li><li> , 예를 들어 분자, 화합물, 유전자 노크 다운, 또는 할 수 돌연변이 단백질의 일시적 발현 신​​호 : 요인에 영향을 미치는. 여기, 우리는 FORG있다간단히하기 위해 이러한 요소 중 하나를 사용하지만, 돌연변이 단백질 발현 및 Kasmapour 등. 18 된 phagosomes의 식균 작용 또는 상황과 이동성에 영향을 / 수있는 모든 요소를 참조하십시오 노크 다운에 영향을 미치는 요인과 최근의 예를 들면, 또는 성숙 된 phagosomes와 상호 작용하는 구획은 잠재적으로 사용될 수있다. </li></ul>

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="610">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagles Medium (D-MEM)</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>E15-009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagles Medium without phenol red (D-MEM)</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>E15-047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>A15-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamine</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>M11-004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>H15-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>P11-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>WillCo-dish&#174; Glass bottom dish (35 mm &#8709;, #1.5)</td>
			<td>WillCo Wells, Netherlands</td>
			<td>GWSt-3522</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CELLviewTM glass bottom dish, 35 mm</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio one, Germany</td>
			<td>627871</td>
			<td>Alternative: Available as segmented</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxylated latex microspheres</td>
			<td>Polysciences, USA</td>
			<td>#09850</td>
			<td>Available in different diameters, we used 3 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene microparticles</td>
			<td>Kisker Biotech, Germany</td>
			<td>PPs-3.0COOH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X 100</td>
			<td>ROTH, Germany</td>
			<td>305.1.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mouse whole IgG</td>
			<td>Rockland, USA</td>
			<td>010-0102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDAC crosslinker</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>E6383-1g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mM Tris</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich,USA</td>
			<td>T1503</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ml syringe Omnifix -F</td>
			<td>B.Braun, Germany</td>
			<td>9161406V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>26&#160;G needle (0.45*25 mm)</td>
			<td>B.Baun, Germany</td>
			<td>4657683</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>PAA, Austria</td>
			<td>E15-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>Gibco, USA</td>
			<td>16050-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MES hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>M2933</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 &#956;M syringe mounted filter</td>
			<td>Sartorius, Germany</td>
			<td>83.1826.001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

study of phagolysosome biogenesis in live macrophages

식세포는 삭제 및 된 phagosomes에 침입하는 미생물을 제거함으로써 선천성 면역 시스템에서 중요한 역할을한다. 성숙의 phagosome는 초기의 phagosome는 세포질에있는 다양한 세포 소기관 및 구획이 잘 조율 된 상호 작용을 통해 급격한 변화를 겪게되는 동안의 복잡하고 단단하게 통제 된 과정입니다. 자신의 세포 용해 및 살균 속성으로 된 phagosomes를 부여하는에 의한 식세포의 생리 기능을 위해 필수적이며이 과정은, 리소좀과 phagosomes를위한 성숙의 마지막 중요한 단계로 간주됩니다 phagolysosomes의 생합성로 된 phagosomes의 융합에 절정에 이른다. 이 보고서에서, 우리는 phagolysosome의 생합성의 특징이다 콘텐츠 전달을의 phagosome하는 리소좀의 역동적 인 과정의 정성 및 정량 분석​​을 위해 라이브 셀 이미징 기반 방법을 설명합니다. 이 접근법은 phagocy 모델로의 IgG 코팅 된 마이크로 비드를 사용내강 리소좀화물 프로브로 tosis 및 형광 - 복합 덱스 트란 분자, 시간 경과 이미징 및 공 초점 레이저 주사 현미경을 사용하여 라이브 대식 세포에서 실시간으로 된 phagosomes에 lysosmal 콘텐츠의 동적 전달을 수행하기 위해. 여기에 우리가 자세히 배경, 준비 단계 및 기타 실험실에서이 방법의 쉽고 정확한 배치를 가능하게하는 단계별 실험 설정에 대해 설명합니다. 우리의 기술 방법은, 간단한 강력한, 가장 중요한 것은, 쉽게 다른 시스템과 같은 각종 식세포 종류, 기능 상실 실험 상이한 프로브의 사용과 같은 여러 가지 실험 설정에서 phagosomal 상호 작용 및 성숙을 연구하기 위해 적응 될 수 있으며, 식세포 입자.

이미징을위한 세포와 구슬의 올바른 준비가 중요합니다. 그림 1은 BMMs에 대한 우리의 최적화 된 프로토콜을 기반으로 파종, 프로브 로딩이 방법의 초기 이미징 단계의 개요를 보여줍니다. 그것은 프로토콜 파라미터가 세포와 사용되어야 프로브의 종류에 따라 시험하고 최적화 할 수 있다는 것이 필수적이다. 사전로드 된 세포의 IgG 코팅 된 비드를 첨가 한 결과, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages at JoVE.com

Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

라이브 식세포에 Phagolysosome 속생의 연구

Phagocytic cells play a major role in the innate immune system by removing and eliminating invading microorganisms in their phagosomes. Phagosome ...

study-of-phagolysosome-biogenesis-in-live-macrophages

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

14.3K 조회수.  Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research. 라이브 식세포에 Phagolysosome 속생의 연구

비디오: Study of Phagolysosome Biogenesis in Live Macrophages

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and temporal control between the phagocytic cell and microbe has rendered focused observations into the initial interactions of host response to pathogens difficult. Historically, intercellular contact events such as phagocytosis3 have been imaged by mixing two cell types, and then continuously scanning the field-of-view to find serendipitous intercellular contacts at the appropriate stage of interaction. The stochastic nature of these events renders this process tedious, and it is difficult to observe early or fleeting events in cell-cell contact by this approach. This method requires finding cell pairs that are on the verge of contact, and observing them until they consummate their contact, or do not. To address these limitations, we use optical trapping as a non-invasive, non-destructive, but fast and effective method to position cells in culture.
Optical traps, or optical tweezers, are increasingly utilized in biological research to capture and physically manipulate cells and other micron-sized particles in three dimensions4. Radiation pressure was first observed and applied to optical tweezer systems in 19705, 6, and was first used to control biological specimens in 19877. Since then, optical tweezers have matured into a technology to probe a variety of biological phenomena8-13.
We describe a method14 that advances live cell imaging by integrating an optical trap with spinning disk confocal microscopy with temperature and humidity control to provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of pathogenic organisms in a physiological environment to facilitate interactions with host cells, as determined by the operator. Live, pathogenic organisms like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which can cause potentially lethal, invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals15, 16 (e.g. AIDS, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation patients), were optically trapped using non-destructive laser intensities and moved adjacent to macrophages, which can phagocytose the pathogen. High resolution, transmitted light and fluorescence-based movies established the ability to observe early events of phagocytosis in living cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability in immunology, primary T-cells were also trapped and manipulated to form synapses with anti-CD3 coated microspheres in vivo, and time-lapse imaging of synapse formation was also obtained. By providing a method to exert fine spatial control of live pathogens with respect to immune cells, cellular interactions can be captured by fluorescence microscopy with minimal perturbation to cells and can yield powerful insight into early responses of innate and adaptive immunity.

A method is described to individually select, manipulate, and image live pathogens using an optical trap coupled to a spinning disk microscope. The optical trap provides spatial and temporal control of organisms and places them adjacent to host cells. Fluorescence microscopy captures dynamic intercellular interactions with minimal perturbation to cells.

동적 라이브 셀 이미징에 대한 호스트 병원체 상호 작용 연구를위한 광학 트랩의 사용

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Depletion and Reconstitution of Macrophages in Mice

Macrophages are critical players in the innate immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune response and directing the acquired immune response. Macrophage dysfunction can lead to an inability to mount an appropriate immune response and as such, has been implicated in many disease processes, including inflammatory bowel diseases. Macrophages display polarized phenotypes that are broadly divided into two categories. Classically activated macrophages, activated by stimulation with IFN&gamma; or LPS, play an essential role in response to bacterial challenge whereas alternatively activated macrophages, activated by IL-4 or IL-13, participate in debris scavenging and tissue remodeling and have been implicated in the resolution phase of inflammation. During an inflammatory response in vivo, macrophages are found amid a complex mixture of infiltrating immune cells and may participate by exacerbating or resolving inflammation. To define the role of macrophages in situ in a whole animal model, it is necessary to examine the effect of depleting macrophages from the complex environment. To ask questions about the role of macrophage phenotype in situ, phenotypically defined polarized macrophages can be derived ex vivo, from bone marrow aspirates and added back to mice, with or without prior depletion of macrophages. In the protocol presented here clodronate-containing liposomes, versus PBS injected controls, were used to deplete colonic macrophages during dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In addition, polarized macrophages were derived ex vivo and transferred to mice by intravenous injection. A caveat to this approach is that clodronate-containing liposomes deplete all professional phagocytes, including both dendritic cells and macrophages so to ensure the effect observed by depletion is macrophage-specific, reconstitution of phenotype by adoptive transfer of macrophages is necessary. Systemic macrophage depletion in mice can also be achieved by backcrossing mice onto a CD11b-DTR background, which is an excellent complementary approach. The advantage of clodronate-containing liposome-mediated depletion is that it does not require the time and expense involved in backcrossing mice and it can be used in mice regardless of the background of the mice (C57BL/6, BALB/c, or mixed background).

Macrophages play a central role in homeostasis and pathology in many tissues. The protocol presented here describes methods for depleting macrophages in vivo, deriving polarized macrophages from bone marrow aspirates, and adoptively transferring macrophages into mice. These techniques allow determination of the role that polarized macrophages play in health and disease.

마우스의 Macrophages의 고갈과 Reconstitution

Macrophages are critical players in the innate  immune response to infectious challenge or injury, initiating the innate immune  response and directing ...

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable alternative to animal model systems for the study of a specific step of microbial pathogen infection. A human monocytic cell line THP-1 which, upon phorbol ester treatment, is differentiated into macrophages, has previously been used to study virulence strategies of many intracellular pathogens including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Here, we discuss a protocol to enact an in vitro cell culture model system using THP-1 macrophages to delineate the interaction of an opportunistic human yeast pathogen Candida glabrata with host phagocytic cells. This model system is simple, fast, amenable to high-throughput mutant screens, and requires no sophisticated equipment. A typical THP-1 macrophage infection experiment takes approximately 24 hr with an additional 24-48 hr to allow recovered intracellular yeast to grow on rich medium for colony forming unit-based viability analysis. Like other in vitro model systems, a possible limitation of this approach is difficulty in extrapolating the results obtained to a highly complex immune cell circuitry existing in the human host. However, despite this, the current protocol is very useful to elucidate the strategies that a fungal pathogen may employ to evade/counteract antimicrobial response and survive, adapt, and proliferate in the nutrient-poor environment of host immune cells.

Establishment of an In vitro System to Study Intracellular Behavior of Candida glabrata in Human THP-1 Macrophages

The current article outlines a protocol to establish an in vitro cell culture model system to study the interaction of a facultative intracellular human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata with human macrophages which will be a useful tool to advance our knowledge of fungal virulence mechanisms.

설립<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 시스템의 세포 내 행동을 연구하는<em&gt; 칸디다 글라 브라</em&gt; 인간 THP-1 식세포에

A cell culture model system, if a close mimic of host environmental conditions, can serve as an inexpensive, reproducible and easily manipulatable ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

사용<em&gt; 시겔 flexneri</em&gt; 자식 작용 - 세포 뼈대의 상호 작용을 연구하는

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

2D 전기 영동에 의한 대 식세포의 프로테옴 프로파일 링

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like Shigella flexneri and Francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. In contrast, Salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). However certain mutants of Salmonella fail to maintain SCV integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. The percentage of cytosolic vs. vacuolar bacteria on the level of single bacteria can be measured by differential permeabilization, also known as phagosome-protection assay. The approach makes use of the property of detergent digitonin to selectively bind cholesterol. Since the plasma membrane contains more cholesterol than other cellular membranes, digitonin can be used to selectively permeabilize the plasma membrane while leaving intracellular membranes intact. In brief, following infection with the pathogen expressing a fluorescent marker protein (e.g. mCherry among others), the plasma membrane of host cells is permeabilized with a short incubation in digitonin containing buffer. Cells are then washed and incubated with a primary antibody (coupled to a fluorophore of choice) directed against the bacterium of choice (e.g. anti-Salmonella-FITC) and washed again. If unmarked bacteria are used, an additional step can be done, in which all membranes are permeabilized and all bacteria stained with a corresponding antibody. Following the staining, the percentage of vacuolar and cytosolic bacteria can be quantified by FACS or microscopy by counting single or double-positive events. Here we provide experimental details for use of this technique with the bacterium Salmonella typhimurium. The advantage of this assay is that, in contrast to other assay, it provides a quantification on the level of single bacteria, and if analyzed by microscopy provides the exact number of cytosolic and vacuolar bacteria in a given cell.

Quantification of Cytosolic vs. Vacuolar Salmonella in Primary Macrophages by Differential Permeabilization

We describe the quantification of cytosolic and vacuolar Salmonella typhimurium in bone-marrow derived macrophages using differential digitonin permeabilization.

공포 성 대 세포질의 정량화<em&gt; 살모넬라</em&gt; 차동 투과성으로하여 기본 대 식세포에서

Intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (PCVs). To reach the cytosol, bacteria like ...

Phagosome Migration and Velocity Measured in Live Primary Human Macrophages Infected with HIV-1

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a major role at the crossroads between innate and specific immunity. They can be infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and because of their resistance to its cytopathic effects they can be considered to be persistent viral reservoirs. In addition, HIV-infected macrophages exhibit defective functions that contribute to the development of opportunistic diseases.
The exact mechanism by which HIV-1 impairs the phagocytic response of macrophages was unknown. We had previously shown that the uptake of various particulate material by macrophages was inhibited when they were infected with HIV-1. This inhibition was only partial and phagosomes did form within HIV-infected macrophages. Therefore, we focused on analyzing the fate of these phagosomes. Phagosome maturation is accompanied by migration of these compartments towards the cell center, where they fuse with lysosomes, generating phagolysosomes, responsible for degradation of the ingested material. We used IgG-opsonized Sheep Red Blood Cells as a target for phagocytosis. To measure the speed of centripetal movement of phagosomes in individual HIV-infected macrophages, we used a combination of bright field and fluorescence confocal microscopy. We established a method to calculate the distance of phagosomes towards the nucleus, and then to calculate the velocity of the phagosomes. HIV-infected cells were identified thanks to a GFP-expressing virus, but the method is applicable to non-infected cells or any type of infection or treatment.

We describe a method to measure the velocity of phagosomes moving towards the cell center in living cells infected with or without the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, using spinning disk confocal fluorescence microscopy to identify fluorescent infected cells and bright field microscopy to detect phagosomes.

HIV-1 감염 라이브 차 인간 대 식세포에서 측정 Phagosome 마이그레이션 및 속도

Macrophages are phagocytic cells that play a major role at the crossroads between innate and specific immunity. They can be infected by the human ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

살 모 넬 라 typhimurium의 절연-대 식 세포에서 Phagosomes를 포함 하

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

고립과 Murine 인간과 치경 대 식 세포의 생체 외에서 문화

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...

Flow Cytometric Measurement Of ROS Production In Macrophages In Response To Fc&#947;R Cross-linking

The oxidative or respiratory burst is used to describe the rapid consumption of oxygen and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes in response to various immune stimuli. ROS generated during immune activation exerts potent antimicrobial activity primarily through the ability of ROS to damage DNA and proteins, causing death of microorganisms. Being able to measure ROS production reproducibly and with ease is necessary in order to assess the contribution of various pathways and molecules to this mechanism of host defense. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of fluorescent probes and flow cytometry to detect ROS production. Although widely used, fluorescent measurement of ROS is notoriously problematic, especially with regards to measurement of ROS induced by specific and not mitogenic stimuli. We present a detailed methodology to detect ROS generated as a result of specific Fc&#947;R stimulation beginning with macrophage generation, priming, staining, Fc&#947;R cross-linking, and ending with flow cytometric analysis.

This study demonstrates the use of flow cytometry to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) production resulting from activation of the Fc&#947;R. This method can be used to assess changes in the antimicrobial and redox signaling function of phagocytes in response to immune complexes, opsonized microorganisms, or direct Fc&#947;R cross-linking.

선생님 FcγR Cross-linking에 대 식 세포에서 생산의 흐름 Cytometric 측정

The oxidative or respiratory burst is used to describe the rapid consumption of oxygen and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes in ...