We thank Lowell Cochran for expert videography assistance. The financial assistance of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the Canadian Breast Cancer Foundation (CBCF, Ontario Chapter), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Alliance, the Ontario Centers of Excellence, the Breast Cancer Action Kingston and the Clare Nelson bequest fund through grants to LR is gratefully acknowledged. SG was the recipient of an NSERC studentship. MG was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the US Army Breast Cancer Program, the Ministry of Research and Innovation of the Province of Ontario and the Advisory Research Committee of Queen&#8217;s University.

1 일렉트로 챔버에서 셀 도금 <ol><li> 층류 흐름 후드에서 평소와 같이 멸균 기술을 이용하여 세포를 Trypsinize. 참고 : 그들은 유리에 세포의 확산 방해 할 수 있으므로, 원심 분리하여있는 adherens와 갭 접합 따라서 형성을 트립신의 모든 흔적을 제거하는 것이 매우 중요합니다. </li><li> 피펫 1 (37)의 출력 C 시츄 electroporator에서 (도 1), 및 장소, CO 2 인큐베이터 구비 일렉트로 멸균 챔버에 세포 현탁액의 ML. NOTE : 세포 부착은 피브로넥틴, 콜라겐, 폴리 라이신 또는 세포 및 조직 접착제 (원료 표 참조)에 도금에 의해 개선 될 수있다. </li><li> 세포가 합류 층을 형성 할 때 그들은 GJIC 시험에 대한 준비가되어 있습니다. </li></ol> 2 일렉트로 절차 GJIC 검사 용 전기 천공은 층류 흐름 후드 외부에서 수행 될 수있다이 걸리기 때문에 단 몇 분. 긴 배양 시간은 특정 실험에 요구된다면, 그것은 층류 흐름 후드에서 전적으로 수행 될 수있다. 모든 경우에서, 세포는 성장 챔버는 멸균해야한다. <ol><li> 5 ㎎ / ㎖ 루시퍼 노란색 솔루션을 준비 : 2 ㎖의 칼슘이없는 성장 매체 (electroporator 제공) 10 mg을 LY 분말을 녹여. 4 O C.에서 용액 저장을 필터 멸균 긴 배양 시간을 필요로 실험 </li><li> 성장 매체를 기음과 단층을 긁거나 세포를 건조하지 않도록주의, 칼슘이없는 배지로 세포를 씻어. 세포가 건조하면 그들은 일반적으로 어두운 핵을 가지고 일렉트로없이 LY를 선택합니다. 효과는 더욱 공기 드래프트 (도 4F)에 노출되는 슬라이드의 중간에 더 현저하다. </li><li> 에펜 도르프 피펫으로, 챔버 (B)의 에지에서, 셀 (챔버 전체를 400 μL)에 염료 용액을 피펫주의 eing입니다 것은 셀 층을 만지지 않도록. </li><li> electroporator와 함께 제공되는 홀더에 실을 배치하고 적절한 강도 (토론 참조)의 펄스를 적용합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 LY 솔루션의 일부를 대기음. 덜 중요한 실험 번 재사용 될 수있다. </li><li> 10 % 투석 혈청을 포함하는 칼슘이없는 DMEM를 추가합니다. </li><li> 갭 정션을 통한 염료 전달​​을 허용하도록 배양기에서 3-5 분 동안 세포를 배양한다. 참고 :이 시점에서 투석 혈청의 포함은 기공 폐쇄를하는 데 도움이됩니다. </li><li> 라이브 세포 관찰을위한 칼슘이없는 DMEM으로 통합되지 않은 염료를 세척 할 것. 대안 적으로, 세포를 웰에 4 % 포름 알데히드의 첨가를 통해,이 단계에서 고정 될 수 있고, 그 다음 PBS (인산염 완충 식염수)로 세척 하였다. 모든 경우에 세척 모든 배경을 제거해야합니다. 주 : 예비 실험이 전압이 너무 낮은 경우, 최적의 조건을 결정하는 데있어서, 그것은 세포 incubato 회복하도록 할 수있다몇 분을위한 연구 및 슬라이드의 비용을 절약하기 위해 같은 슬라이드를 두 번 electroporate. </li></ol> 3 현미경 검사 <ol><li> 사용되는 염료에 대한 적절한 필터를 구비 한 반전 된 현미경을 사용하여, 형광 조명 하에서 세포를 관찰한다. 노란색 루시퍼를 들어, 여자는 423nm, 방출 555nm, 니콘 IX70 현미경에 대한 WBV 필터입니다. </li><li> 위상차 하에서 세포 형태를 조사하기 위해, 액체와 함께 상부에 충전 한 후, 잘 플라스틱 위에 유리 커버 슬립을 배치하여 메 니스 커스의 효과를 제거한다. 좋은 사진 촬영을 위해, 웰 슬라이드에서 분리 될 수 있으며, 커버 슬립은 프레임에 배치. 생균 대를 성장 배지로 채워 져야하는 동안 고정 된 세포의 경우, 웰, 현미경 관찰 용 글리세롤로 채워질 수있다. 참고 : 세포가 염료 (위의 단계 2.7)의 전송 다음 포름 알데히드로 고정하는 경우 세탁 촬영이 용이하다. 세포가있는 경우 더t는 형광 고정 세포 형광 몇 시간 동안 유지가 도입하면서 LY의 세포 유형, 전압 및 양에 따라 약 60 분 이내에 세포로부터 제거하고, 고정. 그러나, 형광 페이드 또는 고정 된 세포에서, O / N 배양 후 소산. 이러한 이유로, 사진은 일렉트로 (그림 2) 직후에주의해야합니다. </li></ol> 세포 간 통신의 4 정량 <ol><li> 형광 및 위상 대비 (그림 3)에서 20 배 목적으로 세포를 사진. </li><li> 비 electroporation하여 영역 (그림 2, 화살표, 일렉트로 에지)과 경계에 electroporation하여 세포를 확인하고 별표 표시합니다. </li><li> 염료가 갭 접합을 통해 전송 한 비 electroporation하여 측면에 형광 세포를 확인하고 점으로 표시 (그림 3a 및 3b). </li><li> 의 총 수를 나눈다에지 (도 3a 및 3b)을 따라 electroporation하여 세포의 수에 의해 비 전기 천공 영역에 세포를 형광. NOTE 적어도 200 연속 electroporation하여 경계 셀로부터의 전송을 각각의 실험에 대해 계산된다. 얻어진 숫자는 GJIC 값이다. </li></ol>

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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+gap+junctional+intercellular+communication+based+on+digital+image+analysis.">Quantification of gap junctional intercellular communication based on digital image analysis.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 297 (2), R243-R247 (2009).</li><li>Raptis, L., Lamfrom, H., Benjamin, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+cellular+phenotype+and+expression+of+polyomavirus+middle+T+antigen+in+rat+fibroblasts.">Regulation of cellular phenotype and expression of polyomavirus middle T antigen in rat fibroblasts.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 5, 2476-2486 (1985).</li><li>Raptis, L., Marcellus, R. C., Whitfield, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+membrane-associated+protein+kinase+C+activity+correlates+to+tumorigenicity+but+not+anchorage-independence+in+a+clone+of+mouse+NIH+3T3+cells.">High membrane-associated protein kinase C activity correlates to tumorigenicity but not anchorage-independence in a clone of mouse NIH 3T3 cells.</a> Exp Cell Res. 207, 152-154 (1993).</li><li>Vultur, A., Cao, J., Arulanandam, R., Turkson, J., Jove, R., Greer, P., Craig, A., Elliott, B. E., Raptis, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+to+cell+adhesion+modulates+Stat3+activity+in+normal+and+breast+carcinoma+cells.">Cell to cell adhesion modulates Stat3 activity in normal and breast carcinoma cells.</a> Oncogene. 23, 2600-2616 (2004).</li><li>Vultur, A., Arulanandam, R., Turkson, J., Niu, G., Jove, R., Raptis, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stat3+is+required+for+full+neoplastic+transformation+by+the+Simian+Virus+40+Large+Tumor+antigen.">Stat3 is required for full neoplastic transformation by the Simian Virus 40 Large Tumor antigen.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 16, 3832-3846 (2005).</li></ol>

The corresponding author is the inventor in a patent held by Queen&#8217;s University, which has been licensed to Cell Projects Inc. The company or the University had no influence upon the contents of the paper.

프로토콜의 중요한 단계 electroporation하여 재료 전기 천공 할 물질의 순도는 매우 중요하다. 세포가 매우 평탄한 경우 추적 염료의 다음 높은 농도 (20 mg을 LY 대 / ㎖까지)와 같은 경우에 사용되어야하며, 순도가 더욱 중요 더 구형 1 세포에서보다. LY 외에 다른 염료 또는 nonpermeant 분자의 많은 종류가 상이한 connexins 이루어진 25 채널 프로브로 사...

셀 전류의 애플리케이션 프로세스라고 일렉트로, 세포막에 구멍을 형성시킨다. 기공이 막을 통한 분자의 nonpermeant 다양한 통로를 허용한다. 전기장이 형성된 기공은 매우 작고 휴대 생리학 방해를 최소화하여, 급속 리 클로즈되도록 정확하게 제어 할 수있다. 흥미롭게도, 부착 세포는 현탁액에 전기 천공 할 분리되지 않고, 그들이 성장 표면에 도전성 투명 인듐 - 주석 산화물 (ITO)로 코팅하고, 반응계에서 electroporation하여 유리 슬라이드 상에 성장 될 수있다. 세포는이 표면 상에 잘 성장할 수 있으며, 이들이 결합하고 확장 한, 상세한 현미경 관찰이 가능하다. 이 기술을 사용하여, 소형 분자 nonpermeant 즉시 도입하고 미리보기의 활성화에 대한 연구를 위해 적합하게이 기술을 세포의 본질적으로 100 %로 할 수있다(1 검토) 수용체의 리간드 자극 다음과 같은 경로의의 onents. 일렉트로는 DNA의 도입 (또한 electrotransfection)에 주로 사용되어왔다. 그러나 현장에서 일렉트로는 전사 인자 바인딩, 또는 siRNA를 3,5 억제하는 등의 안티센스 RNA, 이중 가닥 DNA 미끼 올리고 뉴클레오티드 등의 펩티드 2-4, 올리고 뉴클레오티드 분자의 큰 다양성의 도입을 위해 도움이 될 수 있습니다, 6, 방사성 뉴클레오티드 7-10, 단백질 11 (12) 또는 전구 약물 13. 일렉트로 후, 세포는 생화학 적 분석을 위해 용해 또는 고정 및 항체로 염색 할 수 있습니다. 셀이 전도성 코팅의 가장자리에 걸쳐 증가함에 따라 세포의 성장이,이 표면의 높이 차이에 의해 방해되지 않도록 도전성 ITO 코팅은 800-1,000Å 매우 얇다. 이 장점이 아닌 electrop을 제공합니다orated 세포는 제어 역할을하는, electroporation하여 사람과 나란히 성장시킬 수있다. 비디오에서 설명한 것과 동일한 접근은 갭 접합부, 세포 간 통신 (GJIC)의 검사를 위해 사용될 수있다. 갭 접합 인접 셀 (14)의 내부를 연결하는 채널이다. 이러한에서 Src와 같은 종양 유전자가 GJIC (15, 16)를 억제하면서 갭 접합부는, 세포 간 통신은, 종양 형성 및 전이에 중요한 역할을한다. 루시퍼 옐로우 (LY) 같은 미세 주입을 통해 배양 된 세포에 도입하거나 긁어로드 (17)와 인접 셀에 염료의 확산이 현미경 형광 조명 아래에서 관찰 등의 GJIC에게 형광 염료를 검사합니다. 그러나 이러한 기술은 변함없이 세포 손상을 야기한다. 이제 셀 (18)에 부분적으로 ITO로 코팅 된 유리 슬라이드 상에 성장되는 기법을 설명한다. 전기 펄스 LY (또는 다른 염료)의 존재 캘리포니아 도포인접 비 electroporation하여 세포에 염료 이행는 형광 현미경을 통해 관찰 조명하면서, 상기 슬라이드의 도전 부에 성장 세포로의 침투를 사용. 단일 층으로부터 분리하는 경향이있다 감수성 세포 교란을 방지하기 위해, 전극을 필요로하지 않은 설계되었다 조립체는 전류 (19)를 적용하는 셀의 상단에 배치된다. 혈청 자극 (12) 다음의 G1 단계의 길이에 대한 효과의 부재에 의해 표시된 바와 같이이 방법은 FOS의 수준 증가, 세포 대사에 어떤 검출 가능한 방해하지 않고, 다수의 셀에서 GJIC을 정량 할 수있는 능력을 구비 protooncogene 단백질 (Raptis, 미 출판) 또는 셀룰러 스트레스, P38 돼지 또는 JNK / SAPK 키나제 1과 관련이 키나아제. 종양 유전자 발현 변화와 GJ의 레벨 사이의 링크의 시험이 가능하게 접근IC (18)뿐만 아니라, 폐 종양 표본 20-23 갓 배양 된 세포를 포함하여 다양한 종류의 세포에서 GJIC시에서 Src와 STAT3의 효과. 또한, 기판에 대한 세포 부착은 그 단계에서 환원 19,24되지만, 성공적 adipocytic 분화시 갭 정션 폐쇄 시연에 이용 된 상부 전극을 결여 한 바와 셋업과 동일계에서 일렉트로.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:179px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Cellgro http://www.cellgro.com/</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50-013-PB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">DMEM without Calcium</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Hyclone (Thermo scientific: http://www.thermoscientific.com)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH30319-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Donor Calf Serum&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">PAA: http://www.paa.com/</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cat.# B15-008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">PAA: http://www.paa.com/</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cat.# A15-751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Electroporation apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Cell Projects Ltd UK: http://www.cellprojects.com/</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Chambers</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Cell Projects Ltd UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-04-CC</td>
			<td>4-wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Chambers</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Cell Projects Ltd UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-08-CC</td>
			<td>8-wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Lucifer Yellow</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Cell Projects Ltd UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ACE-25-LY</td>
			<td>High purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">CelTak</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354240</td>
			<td>Cell and tissue adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Collagen</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">354236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:179px;">Poly-Lysine</td>
			<td style="width:428px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a functional assay for gap junctional examination; electroporation of adherent cells on indium-tin oxide

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. A variety of molecules, such as peptides or oligonucleotides can be introduced into essentially 100% of the cells in a non-traumatic manner.&#160; Here, we describe how it can be used to study intercellular, gap junctional communication. Lucifer yellow penetrates into the cells when an electric pulse, applied to the conductive surface on which they are growing, causes pores to form through the cell membrane. This is electroporation. Cells growing on the nonconductive&#160;glass surface immediately adjacent to the electroporated region do not take up Lucifer yellow by electroporation but do acquire the fluorescent dye as it is passed to them via gap junctions that link them to the electroporated cells. The results of the transfer of dye from cell to cell can be observed microscopically under fluorescence illumination. This technique allows for precise quantitation of gap junctional communication. In addition, it can be used for the introduction of peptides or other non-permeant molecules, and the transfer of small electroporated peptides via gap junctions to inhibit the signal in the adjacent, non-electroporated cells is a powerful demonstration of signal inhibition.

그림 2는 고정 및 세탁 다음과 같은 형광 (패널 A와 B)에서 LY와 전기 천공 및 촬영 쥐 간 상피 T51B 셀 (22), 또는 위상차 (C) 조명을 보여줍니다. 패널에 electroporation하여 영역의 가장자리가 빨간색으로 표시됩니다. 적색 라인의 오른쪽에 형광 구배 갭 정션을 통한 전송을 나타낸다. 염료가 전송 한 셀이 도트로 표시된 상태에서, 전기 천공 영역의 에지에서 셀 스타 식별되고 표시되...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide at JoVE.com

A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

This presentation demonstrates a method whereby electroporation of adherent, cultured cells is used for the study of intercellular, junctional communication, while the cells grow on a slide coated with conductive and transparent indium-tin oxide.

갭 접합부 시험에 대한 기능 분석; 인듐 - 주석 산화물에 자기편 세포의 전기 천공 법 (electroporation)

In this technique, cells are cultured on a glass slide that is partly coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO), a transparent, electrically conductive material. ...

a-functional-assay-for-gap-junctional-examination-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.8K 조회수.  Queen's University. This presentation demonstrates a method whereby electroporation of adherent, cultured cells is used for the study of intercellular, junctional communication, while the cells grow on a slide coated with conductive and transparent indium-tin oxide.

비디오: A Functional Assay for Gap Junctional Examination; Electroporation of Adherent Cells on Indium-Tin Oxide

Patterning Cells on Optically Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes

The ability to exercise precise spatial and temporal control over cell-surface interactions is an important prerequisite to the assembly of multi-cellular constructs serving as in vitro mimics of native tissues.  In this study, photolithography and wet etching techniques were used to fabricate individually addressable indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes on glass substrates.  The glass substrates containing ITO microelectrodes were modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) silane to make them protein and cell resistive.  Presence of insulating PEG molecules on the electrode surface was verified by cyclic voltammetry employing potassium ferricyanide as a redox reporter molecule.  Importantly, the application of reductive potential caused desorption of the PEG layer, resulting in regeneration of the conductive electrode surface and appearance of typical ferricyanide redox peaks.    Application of reductive potential also corresponded to switching of ITO electrode properties from cell non-adhesive to cell-adhesive. Electrochemical stripping of PEG-silane layer from ITO microelectrodes allowed for cell adhesion to take place in a spatially defined fashion, with cellular patterns corresponding closely to electrode patterns.  Micropatterning of several cell types was demonstrated on these substrates.   In the future, the control of the biointerfacial properties afforded by this method will allow to engineer cellular microenvironments through the assembly of three or more cell types into a precise geometric configuration on an optically transparent substrate.

Non-fouling PEG silane monolayer was desorbed from individually addressable ITO electrodes on glass by application of a reductive potential. Electrochemical stripping of PEG-silane layer from ITO microelectrodes allowed for cell adhesion to take place in a spatially defined fashion, with cellular patterns corresponding closely to electrode patterns.

광학 투명 인듐 틴 산화물 전극에 Patterning 셀

The ability to exercise precise spatial and temporal control over cell-surface interactions is an important prerequisite to the assembly of multi-cellular ...

연구

생물학

Labeling hESCs and hMSCs with Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Non-Invasive in vivo Tracking with MR Imaging

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative medicine. A non-invasive method to monitor the transplanted stem cells repeatedly in vivo would greatly enhance our ability to understand the mechanisms that control stem cell death and identify trophic factors and signaling pathways that improve stem cell engraftment. MR imaging has been proven to be an effective tool for the in vivo depiction of stem cells with near microscopic anatomical resolution. In order to detect stem cells with MR, the cells have to be labeled with cell specific MR contrast agents. For this purpose, iron oxide nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO), are applied, because of their high sensitivity for cell detection and their excellent biocompatibility. SPIO particles are composed of an iron oxide core and a dextran, carboxydextran or starch coat, and function by creating local field inhomogeneities, that cause a decreased signal on T2-weighted MR images. This presentation will demonstrate techniques for labeling of stem cells with clinically applicable MR contrast agents for subsequent non-invasive in vivo tracking of the labeled cells with MR imaging.

For the evaluation of new stem cell therapies it is important to non-invasively track the injected cells in vivo. This video will show you how to label human mesenchymal and embryonic stem cells with iron oxide based contrast agents in vivo for subsequent MR imaging in vivo.

이런 산화물로 hESCs과 hMSCs을 라벨링하는 MR 영상과 생체내 추적 비침습에 대한 Nanoparticles

In recent years, stem cell research has led to a better understanding of developmental biology, various diseases and its potential impact on regenerative ...

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포의 유전자 발현에 대한 utero 및 전직 생체내의 Electroporation에

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

Protein function is intimately coupled to protein localization. Although some proteins are restricted to a specific location or subcellular compartment, many proteins are present as a freely diffusing population in free exchange with a sub-population that is tightly associated with a particular subcellular domain or structure. In situ subcellular fractionation allows the visualization of protein compartmentalization and can also reveal protein sub-populations that localize to specific structures. For example, removal of soluble cytoplasmic proteins and loosely held nuclear proteins can reveal the stable association of some transcription factors with chromatin. Subsequent digestion of DNA can in some cases reveal association with the network of proteins and RNAs that is collectively termed the nuclear scaffold or nuclear matrix. 
Here we describe the steps required during the in situ fractionation of adherent and non-adherent mammalian cells on microscope coverslips. Protein visualization can be achieved using specific antibodies or fluorescent fusion proteins and fluorescence microscopy. Antibodies and/or fluorescent dyes that act as markers for specific compartments or structures allow protein localization to be mapped in detail. In situ fractionation can also be combined with western blotting to compare the amounts of protein present in each fraction. This simple biochemical approach can reveal associations that would otherwise remain undetected.

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

In situ subcellular fractionation of mammalian cells on microscope coverslips allows the visualisation of protein localisation.

자기편 및 비 점착 성의 포유 동물 세포의 현장 Subcellular 분별 (분리)에서

Protein function is intimately coupled to protein localization. Although some proteins are restricted to a specific location or subcellular compartment, ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

이온 채널의 돌연변이 유발과 기능 분석 Heterologously 포유 동물 세포에 표현

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Clonogenic Assay: Adherent Cells

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. Apart from documenting the method, the initial landmark study generated the first radiation-dose response curve for X-ray irradiated mammalian (HeLa) cells in culture1. Basically, the clonogenic assay enables an assessment of the differences in reproductive viability (capacity of cells to produce progeny; i.e. a single cell to form a colony of 50 or more cells) between control untreated cells and cells that have undergone various treatments such as exposure to ionising radiation, various chemical compounds (e.g. cytotoxic agents) or in other cases genetic manipulation. The assay has become the most widely accepted technique in radiation biology and has been widely used for evaluating the radiation sensitivity of different cell lines. Further, the clonogenic assay is commonly used for monitoring the efficacy of radiation modifying compounds and for determining the effects of cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer therapeutics on colony forming ability, in different cell lines. A typical clonogenic survival experiment using adherent cells lines involves three distinct components, 1) treatment of the cell monolayer in tissue culture flasks, 2) preparation of single cell suspensions and plating an appropriate number of cells in petri dishes and 3) fixing and staining colonies following a relevant incubation period, which could range from 1-3 weeks, depending on the cell line. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cell lines with the use of an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (FEP-1811)2. Also, our aims are to describe common features of clonogenic assays including calculation of the plating efficiency and survival fractions after exposure of cells to radiation, and to exemplify modification of radiation-response with the use of a natural antioxidant formulation.

The applicability of the clonogenic assay for evaluating reproductive viability has been established for more than 50 years. Here we demonstrate the general procedure for performing the clonogenic assay with adherent cells.

Clonogenic 분석 : 자기편 셀

The clonogenic (or colony forming) assay has been established for more than 50 years; the original paper describing the technique was published in 19561. ...

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3'UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes. More than 700 human miRNAs have been identified so far with each having up to hundreds of unique target mRNAs. Computational tools, expression and proteomics assays, and chromatin-immunoprecipitation-based techniques provide important clues for identifying mRNAs that are direct targets of a particular miRNA. In addition, 3'UTR-reporter assays have become an important component of thorough miRNA target studies because they provide functional evidence for and quantitate the effects of specific miRNA-3'UTR interactions in a cell-based system. To enable more researchers to leverage 3'UTR-reporter assays and to support the scale-up of such assays to high-throughput levels, we have created a genome-wide collection of human 3'UTR luciferase reporters in the highly-optimized LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System. The system also includes synthetic miRNA target reporter constructs for use as positive controls, various endogenous 3'UTR reporter constructs, and a series of standardized experimental protocols.
Here we describe a method for co-transfection of individual 3'UTR-reporter constructs along with a miRNA mimic that is efficient, reproducible, and amenable to high-throughput analysis.

Identifying Targets of Human microRNAs with the LightSwitch Luciferase Assay System using 3&#039;UTR-reporter Constructs and a microRNA Mimic in Adherent Cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and have been shown to play a role in numerous biological processes. To better understand miRNA-UTR interactions, we have created a genome-wide collection of 3 UTR luciferase reporters paired with a novel luciferase gene and assay reagent, the LightSwitch system.

3&#39;UTR - 기자의 구성과 microRNA를 사용하여 LightSwitch의 루시페라제 분석 시스템과 인간 microRNAs의 확인 대상이 자기편 세포의 모방

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and play a role in many biological processes.  More than 700 human miRNAs have been ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

의 검사<em&gt; 초파리</em가벼운 현미경으로&gt; 애벌레 기관 내 터미널 셀

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

세포 외 산 생산의 측정 및 분석은 당분 속도를 확인하는

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Zebrafish의에서 콩팥 세포 독소 미세 주입은 급성 신장 손상을 모델링하기

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...