우리는이 문서에 대한 공로 프란체스카 Polverino MD, 브리검에서 연구 위원과 여성 병원을 감사드립니다, 또한 모니카 야오, BS, 케이트 라이 델, 쥐의 사육 및 담배 연기에 쥐를 노출 그들의 도움 BS. 이 작품은 보건 서비스, 국립 심장, 폐, 혈액 연구소 보조금 HL111835, HL105339, HL114501, 승무원 의학 연구소 그랜트 # CIA123046, 브리검 여성 병원 - 러브 레이스 호흡기 연구소 컨소시엄, 그리고 캠브리지 NIHR 바이오 메디컬에 의해 지원되었다 연구 센터.

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We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Most researcher use mice to model the main chronic lung pathologies and abnormal lung physiology in COPD (airspace enlargement, SAR, and increases in lung compliance) present in the human disease. A comprehensive approach to assess the effect of molecules of interest on both emphysema development and SAR is needed in mice in order to comprehensively assess the activities of molecules of interest in these chronic disease processes. 
There are several critical steps in this protocol. First, dur...

어떤 모델이 완벽하게 인간의 질병 (2)의 모든 기능을 복제 할 수 없기 때문 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환을 연구하는 동물 모델의 사용은 도전이다. 대부분의 연구자들은 때문에 폐 생리학, 병리학, 유전학, 대사 산물의 생쥐와 인간 사이의 유사성 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환을 모델링하기 위해 마우스를 사용합니다. 또한, 마우스는 공부를 상대적으로 저렴하고, 폐기종 및 작은기도 개형 모두 CS 노출 (5,7-9) 6 개월 이내에 개발할 수 있습니다. 담배 연기에 의한 COPD : 여러 가지 방법이 쥐에서 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환을 유발 할 수 있습니다. 대부분의 연구자들은 인간의 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환의 주요 병인 인자 CS에 쥐를 노출. 6 개월 CS 노출 폐기종 마우스에서 작은기도 개형 (SAR)의 발전을 초래하지만, 유도되는 질환의 중증도 공부 뮤린 균주에 따라 다양하다. AKR / J 생쥐 extremel 반면 예를 들어, 마우스는 NZWLacZ CS - 유도 기종의 개발에 강한민감한 Y (10). 대부분의 연구자들은 많은 유전자 타겟 마우스이 변형에서 사용할 수있는 CS 노출 모델의 C57BL / 6 변형 쥐를 연구한다. CS 노출, 폐기종 및 작은기도의 섬유화 6 개월 후 야생 타입 개발 (WT) C57BL / 6 마우스, 두 병변은 심각도 (5, 10)에서 상대적으로 온화한. 코 전용 및 전신 노출 : 연구자들은 CS 노출의 두 가지 유형을 사용합니다. 1)이 더 노동 집약적 인 방법이다 : 코 전용 노출 기법의 주요 단점은 있습니다 2) 마우스 동물 (11)의 스트레스 반응과 온열 수를 유도 소실 구속되어야한다. (본원에 기재 됨) 전신 노출의 주요 단점은 털을 청소할 때 동물 니코틴 및 타르 제품 (또한 흡입 등) 섭취 할 수 있다는 것이다. 전신 CS 노출 된 마우스는 또한 낮은 헤모글로빈 수치가 코 전용 CS (12)에 노출 된 동물에 비해 체중의 손실을 감소시켰다. 폐 기능 검사 (PFT를) : 폐 준수 및 elastance의 조치는 일반적으로 C57BL / 6 야생형 비슷 (WT) 때문에 때를 개발 비교적 가벼운 기종에 6 개월 공기 또는 CS에 노출 된 쥐 변형은 CS (10)에 노출된다. 기종 파괴가 더 심한 경우 그러나, 폐 준수 및 압력 볼륨 (PV)에서 왼쪽 이동의 증가는 루프가 검출 될 수있다 흐른다. 후자는 C57BL / 6 WT 마우스보다 더 심한 폐기종 유형이 CS 노출 된 C57BL / 6 변형 유전자 타겟팅 마우스에서, CS의 효과 (10)에 더 민감하다 뮤린 균주, 예를 들면, 관찰 할 수있다 또는 CS의 효과 (14)에 더 민감들을 렌더링 환경 변화 실시 CS 노출 마우스 (13). 이 프로토콜은 조직에서 폐의 탄성 반동 (quasistatic 폐 준수 증가 [CST]의 감소와 감소를 측정 할 수있는 작은 동물 인공 호흡기를 사용elastance [H]), PV 흐름 루프, 마취 마우스 (15, 16)의기도와 조직 저항의 변화. 폐기종의 측정 : 그 분포가 균질하지 않기 때문에 CS-노출 C56BL / 6 변형 생쥐에서 폐기종 개발의 분석은 도전이다. 몇 가지 다른 방법은 마우스의 영공 확대를 정량화. 사용 된 첫 번째 방법 (17)의 평균 선형 절편 (L의 m)이었다. 그러나, L의 m 방법은 (폐의 모든 부분이 무작위로 샘플링하지 않는 한) 질병 때문에 분석에 관찰자의 편견을 초래할 수있다 그것의 사용의 이질성을 캡처 할 수 있습니다 느린, 수동 프로세스입니다. 파괴 지수 [DI는, (18)]도 마톡 실린 및 에오신 염색 폐 부의 인쇄 수치화 된 영상 위에 균등하게 분산 배치 된 50 점의 투명 시트를 이용한 공역 확대 정량화. PI 방법 점수 각 지점 AC 주변 영역범위을 준수하여하는하는이 지역 내에서 폐포 덕트 및 폐포 벽은 파괴합니다. DI 방법의 주요 단점은 시간이 많이 소요되는 등의 방법 (19, 20)보다 더 정확하지 않다는 것이다. 이 프로토콜 조치 길의 얼룩 염색 파라핀 폐 섹션에 폐포 현의 길이와 폐포 영역을 의미한다. 형태 학적 소프트웨어 바이너리 이미지 폐 구간의 영상을 변환 (여기서 조직은 흰색과 공역 블랙)에 연결 한 다음, 수평 및 수직 라인 (코드)의 균일 한 그리드를 중첩 및 소프트웨어가 다음에 의해 식별 영역 내의 각 코드의 길이를 정량화 영공 같은 소프트웨어. 이 방법을 이용하면, 상대적으로 표준화되고 자동화 된 방법 (21)에 폐의 모든 부분에서 폐포의 크기를 측정 할 수있다. 작은기도 개형 (SAR) : ECM 단백질의 증가 증착 (특히 interstitia작은기도 주위 리터의 콜라겐)는 CS에 노출 된 동물에서 발생하고 방해 공기 흐름에 기여한다. 연구팀은 폐기종 개발 (22)로 자주 만성 폐쇄성 폐 질환의 동물 모델에서 SAR을 연구하지 않습니다. CS 노출 된 마우스의 SAR을 정량화하기 위해,이 프로토콜은 소기 파라핀 폐 섹션 (기도 300와 899m 사이의 평균 직경을 갖는) 주위에 증착된다 ECM 단백질의 층의 두께를 측정하는 이미지 분석 소프트웨어를 사용하여 메이슨의 트리 크롬으로 염색하고.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="579">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Whole-body smoke exposure device</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Teague Enterprise</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">TE-10z</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:153px;">Chronic Smoke exposures to induce chronic lung disease in mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Research Cigarette</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">University of Kentucky</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">3R4F reference cigarettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Pallflex&#174; Air Monitoring Filters, Emfab Filters TX40HI20WW, 25 mm</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Pall Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">7219</td>
			<td rowspan="4" style="width:153px;">For measurement of TPMs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:223px;">25 mm filter holder</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Pall Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:223px;">Filter sampler</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Intermatic</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Metal T100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Gas meter</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">AEM</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Gas meters G1.6; G2.5; G4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Tracheal Cannula for mouse 18 gauge</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Labinvention</td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:153px;">Analysis of pulmonary function</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:223px;">Mechanical ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Scireq</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">FlexiVent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:223px;">Gill&#39;s hematoxylin solution&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">GSH316</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:153px;">For Gill staining, work under a fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Hematoxylin solution, Harris modified</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">HHS16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Cytoseal-60</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>8310-16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Micro-Slide-Field-Finder</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Andwin Scientific INC</td>
			<td>50-949-582</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:153px;">For analysis of emphysema</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">Scion Image Program</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Scion Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:223px;">Mason&#39;s trichrome stain</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">HT15</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:153px;">For analysis of small airway fibrosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:223px;">MetaMorp Offline version 7.0</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Molecullar Devices LLC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">31032</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated measurement of pulmonary emphysema and small airway remodeling in cigarette smoke-exposed mice

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1). Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that contribute to the disease process and to test the efficacy of novel therapies for COPD. Researchers use a number of models of COPD employing different species including rodents, guinea-pigs, rabbits, and dogs(2). However, the most widely-used model is that in which mice are exposed to cigarette smoke. Mice are an especially useful species in which to model COPD because their genome can readily be manipulated to generate animals that are either deficient in, or over-express individual proteins. Studies of gene-targeted mice that have been exposed to cigarette smoke have provided valuable information about the contributions of individual molecules to different lung pathologies in COPD(3-5). Most studies have focused on pathways involved in emphysema development which contributes to the airflow obstruction that is characteristic of COPD. However, small airway fibrosis also contributes significantly to airflow obstruction in human COPD patients(6), but much less is known about the pathogenesis of this lesion in smoke-exposed animals. To address this knowledge gap, this protocol quantifies both emphysema development and small airway fibrosis in smoke-exposed mice. This protocol exposes mice to CS using a whole-body exposure technique, then measures respiratory mechanics in the mice, inflates the lungs of mice to a standard pressure, and fixes the lungs in formalin. The researcher then stains the lung sections with either Gill&#8217;s stain to measure the mean alveolar chord length (as a readout of emphysema severity) or Masson&#8217;s trichrome stain to measure deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins around small airways (as a readout of small airway fibrosis). Studies of the effects of molecular pathways on both of these lung pathologies will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of COPD.

이 프로토콜은 CS에 대한 마우스의 전신 노출로 시작합니다. 적절한 감시 장치의 감시 및 TPM의 유지 일관된 연기 노출 (도 1)을 보장 센다. 연구자가 팽창 장치를 이용하여 폐 인플레이션 기술 관행한다는 것이 중요 이 프로토콜은 CS에 대한 마우스의 전신 노출로 시작합니다. 적절한 감시 장치의 감시 및 TPM의 유지 일관된 연기 노출 (도 1)을 보장 센다...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice at JoVE.com

Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

The goal of this protocol is to provide automated methods to quantify chronic lung pathologies in a murine model of COPD. The protocol includes exposing mice to cigarette smoke (CS), measuring pulmonary function, inflating the lungs, and using morphometry methods to measure emphysema and small airway remodeling in mice.

담배 연기에 노출 된 마우스의 폐 폐기종 및 작은기도 리모델링 자동 측정

COPD is projected to be the third most common cause of mortality world-wide by 2020(1).  Animal models of COPD are used to identify molecules that ...

automated-measurement-pulmonary-emphysema-small-airway-remodeling

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.1K 조회수.  Brigham and Women's Hospital - Harvard Medical School. The goal of this protocol is to provide automated methods to quantify chronic lung pathologies in a murine model of COPD. The protocol includes exposing mice to cigarette smoke (CS), measuring pulmonary function, inflating the lungs, and using morphometry methods to measure emphysema and small airway remodeling in mice. 

비디오: Automated Measurement of Pulmonary Emphysema and Small Airway Remodeling in Cigarette Smoke-exposed Mice

Isolation of Mouse Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Exposure to Experimental Cigarette Smoke at Air Liquid Interface

Pulmonary epithelial cells can be isolated from the respiratory tract of mice and cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) as a model of differentiated respiratory epithelium. A protocol is described for isolating and exposing these cells to mainstream cigarette smoke (CS), in order to study epithelial cell responses to CS exposure. The protocol consists of three parts: the isolation of airway epithelial cells from mouse trachea, the culturing of these cells at air-liquid interface (ALI) as fully differentiated epithelial cells, and the delivery of calibrated mainstream CS to these cells in culture. The ALI culture system allows the culture of respiratory epithelia under conditions that more closely resemble their physiological setting than ordinary liquid culture systems. The study of molecular and lung cellular responses to CS exposure is a critical component of understanding the impact of environmental air pollution on human health. Research findings in this area may ultimately contribute towards understanding the etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other tobacco-related diseases, which represent major global health problems.

Pulmonary epithelial cells can be isolated from the respiratory tract of mice and cultured at air-liquid interface as a model of differentiated respiratory epithelium. A protocol is described for isolating, culturing and exposing these cells to mainstream cigarette smoke, in order to study molecular responses to this environmental toxin.

에어 리퀴드 인터페이스에서 마우스 호흡기 상피 세포 및 실험 담배 연기에 노출의 분리

Pulmonary epithelial cells can be isolated from the respiratory tract of mice and cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI) as a model of differentiated ...

연구

의학

Protocol for Long Duration Whole Body Hyperthermia in Mice

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body temperature that is observed during fever. The use of hyperthermia as an adjuvant has emerged as a promising procedure for tumor regression in the field of cancer biology. For this purpose, the most important requirement is to have reliable and uniform heating protocols. We have developed a protocol for hyperthermia (whole body) in mice. In this protocol, animals are exposed to cycles of hyperthermia for 90 min followed by a rest period of 15 min. During this period mice have easy access to food and water. High body temperature spikes in the mice during first few hyperthermia exposure cycles are prevented by immobilizing the animal. Additionally, normal saline is administered in first few cycles to minimize the effects of dehydration. This protocol can simulate fever like conditions in mice up to 12-24 hr. We have used 8-12 weeks old BALB/Cj female mice to demonstrate the protocol.

This paper describes a protocol for whole body hyperthermia in mice that can stimulate fever like conditions up to 12-24 hr.

마우스의 긴 기간 온 몸이 고열에 대한 프로토콜

Hyperthermia is a general term used to define the increase in core body temperature above normal. It is often used to describe the increased core body ...

In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

The endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycans and associated glycosaminoglycans lining the vascular lumen. In vivo, the glycocalyx is highly hydrated, forming a substantial endothelial surface layer (ESL) that contributes to the maintenance of endothelial function. As the endothelial glycocalyx is often aberrant in vitro and is lost during standard tissue fixation techniques, study of the ESL requires use of intravital microscopy. To best approximate the complex physiology of the alveolar microvasculature, pulmonary intravital imaging is ideally performed on a freely-moving lung. These preparations, however, typically suffer from extensive motion artifact. We demonstrate how closed-chest intravital microscopy of a freely-moving mouse lung can be used to measure glycocalyx integrity via ESL exclusion of fluorescently-labeled high molecular weight dextrans from the endothelial surface. This non-recovery surgical technique, which requires simultaneous brightfield and fluorescent imaging of the mouse lung, allows for longitudinal observation of the subpleural microvasculature without evidence of inducing confounding lung injury.

In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

The endothelial glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer is ideally studied using intravital microscopy. Intravital microscopy is technically challenging in a moving organ such as the lung. We demonstrate how simultaneous brightfield and fluorescent microscopy may be used to estimate endothelial surface layer thickness in a freely-moving in vivo mouse lung.

마우스 폐 내피 표면 층의 생체 측정

The endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycans and associated glycosaminoglycans lining the vascular lumen. In vivo, the glycocalyx is highly ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of the Right Heart in Mice

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential therapies. Given the expense and time involved in creating animal models of disease, it is critical that researchers have tools to accurately assess phenotypic expression of disease. Right ventricular dysfunction is the major manifestation of pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography is the mainstay of the noninvasive assessment of right ventricular function in rodent models and has the advantage of clear translation to humans in whom the same tool is used. Published echocardiography protocols in murine models of PAH are lacking.
In this article, we describe a protocol for assessing RV and pulmonary vascular function in a mouse model of PAH with a dominant negative BMPRII mutation; however, this protocol is applicable to any diseases affecting the pulmonary vasculature or right heart. We provide a detailed description of animal preparation, image acquisition and hemodynamic calculation of stroke volume, cardiac output and an estimate of pulmonary artery pressure.

This article provides a protocol for the echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular size and pulmonary hypertension in mice. Applications include phenotype determination and serial assessment in transgenic and toxin-induced mouse models of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary vascular disease.

마우스의 오른쪽 심장의 심 초음파 평가

Transgenic and toxic models of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are widely used to study the pathophysiology of PAH and to investigate potential ...

Automated Measurement of Microcirculatory Blood Flow Velocity in Pulmonary Metastases of Rats

Because the lung is a major target organ of metastatic disease, animal models to study the physiology of pulmonary metastases are of great importance. However, very few methods exist to date to investigate lung metastases in a dynamic fashion at the microcirculatory level, due to the difficulty to access the lung with a microscope. Here, an intravital microscopy method is presented to functionally image and quantify the microcirculation of superficial pulmonary metastases in rats, using a closed-chest pulmonary window and automated analysis of blood flow velocity and direction. The utility of this method is demonstrated to measure increases in blood flow velocity in response to pharmacological intervention, and to image the well-known tortuous vasculature of solid tumors. This is the first demonstration of intravital microscopy on pulmonary metastases in a closed-chest model. Because of its minimized invasiveness, as well as due to its relative ease and practicality, this technology has the potential to experience widespread use in laboratories that specialize on pulmonary tumor research.

A method is presented to measure microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary cancer metastases of the pleural surface in rats in an automated fashion, using closed-chest pulmonary intravital microscopy. This model has potential to be used as a widespread tool to perform physiologic research on pulmonary metastases in rodents.

쥐의 폐 전이의 미세 혈류 속도의 자동 측정

Because the lung is a major target organ of metastatic disease, animal models to study the physiology of pulmonary metastases are of great importance. ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

마우스의기도 신속 삽관 용 개선 된 방법

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

쥐의 복부 대동맥의 수축을 통해 심장 리모델링의 모델

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. The potential adverse health effects of electronic cigarette vapor (E-vapor) exposure are poorly defined. While several animal models of E-vapor exposure have been developed, few models expose rodents to clinically relevant quantities of nicotine and make direct comparisons to cigarette smoke within the same exposure system. Here, we present a method for constructing and operating an E-vapor chamber and cigarette smoke chamber. The chambers are constructed by outfitting anesthesia chambers with a computer controlled pumping system that delivers consistent amounts of E-vapor or cigarette smoke to rodents. Nicotine exposure is measured indirectly by quantifying pre and post-exposure serum cotinine levels. This exposure system can be modified to accommodate various types of E-cigarettes&#160;and tobacco cigarettes, and can be used to compare the effects of E-vapor&#160;and cigarette smoke in vivo.

Comparing the Effects of Electronic Cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in a Novel In Vivo Exposure System

This protocol describes a method for exposing rodents to electronic cigarette vapor (E-vapor) and cigarette smoke. Exposure chambers are constructed by modifying anesthesia chambers with an automated pumping system that delivers E-vapor or cigarette smoke to rodents. This system can easily be modified to accommodate many experimental endpoints.

전자 담배와 담배 연기의 효과 비교<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; 노출 시스템

Electronic cigarettes (E-cigarettes) are being widely used, and growing in popularity. It is estimated that more than 9 million adults use them regularly. ...

Lung Fixation under Constant Pressure for Evaluation of Emphysema in Mice

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung fixation to produce reliable histological specimens of the lung. Due to the nature of the lung&rsquo;s structural composition, which consists largely of air and tissue, there is a risk that it collapses or deflates during the fixation process. Various lung fixation methods exist, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. The lung fixation method presented here utilizes constant pressure to enable optimal tissue evaluation for studies using an emphysematous mouse lung model. The main advantage is that it can fix many lungs with the same condition at one time. Lung specimens are obtained from chronic cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Lung fixation is performed using specialized equipment that enables the production of constant pressure. This constant pressure maintains the lung in a reasonably inflated state. Thus, this method generates a histological specimen of the lung that is suitable to evaluate cigarette smoke-induced mild emphysema.

Presented here is a useful protocol for lung fixation that creates a stable condition for histological evaluate of lung specimens from a mouse model of emphysema. The main advantage of this model is that it can fix many lungs with the same constant pressure without lung collapse or deflation.

마우스에 있는 기종의 평가를 위한 일정한 압력의 밑에 폐 고정

Emphysema is a significant feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Studies involving an emphysematous mouse model require optimal lung ...

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mice

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. The measurement system consists of a miniaturized fluorescence detector that is directly attached to the skin on the back of conscious, freely moving animals, and measures the excretion kinetics of the exogenous GFR tracer, fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC) conjugated sinistrin (an inulin analog). This system has been described in detail in rats. However, because of their smaller size, measurement of transcutaneous GFR in mice presents additional technical challenges. In this paper we therefore provide the first detailed practical guide to the use of transdermal GFR monitors in mice based on the combined experience of three different investigators who have been performing this assay in mice over a number of years.

Here we describe a protocol to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious, freely moving mice using a transdermal GFR monitor.

Transdermal analysis of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is an established technique that is used to assess renal function in mouse and rat models of ...