This work has been supported by NIH HL-1034.

존스 홉킨스 대학 동물 관리 및 사용위원회는 모든 동물 프로토콜을 승인했다. 1. 장비 , PV 곡선을 측정 할 준비가 설정 한 복합 시스템은 그림 1에 표시됩니다. <ol><li> 볼륨 측정 : <ol><li> 사용자가 신속하게 압력 한계에 도달 한 후 펌프를 역방향 있도록 스위치 시린지 펌프를 이용하여 팽창과 수축의 일정한 속도를 생성한다. 마우스 PV 곡선의 경우, 공기의 3 ㎖에서 설정 한 초기 볼륨 (이전에 인플레이션)를 매우 가볍게 기름을 바른 5 mL 유리 주사기를 사용합니다. 3 ㎖ 거의 모든 마우스 PV 곡선의 볼륨을 측정 할 수있을만큼 충분히 크다. </li><li> 이동 주사기 플런저에 연결된 작은 센서 막대와, 펌프 하우징에 선형 미분 변압기 부착함으로써 펌프에 의해 전달되는 부피를 측정한다. 주 : 경험적 수단은 시스템의 가스 압축을 보정하기 위해 PV 세제곱에 따라 설명한다RVE 기록부. </li></ol></li><li> 압력 측정 : <ol><li> 0-60cm H 2 O (0-1 PSI)의 범위와 표준 저렴한 압력 게이지를 사용합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 측정 기록 : <ol><li> PV 곡선은 XY 기능 (예를 들어, PowerLab의)와 모든 디지털 레코더를 사용하여 기록합니다. 볼륨 보정 신호 및 PV 곡선을 그래프로 위해서는 경폐 압력 (PTP)을 기록하는 또 다른 채널을 녹화하기 위해 하나의 채널을 설정한다. 압력을 측정하는 주 PowerLab의 다리에 연결 전치 증폭기를 사용한다. 00-40 센티미터 H 2 O로부터 압력 채널을 조정하고, 0-3 ml의 부피에서 채널을 조정. </li></ol></li></ol> 가스 압축 2. 수정 주 :이에 중요한 초기 단계이다 압력 증가, 가스 부피가 감소하고, 마우스로 전달되는 공기의 양으로서 따라서 SYR의 변위보다 더욱 적게되기 때문에, 설정디트로이트 배럴. <ol><li> 폐에 태양 광 발전 시스템을 연결하는 꼭지를 닫습니다, 그래서 가스 시스템을 떠날 수 있습니다. 주입을 시작하고 레코더의 보정 볼륨 채널은 약 40cm의 H 2 O에 압력이 증가함에 따라 측정 가능한 변화를 보여준다 경우 관찰 다음 단계에서와 같이 그렇다면, 올바른합니다. <ol><li> 경험적으로 플런저 변위 측정에서 빼서 가스 압축에 대한 올바른 (즉, 보정 볼륨) 인플레이션 압력에 비례하는 용어입니다. 볼륨 신호 마이너스 계수 배의 압력을 표시 할 PowerLab의 채널 (라고 VC)에이 작업을 수행합니다. </li><li> 방정식의 계수를 결정합니다. 첫째, 초기 추측에 기록 차트를 켜고 펌프를 시작합니다. 팽창 튜브 밀봉되기 때문에, 압력은 0-40 센티미터 H 2 O.에서 상승 채널 (VC)가 제로 보이게 압력 계수 승산기를 조정 이 위 또는 아래로되면, 단순히까지 보정 계수를 조정이 압력 범위에서 플랫 유지됩니다. 주사기의 체적을 시작 같은 3 ㎖가 변경되지 않은 경우이 보정 계수는 항상 동일하다. </li></ol></li></ol> 마우스 3. 실험 테스트 <ol><li> 마우스의 PV 곡선의 측정을위한 절차. 모든 동물 프로토콜은 존스 홉킨스 대학 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다. <ol><li> 케타민 (90 ㎎ / ㎏)과 자일 라진 (15 ㎎ / ㎏)와 (나이 6-12 주에 C57BL / 6 마​​우스) 쥐를 마취하고, 반사 운동의 부재로 마취를 확인합니다. 주 : PV 곡선은 10 분 미만에 마취 된 마우스에서 완료되고 단말 절차 수있다. </li><li> 18 G 스텁 바늘 캐 뉼러와 마우스를 Tracheostomize. 다음 스텁 바늘을 삽입 할 수있는 기관, 작은 슬릿을, 기관을 덮는 피부에 작은 절개를 만드는 기관을 배치함으로써이 작업을 수행합니다. 실로 매서 캐 뉼러를 고정합니다. </li><li> 호흡 하나에 마우스를 허용적어도 4 분 00 % 산소. 이 가방이나 명목상 150 호흡 / 분에서 0.2 ml의 호흡량 설정 인공 호흡기와자가 호흡을 통해 할 수있다. </li><li> 기관 캐뉼라를 종료하고 마우스 3-4 분 모든 산소를 흡수 할 수 있습니다. 이 산소 흡수 과정은 동물의 폐 및 (11)의 거의 전체에서 탈기 죽음을 초래한다. ECG 전극 또는 직접 관찰과 심장 박동의 정지를 측정하여 마우스의 죽음을 확인합니다. </li><li> 폐의 탈기가 완료되고 폐 용적이 제로가되면, / 분으로 3 ㎖의 속도로 시린지 펌프에 실내 공기로 폐를 팽창시키기 시작한다. 디지털 레코더에 압접 흔적을 모니터하고 35cm의 H 2 O에 도달 할 때, 펌프를 역방향. </li><li> 압력이기도가 더 부피 감소를 방지 폐포에서 공기를 포집, 붕괴되는 시간에 의해 부정적인 10cm의 H 2 O를, 도달 할 때까지 디플레이션 곡선을 따르십시오. 즉시 t 역그는 붕괴기도가 여는 폐 reinflate 할 수 있도록, 다시 펌프. 이 이종 개방이 2 인플레이션의 초기 부분에서 잡음이 찾고 인플레이션 사지에 의해 일반적으로 알 수있다. </li><li> 압력이 다시 35cm의 H 2 O에 도달하면, 펌프 방향을 반전하고,이 두번째 디플레이션 사지 0cm의 H 2 O에 도달 할 때까지 폐 수축 계속 그런 다음 펌프를 중지합니다. </li><li> 압력 및 흐름과 PV 곡선의 PowerLab의 차트 기록을 볼 수 있습니다. 그런 다음 다른 폐 병리 발생하는 폐 실질 조직의 표현형 변화를 감지하기 위해 PV 곡선을 분석 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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None of the authors have any financial interests that would be in conflict with the material presented in this paper.

본 논문에서는 간단한 재현 방법은 마우스의 표현형 폐 탄성, 전체 폐 PV 곡선의 고전적인 방법을 측정하는 기술되었다. 이러한 곡선은 폐 계면 활성제의 발견과 폐 안정성을 제공의 중요성에 쓸모 있었다. 여기가 PV 곡선 성인 마우스 폐에서 폐 탄성 관련된 여러 변수를 측정하는 수단을 제공하기에 유용한 방법을 도시한다. 마우스 폐의 병리학 적 변화를 생성하기 위해 일반적으로 사용되는 두 ?...

이제 마우스 폐 질환의 다양한 일차 동물 모델이다. 폐기종 또는 섬유증의 모델에서, 필수적인 표현형 변화는 가장 폐 탄성의 변화를 측정함으로써 평가된다. 탄성을 측정하는 방법은 여러 가지가 있겠지만, 고전적인 방법은 그 총 폐 용량 (TLC)에 잔여 볼륨 (RV)에서 측정 된 전체 압력 - 볼륨 (PV) 곡선. 이 측정은 거의 백년 1-3 거슬러 올라가는 거의 모든 포유류에서 성인 폐에 만들어졌다. 이러한 PV 곡선 태아 폐 개발 4-7 폐 계면 활성제의 기능의 발견 및 이해에 중요한 역할을했다. 폐의 표현형의 측정치로 PV 곡선의 중요성에도 불구하고,이 측정을 수행 할 수있는 표준화 된 방법이 없었다. 그것은 팽창 및 이산 단계와 폐 (각 후 평형에 대한 변수 대기 시간)을 배출하기 또는 펌프를 간단하게 수행되었음을지속적으로 팽창하고 폐를 수축 할 수 있습니다. PV 곡선들은 제로 및 일부 사용자 정의 폐활량 사이의 체적 범위에서 수행되지만 다른 실험실에 의해보고 된 각 압력 볼륨 루프의 지속 시간은 5.6 시간 (2)에 몇 초 (8)로부터 변화, 매우 변수였다. 일부 연구자들은 정적 또는 quasistatic 등이 총 폐 PV 곡선을 참조하지만, 이러한 작은 통찰력을 제공 질적이며, 그들은 여기에 사용되지 않습니다. 또한, PV 곡선 널리이 폐에서의 구조적 변화의 거시적 효과에 관한 유용한 정보를 제공 할 수 있다는 사실에도 불구하고, 마우스에서보고되지 않았다. 몇 가지 문제가 포함 PV 곡선 획득의 가변성에 성공 : 인플레이션과 디플레이션 1) 비율; 2) 인플레이션과 디플레이션에 대한 압력 여행; 3) 수단은 절대 폐 량 측정을 결정한다. 여기에 방법 존재에서, 3 ㎖의 속도 / 분 compromis로 선정되었다대규모 코호트 연구 특히, 측정 비실용적로서 전자, 너무 짧게있는 것은 통풍 너무 느린하지와 관련된 동적 탄성을 반영합니다. C57BL / 6 마우스의 건강한 공칭 전체 폐 용량 1.2 ㎖의 9 정도이기 때문에,이 속도는 전형적으로는 두 개의 완전한 PV는 약 1.5 분에서 수행 될 수 있도록 폐쇄 루프. PV 곡선이보고 된 확장 된 문헌에서 사용 피크 인플레이션 압력은 40 센티미터 H 2 O로 낮은 20에서 다양한 매우 변수왔다 이 변동의 일부는 종에 관련 될 수 있지만, PV 곡선의 상한 압력 한계를 설정하는 기본 목표 총 폐활량 (TLC) 또는 최대 폐 용적 폐 팽창한다. 인간의 TLC는 개인이 만들 수있는 최대한의 자발적인 노력에 의해 정의된다, 그러나 불행하게도이 모든 동물 모델에서 중복 될 수 없다. 따라서, 실험 PV 곡선의 최대 볼륨을 억제하다임의로 연구자가 설정 한 최대 압력에 의해 채굴. 목표는 PV 곡선이 평탄 압력을 설정할 수 있지만, 불행히도 포유류 폐 PV 곡선의 팽창 사지 결코 평탄한. 그래서 대부분의 연구자들은 일반적으로 인플레이션 곡선이 실질적으로 평평하게 시작 압력, 30cm의 H 2 O를 설정 마우스 그러나 PV 곡선은 팽창 사지 이중 혹으로 더 복잡하며,이 팽창 사지 종종 여전히 30cm의 H 2 O (10)에서 급격하게 상승되는 경우, 그래서 30 대 좋은 종점 아니다 PV 곡선. 이러한 이유로, 우리는 우리가 검토 한 모든 균주의 팽창 사지가 평평하게 시작하는 압력이 마우스 PV 곡선의 압력 한계, 같은 35cm의 H 2 O를 사용합니다. PV 곡선 자체가 매우 비선형이기 때문에, PV 루프의 외관은 곡선이 어디서 시작 부피​​에 의존 할 것이다. 일부 상용 팬은 F에서 시작하여, 사용자가 큰 PV 루프를 수행 할 수RC하지만 FRC 볼륨이 미지 인 경우, 이들 변경 단순히 볼륨 개시까지 변화로부터 발생할 수 있기 때문에, 임의의 병리와 같은 PV 곡선의 변화를 해석하는 것은 불가능하고, 폐하지 구조적 변화. 따라서 절대 볼륨 측정하지 않고, PV 곡선을 해석하고, 따라서 작은 유틸리티가 거의 불가능하다. 폐 볼륨을 측정하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있습니다,하지만, 이들은 종종 복잡하고 특별한 장비가 필요합니다. 여기에 설명 된 간단한 방법으로, PV 곡선은 생체 내 가스 제거 과정을 거친 후 제로 볼륨에서 시작한다. 요약하면, 본 논문에서는 마우스의 폐에서 폐 PV 곡선 측정을 표준화하기위한 간단한 방법을 설명하고, 폐 구조에 연결되어있는이 곡선으로부터 계산 될 수있는 몇 가지 지표를 정의합니다. PV 곡선 따라서 통신과 마우스에서 표현형의 구조적인 변화를 감지 할 수있는 직접 응용 프로그램이있는 폐 기능 검사를 제공합니다폐기종 및 섬유증과 같은 폐 병리에.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:244px;">&#160;Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-2226</td>
			<td>Infuse/Withdraw syringe pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Pump 22 Reversing Switch&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>552217</td>
			<td>&#160;included with pump</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Linear displacement transformer</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Trans-Tek, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">0244-0000</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;"></td>
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			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">5 mL glass syringe</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Becton Dickenson</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Digital recorder</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ADInstruments</td>
			<td>PL3504</td>
			<td>Several other possible vendors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bridge Amp Signal Conditioner</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">ADInstruments</td>
			<td>FE221</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;">Gas tank,100% oxygen</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Airgas, Inc</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td>Any supplier or hospital source will work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:244px;"></td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pressure Transducer - 0-1psi&#160; millivolt output</td>
			<td>Omega Engineering</td>
			<td>PX-137</td>
			<td>Range: &#8776;0-60 cmH2O</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of the pressure-volume curve in mouse lungs

최근 수십 년 동안 마우스가 폐 질환의 다양한 차 동물 모델이되고있다. 폐기종 또는 섬유증의 모델에서, 필수적인 표현형 변화는 가장 폐 탄성 변화의 측정에 의해 평가된다. 마우스에서 가장 이러한 병리를 특정 기본 메커니즘을 이해하기 위해서는 병리 현상을 반영 할 수있는 기능을 측정하는 데 필수적이다. 탄성을 측정하는 방법에는 여러 가지가 있지만, 전형적인 방법은 전체 폐 용적의 압력 (PV)는 폐 곡선 볼륨의 전체 범위에 걸쳐 수행한다는 것이다. 이 측정은 거의 백년 거슬러 거의 모든 포유 동물 종으로부터 성인 폐에서 이루어진 것으로, 이러한 PV 곡선은 태아 폐 개발 폐 계면 활성제의 기능의 발견 및 이해에 중요한 역할을했다. 불행히도, 이러한 전체 PV 곡선들이 널리 macrosc에 유용한 정보를 제공 할 수 있다는 사실에도 불구하고, 마우스에서보고되지 않은폐의 구조적인 변화의 OPIC 효과. 폐 용적의 단지 부분적인 변화를 측정 PV 곡선 때때로보고되어 있지만, 절대 체적의 측정치없이 전체 PV 곡선의 비선형 특성을 해석하는 이러한 부분들 매우 어렵게 만든다. 본 연구에서는 총 PV 곡선을 측정하는 표준화 된 방법을 설명합니다. 우리는 다음 두 가지 일반적인 폐 병변, 폐기종 및 섬유증 마우스 폐 구조의 변화를 감지하는이 곡선의 능력을 시험 하였다. 결과는 이러한 병리와 예상 구조적 변화와 일치하는 여러 변수에 큰 변화를 보였다. 마우스에서 폐 PV 곡선이 측정은 시간이 지남에 따라서, 병태 생리 학적 변화 및 ​​치료 방법의 효과 전위의 진행을 모니터링하는 간단한 수단을 제공한다.

PV 곡선에 대한 절차는 전용 제어 건강한 쥐 비디오에서 입증되었지만, 우리는 두 가지 일반적인 병리, 폐기종 및 섬유증 마우스에서 기능적이고 병리 변화를 검출하기 위해 PV 곡선의 능력을 조사 하였다. 이러한 전통적인 모델의 세부 사항은 다른 곳에서 12, 13 설명했다. 아주 간단히, 3 % 이소 플루 란 마취 후 폐기종은 기관지에 주입 3 또는 6 U 돼지의 췌장 엘라 스타 제에 의해 발생 된 3 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs at JoVE.com

Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs

Here we present a protocol to simply and reliably measure the lung pressure-volume curve in mice, showing that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect phenotypic parenchymal changes in two common lung pathologies, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. This metric provides a means to quantify the lung&#8217;s structural changes with developing pathology.

마우스 폐의 압력 볼륨 곡선의 측정

In recent decades the mouse has become the primary animal model of a variety of lung diseases. In models of emphysema or fibrosis, the essential ...

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18.5K 조회수.  Johns Hopkins University. Here we present a protocol to simply and reliably measure the lung pressure-volume curve in mice, showing that it is sufficiently sensitive to detect phenotypic parenchymal changes in two common lung pathologies, pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. This metric provides a means to quantify the lung’s structural changes with developing pathology.

비디오: Measurement of the Pressure-volume Curve in Mouse Lungs

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

약시의 억제의 측정 및 치료

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

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In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

The endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycans and associated glycosaminoglycans lining the vascular lumen. In vivo, the glycocalyx is highly hydrated, forming a substantial endothelial surface layer (ESL) that contributes to the maintenance of endothelial function. As the endothelial glycocalyx is often aberrant in vitro and is lost during standard tissue fixation techniques, study of the ESL requires use of intravital microscopy. To best approximate the complex physiology of the alveolar microvasculature, pulmonary intravital imaging is ideally performed on a freely-moving lung. These preparations, however, typically suffer from extensive motion artifact. We demonstrate how closed-chest intravital microscopy of a freely-moving mouse lung can be used to measure glycocalyx integrity via ESL exclusion of fluorescently-labeled high molecular weight dextrans from the endothelial surface. This non-recovery surgical technique, which requires simultaneous brightfield and fluorescent imaging of the mouse lung, allows for longitudinal observation of the subpleural microvasculature without evidence of inducing confounding lung injury.

In vivo Measurement of the Mouse Pulmonary Endothelial Surface Layer

The endothelial glycocalyx/endothelial surface layer is ideally studied using intravital microscopy. Intravital microscopy is technically challenging in a moving organ such as the lung. We demonstrate how simultaneous brightfield and fluorescent microscopy may be used to estimate endothelial surface layer thickness in a freely-moving in vivo mouse lung.

마우스 폐 내피 표면 층의 생체 측정

The endothelial glycocalyx is a layer of proteoglycans and associated glycosaminoglycans lining the vascular lumen. In vivo, the glycocalyx is highly ...

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta and inferior vena cava (IVC) are exposed. The proximal infrarenal aorta and the distal aorta are dissected for clamp placement and needle puncture, respectively. Special attention is paid to avoid dissection between the aorta and the IVC. After clamping the aorta, a 25 G needle is used to puncture both walls of the aorta into the IVC. The surrounding connective tissue is used for hemostatic compression. Successful creation of the AVF will show pulsatile arterial blood flow in the IVC. Further confirmation of successful AVF can be achieved by post-operative Doppler ultrasound.

The goal is to produce an arteriovenous fistula that is simple and reproducible. This method does not use sutures or glue adhesive. Therefore the samples can be used with the least amount of foreign materials for analysis.

마우스 Aortocaval 누관의 기술적 측면

Technical aspects of creating an arteriovenous fistula in the mouse are discussed. Under general anesthesia, an abdominal incision is made, and the aorta ...

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

돼지의 심근 경색 및 기능적 결과의 평가

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

Cardiac Catheterization in Mice to Measure the Pressure Volume Relationship: Investigating the Bowditch Effect

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these strategies is to examine their effects on heart function. There are several techniques to measure in vivo cardiac mechanics (e.g., echocardiography, pressure/volume relations, etc.). Compared to echocardiography, real-time left ventricular (LV) pressure/volume analysis via catheterization is more precise and insightful in assessing LV function. Additionally, LV pressure/volume analysis provides the ability to instantaneously record changes during manipulations of contractility (e.g., &#946;-adrenergic stimulation) and pathological insults (e.g., ischemia/reperfusion injury). In addition to the maximum (+dP/dt) and minimum (-dP/dt) rate of pressure change in the LV, an accurate assessment of LV function via several load-independent indexes (e.g., end systolic pressure volume relationship and preload recruitable stroke work) can be attained. Heart rate has a significant effect on LV contractility such that an increase in the heart rate is the primary mechanism to increase cardiac output (i.e., Bowditch effect). Thus, when comparing hemodynamics between experimental groups, it is necessary to have similar heart rates. Furthermore, a hallmark of many cardiomyopathy models is a decrease in contractile reserve (i.e., decreased Bowditch effect). Consequently, vital information can be obtained by determining the effects of increasing heart rate on contractility. Our and others data has demonstrated that the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) knockout mouse has decreased contractility. Here we describe the procedure of measuring LV pressure/volume with increasing heart rates using the NOS1 knockout mouse model.

This article describes the measurement of murine left ventricular function via pressure/volume analysis at different heart rates.

Bowditch 효과 조사 : 압력 볼륨 관계를 측정하기 위해 마우스의 심장 도관

Animal models that mimic human cardiac disorders have been created to test potential therapeutic strategies. A key component to evaluating these ...

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, and possibly glaucoma. Therefore, retinal microvascular preparations are pivotal tools for physiological and pharmacological studies to delineate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and to design therapies for the diseases. Despite the wide use of mouse models in ophthalmic research, studies on retinal vascular reactivity are scarce in this species. A major reason for this discrepancy is the challenging isolation procedures owing to the small size of these retinal blood vessels, which is ~ &#8804; 30 &#181;m in luminal diameter. To circumvent the problem of direct isolation of these retinal microvessels for functional studies, we established an isolation and preparation technique that enables ex vivo studies of mouse retinal vasoactivity under near-physiological conditions. Although the present experimental preparations will specifically refer to the mouse retinal arterioles, this methodology can readily be employed to microvessels from rats.

Preparation Steps for Measurement of Reactivity in Mouse Retinal Arterioles Ex Vivo

Many vision-threatening ocular diseases are associated with dysfunctional retinal microvessels. Therefore, the measurement of retinal arteriole responses is important to investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. This article describes a detailed protocol for mouse retinal arteriole isolation and preparation to assess the effects of vasoactive substances on vascular diameter.

마우스 망막 Arterioles Ex Vivo 에서 반응의 측정을 위한 준비 단계

Vascular insufficiency and alterations in normal retinal perfusion are among the major factors for the pathogenesis of various sight-threatening ocular ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any potential therapeutic approach directed against acute left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. Current imaging modalities (e.g., echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) have several limitations since data on LV pressure cannot directly be measured. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion could serve as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.
At the beginning of the procedure, mice were anesthetized followed by endotracheal intubation. For LV catheterization, the right carotid artery was exposed via middle-neck incision. The catheter was introduced and placed into the LV cavity. Left thoracotomy was conducted and the left main coronary artery (LCA) was ligated. To induce reperfusion, the suture was released after 45 min. Pressure-volume data was recorded at all times.
Ligation of the LCA caused a decrease in LV systolic function as evidenced by a 30% reduction in stroke volume, LV ejection fraction (EF), and cardiac output. Maximum dP/dt as a parameter for LV contractility was also significantly reduced and diastolic function was severely impaired (minimum dP/dt -40%). Reperfusion over a period of 20 min did not lead to a complete recovery of LV function.
Real-time pressure-volume analysis served as a valid procedure for monitoring cardiac function during acute myocardial infarction in mice. Maintaining stable anesthesia and a standardized surgical approach was crucial to ensure valid results. As the early phase of acute myocardial infarction is critical for morbidity and mortality, the delineated method could be beneficial for preclinical evaluation of new strategies for cardioprotection.

Acute myocardial infarction in mice induces acute but incompletely characterized changes in left ventricular (LV) function. LV catheterization in mice undergoing coronary artery occlusion serves as a novel method for a real-time evaluation of LV function.

쥐의 급성 심근 경색의 실시간 압력-볼륨 분석

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

마우스의 우심실 확장기 매개변수의 심초음파 측정

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice

Assessment of cardiac function is essential to conduct cardiovascular and pulmonary-vascular preclinical research. Pressure-volume loops (PV loops) generated by recording both pressure and volume during cardiac catheterization are vital when assessing both systolic and diastolic cardiac function. Left and right heart function are closely related, reflected in ventricular interdependence. Thus, recording biventricular function in the same animal is important to get a complete assessment of cardiac function. In this protocol, a closed chest approach to cardiac catheterization consistent with the way catheterization is performed in patients is adopted in mice. While challenging, the closed chest strategy is a more physiological approach, because opening the chest results in major changes in preload and afterload that create artifacts, most notably a fall in systemic blood pressure. While high-resolution echocardiography is used to assess rodents, cardiac catheterization is invaluable, particularly when assessing diastolic pressures in both ventricles.
Described here is a procedure to perform invasive, closed chest, sequential left and right ventricular pressure-volume (PV) loops in the same animal. PV loops are acquired using&#160;admittance technology with a mouse pressure-volume catheter and pressure-volume system acquisition. The procedure is described, beginning with the neck dissection, which is required to access the right jugular vein and the right carotid artery, to the insertion and positioning of the catheter, and finally the data acquisition. Then, the criteria required to ensure the acquisition of high-quality PV loops are discussed. Finally, the analysis of the left and right ventricular PV loops and the different hemodynamic parameters available to quantify systolic and diastolic ventricular function are briefly described.

Presented here is a protocol to assess biventricular heart function in mice by generating pressure-volume (PV) loops from the right and left ventricle in the same animal using closed chest catheterization. The focus is on the technical aspect of surgery and data acquisition.

생쥐의 폐쇄 흉부 카테터 삽입에 의한 심장 기능 및 압력-부피 루프의 양심실 평가

Assessment of cardiac function is essential to conduct cardiovascular and pulmonary-vascular preclinical research. Pressure-volume loops (PV loops) ...