이 연구는 NIH의 연구비 지원 : R21AG042066. 우리는 화면 캡처 비디오를 만드는 그의 공헌 필립 슐츠에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Protein variants have been shown to be involved in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&#8217;s, Parkinson&#8217;s, ALS and FTD1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. Isolation of antibodies that can selectively recognize these different protein variant targets can be effective reagents to study, diagnose and potentially treat such ailments. To generate such variant specific antibodies we have developed a novel biopanning process that utilizes atomic force microscopy to monitor the progress ...

단백질 변이체의 존재는 알쯔하이머, ​​파킨슨, ALS 및 전 측두엽 치매 (FTD) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 같은 신경 퇴행성 질환을 포함한 다양한 질환의 진행에 인자로서 연루되어왔다 , 10, 11. 단백질 베타 아밀로이드 및 알파 - 시누 클레인의 올리고머 형태의 알츠하이머와 파킨슨 각각 2,3,4,5에 대한 책임이있는 독성 종 것으로 생각된다. TAR DNA 결합 단백질 43 (TDP-43)의 집계는 ALS와 FTD 12,13,14에 연결되어있다. 따라서 선택적으로 다른 단백질 변종으로 진단 마커 및 잠재적 치료제를 제공 할 수있는 강력한 도구가 될 수 타겟팅 할 수있는 항체와 같은 시약. 이 연구에서 우리는 그러나이 문서에서 설명 된 기술은 제자의 넓은 범위에 대해 시약의 분리에 적용해야한다, 선택적으로 ALS에 연루 TDP-43 단백질의 변형을 결합 시약을 개발에 초점을 맞추고EIN은 변종. TDP-43의 세포질 집계 ALS 15,16,17,18,19의 병리학 적 기능으로 확인되었습니다. 그것은 세포질과 핵 15,17 사이를 이동하는 경향이 있지만, 일반적으로 TDP-43은 정상인의 모든 세포의 핵에서 발견된다. TDP-43의 그러나 ALS 집계 양식은 질병의 진행 16, 20시 세포질에 핵에서 TDP-43의 움직임을 제안하는 핵에있는 낮은 농도로 선택 신경 세포의 세포질과 아교 세포에서 발견된다. TDP-43의 응집 ALS의 대부분의 경우에서 발견되는 반면, 돌연변이에 연결된 1 % 총 ALS 케이스 (또는 15 % 가족 ALS 사례의 20 %)의 -2 % 보낸 모든 경우를 고려하지 않는다 슈퍼 옥사이드 디스 뮤 타제 1 (SOD1) 유전자 15,17. 때문에 ALS의 대부분의 경우에 TDP-43의 중요한 역할로, 여기에 우리가 선택적입니다 TDP-43 변형에 결합 할 수 항체 기반의 시약을 개발에 초점우리의 새로운 AFM 기반 biopanning 기술을 이용하여 인간의 ALS의 뇌 조직에 존재. 처음에 우리는 항체 결합 도메인의 다양한 레퍼토리를해야합니다. 우리는 세 가지 다른 파지 디스플레이 단일 쇄 가변 도메인 항체 단편 (scFvs) 라이브러리 (톰린슨 I 및 J 및 시트 라이브러리 21)를 결합했다. 패닝 과정은 음성 및 양성 패닝 단계로 구분된다. 파아지 라이브러리의 첫번째 다수 오프 표적 항원을 제외 반응성 파지되는 동안 음의 패닝 처리가 실시된다. 각 오프 - 타겟 항원에 대한 부정적인 패닝 각 라운드의 종료 후, 처리는 오프 - 타겟 항원 결합 파지 모두가 제거되었는지를 확인하기 위해 AFM 촬상에 의해 모니터링된다. 만 모든 반응 파지가 제거 AFM 이미징에 의해 확인 후 우리는 다음 목표로 진행 않습니다. ALS에 연루 TDP-43 변종 시약을 분리하기 위해 우리는 다음과 같은 부정적인 패닝 항원을 사용 :<html> 1) BSA는 약하게 또는 비특이적 단백질에 결합하는 파지를 제거; 2) 집계 알파 - 시누 클레인 집계 단백질의 일반적인 구조 요소에 결합하는 파지를 제거; 3) 인간의 뇌 조직 균질은 단백질이나 건강한 사람의 뇌 조직의 사후 샘플에 존재하는 다른 구성 요소에 결합하는 파지를 제거; 4) 건강한 사람의 뇌와 관련된 모든 TDP-43 형태로 결합하는 파지를 제거하기 위해 건강한 사람의 뇌에서 TDP-43 면역; 5) TDP-43 비 ALS 병리와 관련된 TDP-43 변종을 결합하는 파지를 제거하기 위해 FTD 뇌 균질에서 격리 면역. 모든 오프 - 타겟 항원에 대한 반응성 모든 파지를 제거한 후에, 우리는 인간 ALS의 뇌 조직에서 면역 침전이 경우 TDP-43, 관심 항원 결합 항체 단편을 단리하는 동안, 포지티브 패닝 단계로 진행. 이러한 고립 된 항체는 TDP-43의 집계 또는 수정 된 형태로 반응 할 수있다. &quot;&gt; 기존 파지 biopanning가 긍정적 인 패닝 단계 (22, 23)에 주로 초점을 맞추고있다. 일반적으로 관심의 대상이 고정화되어, 파지 라이브러리를 추가하고 바운드 파지.이 증폭 배양 과정을 파지 한 후 증폭된다. 용출 다시 대상에 추가 이 프로세스의 변화가 타겟 항원의 넓은 범위에 대해 항체 시약을 분리하기 위해 광범위하게 사용되었지만, 일반적으로 양성 파지 결합의 비율을 증가시키기 위해 여러 번 반복된다. 그들은 일반적으로 정제 된 표적 항원 24,25,26 다량 필요 우리의 프로세스는 표적 항원 미량 필요 반면. 27 여기에서 설명한 프로토콜은 정제 및 패닝 필요없이 매우 낮은 농도로 존재 선택적 바인딩 대상 항원,에 대해 직접 수행 될 수 시약을 분리하는데 사용될 수있다 복잡한 조직 샘플에 존재하는 항원. 철저한 네거티브 패닝 프로토콜의 사용을 통해 입증AFM에 의해 정제 또는 농축하지 않을 경우 양의 항원에 대해 격리 클론 선택적으로도 대상을 결합하는 것을 보장한다. Kasturirangan 및 동료 (2003)는 타겟 (5)의 나노 그램의 농도를 이용하여 베타 - 아밀로이드 올리고머와 반응하는 항체를 분리하는 유사한 음성 및 양성 biopanning 처리를 실시했다. 여기에서 우리는 선택적으로 질병 특정한 단백질이 인간의 조직 샘플에서 직접 변종 결합 시약의 생성을 사용하려면이 프로세스를 확장합니다. 향후 연구에서 우리는 또한 여기뿐 절연 진단 시약의 값을 조사 할뿐만 아니라, ALS를 치료하기위한 그들의 치료 학적 관련성을 평가하고자. 전반적으로, 우리의 신규 biopanning AFM 기반 기술은, 단백질 정제 또는 변경의 필요성없이 생체 물질에 특이 질병 변이체 단백질의 분리에 적용되어야하는 경우에도 표적 항원 concentratioNS은 매우 낮다.

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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:323px;">Tomlinson I and J Libraries</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Sheets Library</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">MRC (Cambridge, England)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">2xYT</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">244020</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0188-2.5KG</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0339-25G</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">KM13 Helper Phage</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">MRC (Cambridge, England)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Kanamycin</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">OmniPur</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5880</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Polyethylene Glycol 8000</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">OmniPur</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6510</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Macron</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7647-14-5</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Sodium Phosphate Dibasic</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">0404-1KG</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PX1405-1</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Potassium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0781-500G</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">TG1 Cells</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">MRC (Cambridge, England)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Luria-Bertani Agar</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1.10283.0500</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0332-100G</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">STEN buffer</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Crystalgen Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33429775</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Immunotubes</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">470319</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Mica</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">24365</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">EMD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Trypsin</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">T-0303</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triethylamine</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">T-0886</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0854-1L</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">DNA Plasmid Prep Kit</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">27106</td>
			<td>Irritant</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">3590</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">27-9421-01</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">37074</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">10782-2-AP</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">sc-2003</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isopropylthiogalactoside</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Teknova</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13325</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">9e10 HRP</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">sc-40</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Nitrocellulose Membrane</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">162-0115</td>
			<td>Flammable</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:323px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Sorvall RC 6+</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nanoscope IIIa Atomic Force Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">Veeco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AFM Probes</td>
			<td style="width:287px;">VistaProbes</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T300R-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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</table>

novel atomic force microscopy based biopanning for isolation of morphology specific reagents against tdp-43 variants in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

단백질 변형은 TDP-43 루게릭 병에 (ALS)에서, 알파 - 시누 클레인 등 많은 질환에 중요한 역할을하기 때문에 파킨슨 병 및 알츠하이머 병에서 베타 - 아밀로이드와 타우, 그것은 형태 특정 시약을 선택적으로 타겟팅 할 수 있습니다 개발하는 것이 매우 중요하다 이러한 질병 특정한 단백질은 질병 병리학에 잠재적 인 진단 및 치료 응용 프로그램에 대한 이러한 변형의 역할을 연구하는 변종. 우리는 선택적 질병 특정한 단백질 변이체를 인식 시약의 분리를 가능하게 신규 원자력 현미경 (AFM) 계 biopanning 기술을 개발했다. 프로세스, 음성 및 양성 패닝 단계에 관여하는 두 가지 주요 단계가 있습니다. 네거티브 패닝 단계 동안 오프 - 타겟 항원에 대한 반응성이 파지 엄선 오프 표적 항원을 이용한 서브 트랙 티브 시리즈 패닝 여러 발사를 통해 제거된다. 음의 핵심 기능패닝 단계는 프로세스를 모니터링하고 모든 바람직하지 않은 파지 입자를 제거하는 것을 확인하기 위해 AFM을 이용하여 촬상된다. 포지티브 패닝 위상 관심 표적 항원은 운모 표면에 고정되고 결합 된 파지를 용출 선택적 표적 항원에 결합 된 파지를 식별하기 위해 스크리닝한다. 목적 단백질 변이체는 적절한 네거티브 패닝 제어가 사용되어왔다 제공 정제 할 필요가 없다. 심지어 양의 패닝 단계에서 이용 될 수있는 복잡한 생체 물질은 매우 낮은 농도로 존재하는 유일한 단백질 변이체를 타겟팅. 이 기술의 응용 프로그램을 통해, 우리는 선택적으로 인간의 ALS의 뇌 조직에서 발견되는 TDP-43의 단백질 변형에 대한 항체를 인수했다. 우리는이 프로토콜은 선택적으로 다른 생물학적 과정 및 다양한 질병에 존재하는 단백질 변이체를 생성하는 바인딩 시약에 적용 할 것을 기대한다.

그림 1에서 회로도는 우리가 immunotubes를 사용하여 우리의 라이브러리에서 오프 대상 항원을 결합 파지를 제거하는 부정적인 패닝 과정을 보여줍니다. 이 공통 차단 에이전트와 미래의 면역에 문제가 될 것이 목표 비특이적 반응만한 파지이기 때문에 우리는 처음 BSA 시작했다. 다음으로, 우리는 집계 단백질 (즉, 집계 알파 - 시누 클레인에 교차 반응 것 항체, TDP-43, 아 베타 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Novel Atomic Force Microscopy Based Biopanning for Isolation of Morphology Specific Reagents against TDP-43 Variants in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis at JoVE.

Novel Atomic Force Microscopy Based Biopanning for Isolation of Morphology Specific Reagents against TDP-43 Variants in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Using atomic force microscopy in combination with biopanning technology we created a negative and positive biopanning system to acquire antibodies against disease-specific protein variants present in any biological material, even at low concentrations. We were successful in obtaining antibodies to TDP-43 protein variants involved in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

루게릭 병에 TDP-43 변종 형태론 특정 시약의 분리에 대한 소설 원자 힘 현미경 기반 Biopanning

Because protein variants play critical roles in many diseases including TDP-43 in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), alpha-synuclein in ...

novel-atomic-force-microscopy-based-biopanning-for-isolation

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

8.7K 조회수.  Arizona State University. Using atomic force microscopy in combination with biopanning technology we created a negative and positive biopanning system to acquire antibodies against disease-specific protein variants present in any biological material, even at low concentrations. We were successful in obtaining antibodies to TDP-43 protein variants involved in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

비디오: Novel Atomic Force Microscopy Based Biopanning for Isolation of Morphology Specific Reagents against TDP-43 Variants in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy

AFM is a high-resolution (nm scale) imaging tool that mechanically probes a surface. It has the ability to image cells and biomolecules, in a liquid environment, without the need to chemically treat the sample. In order to accomplish this goal, the sample must sufficiently adhere to the mounting surface to prevent removal by forces exerted by the scanning AFM cantilever tip. In many instances, successful imaging depends on immobilization of the sample to the mounting surface. Optimally, immobilization should be minimally invasive to the sample such that metabolic processes and functional attributes are not compromised. By coating freshly cleaved mica surfaces with porcine (pig) gelatin, negatively charged bacteria can be immobilized on the surface and imaged in liquid by AFM. Immobilization of bacterial cells on gelatin-coated mica is most likely due to electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged bacteria and the positively charged gelatin. Several factors can interfere with bacterial immobilization, including chemical constituents of the liquid in which the bacteria are suspended, the incubation time of the bacteria on the gelatin coated mica, surface characteristics of the bacterial strain and the medium in which the bacteria are imaged. Overall, the use of gelatin-coated mica is found to be generally applicable for imaging microbial cells.

Live Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria can be immobilized on gelatin-coated mica and imaged in liquid using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

원자 힘 현미경에 의해 영상에 대한 세균 고정

AFM is a high-resolution (nm scale) imaging tool that mechanically probes a surface.  It has the ability to image cells and biomolecules, in a liquid ...

연구

생체공학

Visualization of Recombinant DNA and Protein Complexes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the visualizing of individual proteins, DNA molecules, protein-protein complexes, and DNA-protein complexes. On the end of the microscope's cantilever is a nano-scale probe, which traverses image areas ranging from nanometers to micrometers, measuring the elevation of macromolecules resting on the substrate surface at any given point. Electrostatic forces cause proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids to loosely attach to the substrate in random orientations and permit imaging. The generated data resemble a topographical map, where the macromolecules resolve as three-dimensional particles of discrete sizes (Figure 1) 1,2. Tapping mode AFM involves the repeated oscillation of the cantilever, which permits imaging of relatively soft biomaterials such as DNA and proteins. One of the notable benefits of AFM over other nanoscale microscopy techniques is its relative adaptability to visualize individual proteins and macromolecular complexes in aqueous buffers, including near-physiologic buffered conditions, in real-time, and without staining or coating the sample to be imaged. 
The method presented here describes the imaging of DNA and an immunoadsorbed transcription factor (i.e. the glucocorticoid receptor, GR) in buffered solution (Figure 2). Immunoadsorbed proteins and protein complexes can be separated from the immunoadsorbing antibody-bead pellet by competition with the antibody epitope and then imaged (Figure 2A). This allows for biochemical manipulation of the biomolecules of interest prior to imaging. Once purified, DNA and proteins can be mixed and the resultant interacting complex can be imaged as well. Binding of DNA to mica requires a divalent cation 3,such as Ni2+ or Mg2+, which can be added to sample buffers yet maintain protein activity. Using a similar approach, AFM has been utilized to visualize individual enzymes, including RNA polymerase 4 and a repair enzyme 5, bound to individual DNA strands. These experiments provide significant insight into the protein-protein and DNA-protein biophysical interactions taking place at the molecular level. Imaging individual macromolecular particles with AFM can be useful for determining particle homogeneity and for identifying the physical arrangement of constituent components of the imaged particles. While the present method was developed for visualization of GR-chaperone protein complexes 1,2 and DNA strands to which the GR can bind, it can be applied broadly to imaging DNA and protein samples from a variety of sources.

A tapping mode atomic force microscope (AFM) method for the visualization of plasmid DNA, cytoplasmic proteins, and DNA-protein complexes is described. The method includes alternate approaches for preparing samples for AFM imaging following biochemical manipulation. DNA containing specific protein interacting regions are observed in near-physiologic buffer conditions.

원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여 재조합 DNA와 단백질 단지의 시각화

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows for the visualizing of individual proteins, DNA molecules, protein-protein complexes, and DNA-protein complexes. On ...

Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of the Endothelial Glycocalyx with Atomic Force Microscopy

Our understanding of the interaction of leukocytes and the vessel wall during leukocyte capture is limited by an incomplete understanding of the mechanical properties of the endothelial surface layer. It is known that adhesion molecules on leukocytes are distributed non-uniformly relative to surface topography 3, that topography limits adhesive bond formation with other surfaces 9, and that physiological contact forces (&asymp; 5.0 &minus; 10.0 pN per microvillus) can compress the microvilli to as little as a third of their resting length, increasing the accessibility of molecules to the opposing surface 3, 7. We consider the endothelium as a two-layered structure, the relatively rigid cell body, plus the glycocalyx, a soft protective sugar coating on the luminal surface 6. It has been shown that the glycocalyx can act as a barrier to reduce adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface 4. In this report we begin to address the deformability of endothelial surfaces to understand how the endothelial mechanical stiffness might affect bond formation. Endothelial cells grown in static culture do not express a robust glycocalyx, but cells grown under physiological flow conditions begin to approximate the glycocalyx observed in vivo 2. The modulus of the endothelial cell body has been measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be approximately 5 to 20 kPa 5. The thickness and structure of the glycocalyx have been studied using electron microscopy 8, and the modulus of the glycocalyx has been approximated using indirect methods, but to our knowledge, there have been no published reports of a direct measurement of the glycocalyx modulus in living cells. In this study, we present indentation experiments made with a novel AFM probe on cells that have been cultured in conditions to maximize their glycocalyx expression to make direct measurements of the modulus and thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx.

The mechanical characteristics of endothelial glycocalyx were measured by indentation using micron sized spheres on AFM cantilevers. Endothelial cells were cultured in a custom chamber under physiological flow conditions to induce glycocalyx expression. Data were analyzed using a thin film model to determine the glycocalyx thickness and modulus.

원자 힘 현미경과 내피 Glycocalyx의 기계적 성질을 정량화

Our  understanding of the interaction of leukocytes and the vessel wall during  leukocyte capture is limited by an incomplete understanding of the ...

Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Living Cells Using Atomic Force Microscopy

Mechanical properties of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in many biological processes including stem cell differentiation, tumor formation, and wound healing. Changes in stiffness of cells and ECM are often signs of changes in cell physiology or diseases in tissues. Hence, cell stiffness is an index to evaluate the status of cell cultures. Among the multitude of methods applied to measure the stiffness of cells and tissues, micro-indentation using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) provides a way to reliably measure the stiffness of living cells. This method has been widely applied to characterize the micro-scale stiffness for a variety of materials ranging from metal surfaces to soft biological tissues and cells. The basic principle of this method is to indent a cell with an AFM tip of selected geometry and measure the applied force from the bending of the AFM cantilever. Fitting the force-indentation curve to the Hertz model for the corresponding tip geometry can give quantitative measurements of material stiffness. This paper demonstrates the procedure to characterize the stiffness of living cells using AFM. Key steps including the process of AFM calibration, force-curve acquisition, and data analysis using a MATLAB routine are demonstrated. Limitations of this method are also discussed.

This paper demonstrates a protocol to characterize the mechanical properties of living cells by means of microindentation using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM).

원자 힘 현미경을 사용하여 살아있는 세포의 기계적 특성을 측정

Mechanical  properties of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) play important roles in many  biological processes including stem cell differentiation, ...

A Novel Method for Localizing Reporter Fluorescent Beads Near the Cell Culture Surface for Traction Force Microscopy

PA gels have long been used as a platform to study cell traction forces due to ease of fabrication and the ability to tune their elastic properties. When the substrate is coated with an extracellular matrix protein, cells adhere to the gel and apply forces, causing the gel to deform. The deformation depends on the cell traction and the elastic properties of the gel. If the deformation field of the surface is known, surface traction can be calculated using elasticity theory. Gel deformation is commonly measured by embedding fluorescent marker beads uniformly into the gel. The probes displace as the gel deforms. The probes near the surface of the gel are tracked. The displacements reported by these probes are considered as surface displacements. Their depths from the surface are ignored. This assumption introduces error in traction force evaluations. For precise measurement of cell forces, it is critical for the location of the beads to be known. We have developed a technique that utilizes simple chemistry to confine fluorescent marker beads, 0.1 and 1 &#181;m in diameter, in PA gels, within 1.6 &#956;m of the surface. We coat a coverslip with poly-D-lysine (PDL) and fluorescent beads. PA gel solution is then sandwiched between the coverslip and an adherent surface. The fluorescent beads transfer to the gel solution during curing. After polymerization, the PA gel contains fluorescent beads on a plane close to the gel surface.

Traditional techniques for fabricating polyacrylamide (PA) gels containing fluorescent probes involve sandwiching a gel between an adherent surface and a glass slide. Here, we show that coating this slide with poly-D-lysine (PDL) and fluorescent probes localizes the probes to within 1.6 &#181;m from the gel surface.

견인 힘 현미경의 세포 배양 표면 근처 지역화 기자 형광 구슬을위한 새로운 방법

PA gels have long been used as a platform to study cell traction forces due to ease of fabrication and the ability to tune their elastic properties. When ...

Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient magnification to examine membrane substructures and even individual molecules. AFM can act as a force probe to measure interactions and mechanical properties of membranes. Supported lipid bilayers are conventionally used as membrane models in AFM studies. In this protocol, we demonstrate how to prepare supported bilayers and characterize their structure and mechanical properties using AFM. These include bilayer thickness and breakthrough force. 
The information provided by AFM imaging and force spectroscopy help define mechanical and chemical properties of membranes. These properties play an important role in cellular processes such as maintaining cell hemostasis from environmental stress, bringing membrane proteins together, and stabilizing protein complexes.

We describe a protocol for preparation of supported lipid bilayers and its characterization using atomic force microscopy and force spectroscopy.

원자 힘 현미경 이미징 및 지원 지질 이중층의 힘 분광학

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a versatile, high-resolution imaging technique that allows visualization of biological membranes. It has sufficient ...

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved oxygen concentration). Nevertheless, the morphology of cells can be a suitable indicator for optimal conditions, since it changes with dependence on the growth state, product accumulation and cell stress. Furthermore, the single-cell size distribution provides not only information about the cultivation conditions, but also about the population heterogeneity. To gain such information, a photo-optical in situ microscopy device1 was developed to enable the monitoring of the single-cell size distribution directly in the cell suspension in bioreactors. An automated image analysis is coupled to the microscopy based on a neural network model, which is trained with user-annotated images. Several parameters, which are gained from the captures of the microscope, are correlated to process relevant features of the cells, like their metabolic activity. Until now, the presented in situ microscopy probe series was applied to measure the pellet size in filamentous fungi suspensions. It was used to distinguish the single-cell size in microalgae cultivation and relate it to lipid accumulation. The shape of cellular particles was related to budding in yeast cultures. The microscopy analysis can be generally split into three steps: (i) image acquisition, (ii) particle identification, and (iii) data analysis, respectively. All steps have to be adapted to the organism, and therefore specific annotated information is required in order to achieve reliable results. The ability to monitor changes in cell morphology directly in line or on line (in a by-pass) enables real-time values for monitoring and control, in process development as well as in production scale. If the off line data correlates with the real-time data, the current tedious off line measurements with unknown influences on the cell size become needless.

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

A photo-optical in situ microscopy device was developed to monitor the size of single cells directly in the cell suspension. The real-time measurement is conducted by coupling the photo-optical sterilizable probe to an automated image analysis. Morphological changes appear with dependence on the growth state and cultivation conditions.

시투에 바이오 프로세스에서 단세포 형태학의 실시간 측정을 위한 현미경 검사법

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved ...

Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to Detect Early Osteoarthritis

Biomechanical properties of cells and tissues not only regulate their shape and function but are also crucial for maintaining their vitality. Changes in elasticity can propagate or trigger the onset of major diseases like cancer or osteoarthritis (OA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has emerged as a strong tool to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the biomechanical properties of specific biological target structures on a microscopic scale, measuring forces in a range from as small as the piconewton to the micronewton. Biomechanical properties are of special importance in musculoskeletal tissues, which are subjected to high levels of strain. OA as a degenerative disease of the cartilage results in the disruption of the pericellular matrix (PCM) and the spatial rearrangement of the chondrocytes embedded in their extracellular matrix (ECM). Disruption in PCM and ECM has been associated with changes in the biomechanical properties of cartilage. In the present study we used AFM to quantify these changes in relation to the specific spatial pattern changes of the chondrocytes. With each pattern change, significant changes in elasticity were observed for both the PCM and ECM. Measuring the local elasticity thus allows for drawing direct conclusions about the degree of local tissue degeneration in OA.

We present a method to investigate early osteoarthritic changes at the cellular level in articular cartilage by using atomic force microscopy (AFM).

조기 골관절염을 검출하기 위한 원자력 현미경 검사법 적용

Biomechanical properties of cells and tissues not only regulate their shape and function but are also crucial for maintaining their vitality. Changes in ...

Automation of Bio-Atomic Force Microscope Measurements on Hundreds of C. albicans Cells

The method presented in this paper aims to automate Bio-AFM experiments and the recording of force curves. Using this method, it is possible to record forces curves on 1000 cells in 4 hours automatically. To maintain a 4 hour analysis time, the number of force curves per cell is reduced to 9 or 16. The method combines a Jython based program and a strategy for assembling cells on defined patterns. The program, implemented on a commercial Bio-AFM, can center the tip on the first cell of the array and then move, automatically, from cell to cell while recording force curves on each cell. Using this methodology, it is possible to access the biophysical parameters of the cells such as their rigidity, their adhesive properties, etc. With the automation and the large number of cells analyzed, one can access the behavior of the cell population. This is a breakthrough in the Bio-AFM field where data have, so far, been recorded on only a few tens of cells.

Automation of Bio-Atomic Force Microscope Measurements on Hundreds of C. albicans Cells

This protocol aims to automate AFM measurements on hundreds of microbial cells. First, microbes are immobilized into PDMS stamp microstructures and then force spectroscopy measurements are performed automatically on hundreds of immobilized cells.

수백 개의 알비칸스 세포에 대한 생체 원자력 현미경 측정 자동화

The method presented in this paper aims to automate Bio-AFM experiments and the recording of force curves. Using this method, it is possible to record ...

Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy (Conpokal) on Live Cells

Techniques available for micro- and nano-scale mechanical characterization have exploded in the last few decades. From further development of the scanning and transmission electron microscope, to the invention of atomic force microscopy, and advances in fluorescent imaging, there have been substantial gains in technologies that enable the study of small materials. Conpokal is a portmanteau that combines confocal microscopy with atomic force microscopy (AFM), where a probe &#8220;pokes&#8221; the surface. Although each technique is extremely effective for the qualitative and/or quantitative image collection on their own, Conpokal provides the capability to test with blended fluorescence imaging and mechanical characterization. Designed for near simultaneous confocal imaging and atomic force probing, Conpokal facilitates experimentation on live microbiological samples. The added insight from paired instrumentation provides co-localization of measured mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus, adhesion, surface roughness) by AFM with subcellular components or activity observable through confocal microscopy. This work provides a step by step protocol for the operation of laser scanning confocal and atomic force microscopy, simultaneously, to achieve same cell, same region, confocal imaging, and mechanical characterization.

Near Simultaneous Laser Scanning Confocal and Atomic Force Microscopy Conpokal on Live Cells

Presented here is the protocol of the Conpokal technique, which combines confocal and atomic force microscopy into a single instrument platform. Conpokal provides same cell, same region, near simultaneous confocal imaging and mechanical characterization of live biological samples.

라이브 셀에서 동시 레이저 스캐닝 공초점 및 원자력 현미경 검사(Conpokal) 근처

Techniques available for micro- and nano-scale mechanical characterization have exploded in the last few decades. From further development of the scanning ...