This work was supported by an Australian Research Council Grant DP110100642 (to PT) and National Health and Medical Research Council Grants APP1002520 and APP1059426 (to PT and HYG).

참고 : 모든 현재 실험 (퀸즐랜드 대학의 해부학 생명 과학 윤리위원회의 승인) 퀸즐랜드 대학의 지역 동물 윤리 절차에 따라 수행되었다. 1. 작은 섬 격리 <ol><li> 시약 준비 <ol><li> 효소의 혼합물 <ol><li> 췌장 소화를 들어, liberase과 콜라겐 IV 형의 혼합물을 사용합니다. (써모 낮음) liberase의 TL DMEM 26 ㎖ (둘 베코의 수정 이글 중간) 5 mg을 1 병을 희석. </li><li> 된 5mm HEPES가 보충 된 0.5 ㎎ / ㎖의 농도에서 행크 버퍼 콜라게나 제 IV 형을 준비 후 0.5mM 염화칼슘 2를 0.1 mg / ㎖의 DNase 및 1 ㎎ / ㎖ 소 혈청 알부민. </li><li> 즉, (체적) 한 TL + 1 ㎖의 콜라게나 제 용액 liberase 4 : 4의 비율로 liberase의 TL과 콜라겐 용액을 섞는다. -20 ℃에서 각각 저장을 2.5ml를 효소의 혼합물 나누어지는. 참고 : 조직 배양 시간이 v에효소의 배치 사이의 비트 (30 초에 1 분 차이)을 당하고. 따라서, 일괄 테스트가 필요할 수있다. </li></ol></li><li> RPMI 격리 미디어 <ol><li> 실온에서 물 1 L에 RPMI 1640 분말의 한 유리 병을 녹여와 2g의 NaHCO3, 4.02 G의 HEPES과 보충. </li><li> , 자석 교반기로 혼합, 대형 삼각 플라스크에 RPMI 분리 미디어를 결합 NaOH로 pH를 7.4로 조정, 필터는 살균 및 4 ℃에서 저장. </li></ol></li><li> RPMI 문화 미디어 </li><li> 10 % 소 태아 혈청 및 1 % 항생 물질 (예, 페니실린 100 U / ㎖, 스트렙토 마이신 100 μg의 / ㎖), RPMI 배양 배지를 사용한다. </li></ol></li><li> 섬의 분리 및 배양 <ol><li> 동물 희생 <ol><li> 지역 기관의 윤리 절차에 따라 자궁 경부 전위 또는 CO 2 질식하여 쥐를 희생. 70 % 에탄올로 충분히 마우스 본체 스프레이. </li></ol></li><li> 췌장 관류 <ol><li> 유측면 복부 피부와 복막을 통해 자체 2 긴 인하 V 자형 플랩을 확인합니다. 전체 복강을 밝히기 위해서 피부 최대의 플랩을 당기고 장을 따로 넣어 담관을 공개 접힌 휴지에 의해 장소에 간 유지 (그림 1, 2). 동물을 넣어 외과 의사 멀리 외과에서 꼬리쪽으로 머리 있도록. </li><li> 십이지장 (그림 1)를 입력에서 주입 된 효소를 차단하는 십이지장 벽에 팽대부에서 혈관 클램프를 적용합니다. 참고 : 주입 된 효소가 췌장 관에 가서 (클램프 이상) 주사 부위에 췌장 또는 역류를 관류 또는 (클램프 아래) 십이지장으로 이동할지 여부는 결정으로이 중요한 단계입니다. </li><li> 일반적인 간 덕트 및 담낭 관 (그림 1)의 교차점 근처에 31 G 바늘과 담관을 Cannulate 및 제 주입을위한 공간을 남겨 일 경우즉 췌장은 처음 관류 못한다. 천천히 (이상 ~ 10 초) 마우스 담관에 약 2 ml의 차가운 효소 혼합물의 주입. 주 : 클램프 우측 위치에있는 경우 췌장 신속 관류한다. </li><li> 바늘이 담관 내에 있지만 췌장 관류 할 수없는 경우 (예. 고정 이상의 경우 간에서 조금 떨어진 클램프를 이동하거나 고정 아래의 경우 간으로 조금 아래로 이동) 클램프 위치를 조정합니다. 주 : 바늘 가끔 둘러싸 캡슐보다는 덕트의 루멘으로 간다. 유용한 기호 담관이 주입 관의 팽창은 내부 바늘이 있는지 여부를 확인한다. 췌장 관류 못하면 대안 효소 혼합물이 예상보다 낮은 수율과 췌장의 여러 부위로 주입 될 수있다. 췌장 (비장 엽)의 왼쪽 사이트의 관류는 섬 수율의 극대화를 위해 중요하다. </li><li> 췌장은 P가되면erfused, 신속, 췌장을 제거 유리 병 (~ 20 ㎖, 유리)에 넣고 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에서 ~ 19 분을 품어. 주 : 배양 시간이 마우스 변형 및 나이에 따라 약간 다를 수 있습니다. </li><li> 배양 시간 후, 냉 ~ 분리 매체 20 ㎖를 첨가하여 소화 과정을 정지. 췌장을 방해하고 멸균 50 ㎖ 튜브에 일반 차 체 (1mm의 구멍 직경)를 통해 부어 부드럽게 병을 흔들어. 브레이크 오프 4 ° C에서 1 분 동안 400 XG에 격리 매체와 원심 분리기와 튜브를 최고. </li><li> 다시 분리 미디어에서 펠렛을 해산 한 후 브레이크 해제와 함께 4 ℃에서 1 분 동안 400 XG에 원심 분리기,이 15 ml의 튜브에 전송할 수 있습니다. 흡인 뜨는 후, 텍싱 또는 최대 피펫 아래로 튜브 당 밀도 구배 세포 분리 매체의 6 ㎖ (Histopaque 1077 용액)을 잘 두 개의 알약을 섞는다. 부드럽게 위에 튜브의 측면에 격리 매체 ~ 6를 가하여브레이크 오프 4 ° C에서 15 분 동안 100 XG에 밀도 구배 분리 매체와 원심 분리기. </li><li> 상단 (격리 미디어)의 상층 액 3 별도의 요리, 중간 및 하부 (밀도 구배 세포 분리 미디어) 레이어를 수집합니다. 해부 현미경 피펫을 사용하여,이 3 요리의 섬을 따다. 주 : 중간 층이 섬의 대부분을 포함하고 있습니다. 섬의 크기는 ~ 50 μm의 500의 컴팩트 한 구조 (그림 3)으로 인식하고 있습니다. 우리는 (WT) 쥐에 ~ 200 섬과 DB / db 마우스에서 300- &lt;100 섬을 구하십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 섬의 배양 <ol><li> 독도는 37 ℃, 5 %, 효소 소화에서 6ml를 RPMI 배양액 (10 mM이 포도당)와 25cm 배양 접시에 40 섬의 문화 그룹을 복구 할 수 있도록하려면 / 95 % 라이브 전에 2 일간 CO 2 / O 2 -cell 2 광자 영상화. 매일 문화 미디어를 변경합니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> (2). 라이브 셀 2 광자 이미징 <ol><li> 시약 준비 <ol><li> 세포 외 버퍼 <ol><li> 140 mM의 염화나트륨, 5 mM의 KCl을, 2.5 mM의 염화칼슘 2, 1 mM의의 MgCl 2, 5 mM의 NaHCO3를 10 mM의 HEPES와 2 광자 분석의 나트륨이 풍부한 세포 외 버퍼를 준비합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 세포 외 염료 <ol><li> 2 광자 분석의 경우, -20 ° C에서 세포 외 버퍼, 나누어지는 작은 튜브에 저장에 스톡 SRB 8 mm로 준비합니다. 0.8 mm의 작업 농도를 얻기 위해 신선한 세포 외 버퍼에 주식 SRB 1:10 희석. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 광자 이미징 <ol><li> 먼저, 30 분 동안 3 mM의 글루코오스 외 버퍼에서 2 일간 배양 아일렛 사전 부화. 참고 : 우리는 문화에 2 오일 사이에 독도를 사용합니다. </li><li> 이어서, 현미경 스테이지 상에 열 제어실 상 유리 슬라이드를 배치. 용액의 누출을 방지하기 위해 그리스를 사용합니다. </li><li> extracell 500 μL와 챔버 커버다른 포도당 농도 (3 mm의 6 mm의 15 mM의 20 mM의 포도당)와 0.8 mM의 SRB를 포함 울라 버퍼입니다. </li><li> 다음에, 챔버의 중앙으로 미리 인큐베이션 아일렛 놓고 설치류 아일렛의 인슐린 면역 염색하여 가장 세포가 베타 세포 인 것을 나타내고, 췌도 세포로 3-4 층에 초점을 맞춘다. 주 : SRB 신속 아일렛 모든 세포막 윤곽 것이며 아일렛 이미지를 준비한다. </li><li> (예., ScanImage 11). 60X 오일 침지 대물 (NA 1.42) 및 이미징 소프트웨어와 2 광자 현미경을 사용하여 4 현미경 전형적인 배열을 도시한다. 형광으로 막 880 nm에서 펨토초 레이저 펄스에 의해 여기 impermeant 형광 세포 마커로 SRB를 사용하여 이미지 exocytic 이벤트, 550-650 nm에서 검출. 자극에 섬의 응답을 기록합니다. </li><li> 작은 형광 자리의 갑작스러운 출현에 의해 단일 ​​exocytic 이벤트를 식별 (해상도 10 픽셀 /1, M)와 관심 영역 (~ 0.78 μm의 2)을 통해 형광 신호의 빠른 상승 단계에 의해 확인합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

아일렛 분리에 가장 중요한 요인은 췌장의 초기 관류이고; 아래는 상당히 낮은 섬 수율 췌장 결과를 관류. 다른 인자는 또한 소화 시간 부분적 관류의 레벨을 보정 할 수 진탕 레벨로 분리 품질에 영향을 미친다. 예를 들어, 완전히 관류 췌장 부드럽게 진탕하면서 아래에서 췌장 세게 진탕 ~ 20 분 소화가 필요할 수 소화 반대로, 18 분 30 초 ~ 37 ° C에서 배양해야한다. 우리의 손에 두 개의 소화 효소?...

질병의 베타 - 세포 기능 부전의 역할은 광범위 3,4-을 인식하고있다. 이러한 MIN6와 INS-1 등의 세포주는 베타 세포 행동의 생물학을 이해하기 위해 유용한 도구이다. 그러나, 인슐린 분비의 생리적 제어는 랑게르한스의 섬 내에서 일어난다. 이 섬은 단단히 포장 베타 세포의 수천뿐만 아니라 혈관 및 기타 내분비 세포 유형이 포함되어 있습니다. 아일렛이 환경 내의 인슐린 분비에 영향을 당뇨병에 중요한 것으로 예상된다. 따라서, 인슐린 분비의 생리 학적 제어하고 질환의 병태 생리를 이해하기 위해서는 본래 아일렛을 연구하는 것이 필수적이다. 섬 격리 2 형 당뇨병 환자, 특히 인간의 아일렛 라이브 인간 섬과는 얻는 것이 곤란하다. 또한, 인간의 독도 실험 분자 조작에 대한 제한 가능성이 있습니다. 연구원은 그러므로 고용 한동물과 제 2 형 당뇨병 동물 모델에서 할 수 있습니다. 하나는 이러한 질병 모델은 DB / DB 마우스입니다. 이 모델은 밀접하게 인간의 질병 5,6 평행 표현형의 진행과 2 형 당뇨병 자발적인 돌연변이입니다. 당뇨병 DB / db 마우스에서 섬의​​ 격리를 위해 여기에 제시된 프로토콜은 더 나은 수율, 정화 및 강화 섬의 생존을위한 몇 가지 정련 다른 그룹과 공통점이 많은 단계가 있습니다. 2 광자 이미징 여기에 설명 된 라이브 셀 2 광자 분석법을 계량 숫자 7과 야생형 당뇨병은 8,9 아일렛의 많은 세포로부터 인슐린 단일 - 함유 과립의 특성을 평가하기 위해 연구를 가능하게한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="675">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Liberase TL 5mg</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-5401020001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Collagenase type IV-1g</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17104-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Histopaque 1077 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 Medium (10X) 1L</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R1383</td>
			<td>to prepare isolation media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RPMI 1640 (1X) 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21870-076</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin 100ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140-122</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fetal bovine serum 500ml</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10099-141</td>
			<td>to prepare cultured media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DMEM (Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium)</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gibco-Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11966-025</td>
			<td>to dilute the liberase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Metamorph program</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Molecular Devices, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>to analyze the 2-photon images</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

leprdb mouse model of type 2 diabetes: pancreatic islet isolation and live-cell 2-photon imaging of intact islets

2 형 당뇨병은 2013 년 382,000,000명에 영향을 미치는 만성 질환이며, 지난 2 년 동안. 2035 1 592000000에 명확하게이 설립 된 제 2 형 당뇨병에서 베타 세포 기능 장애의 역할을 증가 할 것으로 예상된다. 연구 진행은 췌장 섬의 분리 방법을 요구하고있다. 섬 분리의 프로토콜은 야생형과 당뇨병 Lepr의 데시벨 (dB / DB) 마우스 모두에서 고립 된 섬의 수율과 품질을 개선하기 위해 일부 수정과 함께 공유 여기 다른 그룹의 프로토콜과 많은 일반적인 단계를 제시했다. 라이브 셀 2 광자 이미징 법은 아일렛 내에서 인슐린 분비의 조절을 조사하기 위하여 사용될 수 제시된다.

섬 수율 및 정화 정상적인 야생형 마우스의 200 아일렛이 예상된다. 건강한 섬은 둥근 모양, 밝은 모양과 부드러운 테두리가. 아래의 소화 배치가 적은 섬과 선방 세포 부착 섬 (그림 3)이 때 과열 소화 분리 배치는 일반적으로 작은 퍼지 섬이있다. 더 나은 혈당 마우스 (100) 아래 (반투명 외관과 작은 섬이 악화 혈당 쥐에 비해 (300 섬에) 더 큰, 더 밝고 섬이 당뇨병 D...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets at JoVE.com

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

Lepr<sup&gt; DB</sup&gt; 2 형 당뇨병의 마우스 모델 : 본래 독도 췌장 섬 세포의 분리 및 라이브 셀 2 광자 이미징

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease affecting 382 million people in 2013, and is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035 1. During the past 2 decades, ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

9.3K 조회수.  The University of Queensland. We present here a protocol for the isolation of islets from the mouse model of type 2 diabetes, Leprdb and details of a live-cell assay for measurement of insulin secretion from intact islets that utilizes 2 photon microscopy.

비디오: Leprdb Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes: Pancreatic Islet Isolation and Live-cell 2-Photon Imaging Of Intact Islets

Isolation of Human Islets from Partially Pancreatectomized Patients

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 diabetic islets from organ donors2. Here we share our protocol for isolating islets from human pancreatic tissue obtained from type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients who have undergone partial pancreatectomy due to different pancreatic diseases (benign or malignant pancreatic tumors, chronic pancreatitis, and common bile duct or duodenal tumors). All patients involved gave their consent to this study, which had also been approved by the local ethics committee. The surgical specimens were immediately delivered to the pathologist who selected soft and healthy appearing pancreatic tissue for islet isolation, retaining the damaged tissue for diagnostic purposes. We found that to isolate more than 1,000 islets, we had to begin with at least 2 g of pancreatic tissue. Also essential to our protocol was to visibly distend the tissue when injecting the enzyme-containing media and subsequently mince it to aid digestion by increasing the surface area.
To extend the applicability of our protocol to include the occasional case in which a large amount (&gt;15g) of human pancreatic tissue is available , we used a Ricordi chamber (50 ml) to digest the tissue. During digestion, we manually shook the Ricordi chamber3 at an intensity that varied by specimen according to its level of tissue fibrosis. A discontinous Ficoll gradient was then used to separate the islets from acinar tissue. We noted that the tissue pellet should be small enough to be homogenously resuspended in Ficoll medium with a density of 1.125 g/ml. After isolation, we cultured the islets under stress free conditions (no shaking or rotation) with 5% CO2 at 37 &deg;C for at least 48 h in order to facilitate their functional recovery. Widespread application of our protocol and its future improvement could enable the timely harvesting of large quantities of human islets from diabetic and clinically matched non-diabetic subjects, greatly advancing type 2 diabetes research.

The supply of type 2 diabetic islets for research is insufficient. Here we share our protocol for isolating islets from patients undergoing partial pancreatectomy. This approach represents a unique venue for obtaining islets from type 2 diabetic and clinically matched non-diabetic subjects in adequate numbers for basic and clinical studies.

부분 Pancreatectomized 환자에서 인간 아일 레츠의 분리

Investigations into the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and islets of Langerhans malfunction 1 have been hampered by the limited availability of type 2 ...

연구

의학

Staining Protocols for Human Pancreatic Islets

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and beta mass ranges from 500 to 1500 mg 1-3. With this known heterogeneity, a standard processing and staining procedure was developed so that pancreatic regions were clearly defined and islets characterized using rigorous histopathology and immunolocalization examinations. 
Standardized procedures for processing human pancreas recovered from organ donors are described in part 1 of this series. The pancreas is processed into 3 main regions (head, body, tail) followed by transverse sections. Transverse sections from the pancreas head are further divided, as indicated based on size, and numbered alphabetically to denote subsections. This standardization allows for a complete cross sectional analysis of the head region including the uncinate region which contains islets composed primarily of pancreatic polypeptide cells to the tail region.
The current report comprises part 2 of this series and describes the procedures used for serial sectioning and histopathological characterization of the pancreatic paraffin sections with an emphasis on islet endocrine cells, replication, and T-cell infiltrates. Pathology of pancreatic sections is intended to characterize both exocrine, ductular, and endocrine components. The exocrine compartment is evaluated for the presence of pancreatitis (active or chronic), atrophy, fibrosis, and fat, as well as the duct system, particularly in relationship to the presence of pancreatic intraductal neoplasia4. Islets are evaluated for morphology, size, and density, endocrine cells, inflammation, fibrosis, amyloid, and the presence of replicating or apoptotic cells using H&amp;E and IHC stains. 
The final component described in part 2 is the provision of the stained slides as digitized whole slide images. The digitized slides are organized by case and pancreas region in an online pathology database creating a virtual biobank. Access to this online collection is currently provided to over 200 clinicians and scientists involved in type 1 diabetes research. The online database provides a means for rapid and complete data sharing and for investigators to select blocks for paraffin or frozen serial sections.

This video demonstrates procedures for characterization of human pancreatic islets using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Pancreatic sections from head, body, and tail regions are stained by both H&amp;E and IHC to determine islet endocrine composition (insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide), cell replication (Ki67), and inflammatory infiltrates (H&E, CD3). The uncinate region is localized using IHC for pancreatic polypeptide.

인간의 췌장 Islets위한 염색법 프로토콜

Estimates of islet area and numbers and endocrine cell composition in the adult human pancreas vary from several hundred thousand to several million and ...

Neo-Islet Formation in Liver of Diabetic Mice by Helper-dependent Adenoviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the major therapy, because islet transplantation has been limited by donor availability and by the need for long-term immunosuppression. Induced islet neogenesis by gene transfer of Neuogenin3 (Ngn3), the islet lineage-defining specific transcription factor and Betacellulin (Btc), an islet growth factor has the potential to cure type 1 diabetes.
Adenoviral vectors (Ads) are highly efficient gene transfer vector; however, early generation Ads have several disadvantages for in vivo use. Helper-dependent Ads (HDAds) are the most advanced Ads that were developed to improve the safety profile of early generation of Ads and to prolong transgene expression1. They lack chronic toxicity because they lack viral coding sequences2-5 and retain only Ad cis elements necessary for vector replication and packaging. This allows cloning of up to 36 kb genes.
In this protocol, we describe the method to generate HDAd-Ngn3 and HDAd-Btc and to deliver these vectors into STZ-induced diabetic mice. Our results show that co-injection of HDAd-Ngn3 and HDAd-Btc induces 'neo islets' in the liver and reverses hyperglycemia in diabetic mice.

We describe hepatic neo-islet formation in STZ (streptozotocin)-induced diabetic mice by gene transfer of Neurogenin3 (Ngn3) and Betacellulin (Btc) using helper-dependent adenoviral vector (HDAd) and the reversal of hyperglycemia. Our method takes advantages of helper-dependent adenoviral vectors with their highly efficient in vivo transduction and the long lasting gene expression.

도우미에 의존 Adenoviral 벡터로 인한 유전자의 전송에 의한 당뇨 쥐의 간에서 네오 - 작은 섬 형성

Type 1 diabetes is caused by T cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Until now insulin replacement is still the ...

Quantifying Glomerular Permeability of Fluorescent Macromolecules Using 2-Photon Microscopy in Munich Wistar Rats

Kidney diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in the permeability barrier comprised of podocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and a basement membrane working in unison. Data from our laboratory using intravital 2-photon microscopy revealed a more permeable glomerular filtration barrier (GFB) than previously thought under physiologic conditions, with retrieval of filtered albumin occurring in an early subset of cells called proximal tubule cells (PTC)1,2,3.
Previous techniques used to study renal filtration and establishing the characteristic of the filtration barrier involved micropuncture of the lumen of these early tubular segments with sampling of the fluid content and analysis4. These studies determined albumin concentration in the luminal fluid to be virtually non-existent; corresponding closely to what is normally detected in the urine. However, characterization of dextran polymers with defined sizes by this technique revealed those of a size similar to serum albumin had higher levels in the tubular lumen and urine; suggesting increased permeability5.
Herein is a detailed outline of the technique used to directly visualize and quantify glomerular fluorescent albumin permeability in vivo. This method allows for detection of filtered albumin across the filtration barrier into Bowman's space (the initial chamber of urinary filtration); and also allows quantification of albumin reabsorption by proximal tubules and visualization of subsequent albumin transcytosis6. The absence of fluorescent albumin along later tubular segments en route to the bladder highlights the efficiency of the retrieval pathway in the earlier proximal tubule segments. Moreover, when this technique was applied to determine permeability of dextrans having a similar size to albumin virtually identical permeability values were reported2. These observations directly support the need to expand the focus of many proteinuric renal diseases to included alterations in proximal tubule cell reclamation.

A technique utilizing high resolution intavital 2-photon microscopy to directly visualize and quantify gloemrular filtration in surface glomeruli. This method allows for direct determination of permeability characteristics of macromolecules in both normal and diseased states.

뮌헨의 Wistar 쥐에서 2 광자 현미경을 사용하여 형광 고분자의 사구체 투과율을 정량화

Kidney  diseases involving urinary loss of large essential macromolecules, such as  serum albumin, have long been thought to be caused by alterations in ...

Isolation, Culture, and Imaging of Human Fetal Pancreatic Cell Clusters

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning endocrine cells, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating human C-peptide following glucose stimulation1-9. However in vitro, genesis of insulin producing cells from human fetal ICCs is low10; results reminiscent of recent experiments performed with human embryonic stem cells (hESC), a renewable source of cells that hold great promise as a potential therapeutic treatment for type 1 diabetes. Like ICCs, transplantation of partially differentiated hESC generate glucose responsive, insulin producing cells, but in vitro genesis of insulin producing cells from hESC is much less robust11-17. A complete understanding of the factors that influence the growth and differentiation of endocrine precursor cells will likely require data generated from both ICCs and hESC. While a number of protocols exist to generate insulin producing cells from hESC in vitro11-22, far fewer exist for ICCs10,23,24. Part of that discrepancy likely comes from the difficulty of working with human fetal pancreas. Towards that end, we have continued to build upon existing methods to isolate fetal islets from human pancreases with gestational ages ranging from 12 to 23 weeks, grow the cells as a monolayer or in suspension, and image for cell proliferation, pancreatic markers and human hormones including glucagon and C-peptide. ICCs generated by the protocol described below result in C-peptide release after transplantation under the kidney capsule of nude mice that are similar to C-peptide levels obtained by transplantation of fresh tissue6. Although the examples presented here focus upon the pancreatic endoderm proliferation and &#946;&#160;cell genesis, the protocol can be employed to study other aspects of pancreatic development, including exocrine, ductal, and other hormone producing cells.

A protocol to isolate, culture, and image islet cell clusters (ICCs) derived from human fetal pancreatic cells is described.&#160; The method details the steps necessary to generate ICCs from tissue, culture as monolayers or in suspension as aggregates, and image for markers of proliferation and pancreatic cell fate decisions.

인간의 태아 췌장 세포 클러스터의 분리, 문화, 및 이미징

For almost 30 years, scientists have demonstrated that human fetal ICCs transplanted under the kidney capsule of nude mice matured into functioning ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

동소 이식 췌장 암 마우스 모델의 동적 대비 강화 된 자기 공명 영상

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Surgical Injury to the Mouse Pancreas through Ligation of the Pancreatic Duct as a Model for Endocrine and Exocrine Reprogramming and Proliferation

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide new expandable sources of beta cells to alleviate the donor scarcity in human islet transplantation as therapy for diabetes. Although recent advances have been made towards this aim, mechanisms that regulate beta cell expansion and differentiation from a stem/progenitor cell remain to be characterized. Here, we describe a protocol for an injury model in the adult mouse pancreas that can function as a tool to study mechanisms of tissue remodeling and beta cell proliferation and differentiation. Partial duct ligation (PDL) is an experimentally induced injury of the rodent pancreas involving surgical ligation of the main pancreatic duct resulting in an obstruction of drainage of exocrine products out of the tail region of the pancreas. The inflicted damage induces acinar atrophy, immune cell infiltration and severe tissue remodeling. We have previously reported the activation of Neurogenin (Ngn) 3 expressing endogenous progenitor-like cells and an increase in beta cell proliferation after PDL. Therefore, PDL provides a basis to study signals involved in beta cell dynamics and the properties of an endocrine progenitor in adult pancreas. Since, it still remains largely unclear, which factors and pathways contribute to beta cell neogenesis and proliferation in PDL, a standardized protocol for PDL will allow for comparison across laboratories.

This protocol describes an injury model involving the surgical ligation of the pancreatic duct in the adult mouse pancreas, resulting in severe injury that establishes an environment that allows beta cell neogenesis and proliferation. This model can be used as a tool to study mechanisms involved in beta cell formation.

내분비 및 외분비 리 프로그래밍과 대량 살상 무기 확산 모델로 췌관의 결찰을 통해 마우스 췌장 외과 부상

Expansion of pancreatic beta cells in vivo or ex vivo, or generation of beta cells by differentiation from an embryonic or adult stem cell, can provide ...

Intraportal Transplantation of Pancreatic Islets in Mouse Model

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation site in experimental islet transplantation is the kidney capsule. However, as less is known about the interaction of pancreatic islets with blood constituents, it also makes sense to utilize the portal vein approach in experimental islet transplantation.
This protocol demonstrates an intraportal islet transplantation technique in NMRI nude mice. Streptozotocin (180 mg/kg) is injected intraperitoneally to induce hyperglycemia in recipient mice. They are considered as diabetic at a non-fasting blood glucose level greater than 20 mmol/L. One day prior to transplantation, mouse pancreatic islets are isolated from the donor pancreas by collagenase digestion; a minimum of 350 islets are utilized per diabetic recipient. Depending upon the islet isolation yield, two or more donor mice are utilized per recipient. After overnight culture at 37 &#176;C, islets are administered into the recipient liver via the portal vein. After surgery, the mice are protected in red Makrolon houses and observed until are awake. This protocol maintains glycemic control for 120 days in syngeneic mice and 15 days in allogeneic mice.

Pancreatic islet transplantation is a way to achieve normoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. This article focuses on the transplantation technique through the intraportal route to maintain normal glucose levels in diabetic mice.

Intraportal 이식 마우스 모델에서 췌 장 독도의

Pancreatic islet transplantation to reduce hyperglycemia is highly successful in rodents with chemically-induced diabetes. The most common transplantation ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Myography 와이어를 사용 하 여 마우스 Mesenteric 동맥의 isometric 수축 측정

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Longitudinal In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Human Pancreatic Islet Grafting and Contributing Host Cells in the Anterior Eye Chamber

Imaging beta cells is a key step towards understanding islet transplantation. Although different imaging platforms for the recording of beta cell biology have been developed and utilized in vivo, they are limited in terms of allowing single cell resolution and continuous longitudinal recordings. Because of the transparency of the cornea, the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) in mice is well suited to study human and mouse pancreatic islet cell biology. Here is a description of how this approach can be used to perform continuous longitudinal recordings of grafting and revascularization of individual human islet grafts. Human islet grafts are inserted into the ACE, using NOD.(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4-Rag2-/-mice as recipients. This allows for the investigation of the expansion of recipient versus donor cells and the contribution of recipient cells in promoting the encapsulation and vascularization of the graft. Further, a step-by-step approach for image analysis and quantification of the islet volume or segmented vasculature and islet capsule forming recipient cells is outlined.

The goal of this protocol is to continuously monitor the dynamics of the human pancreatic islet engraftment process and the contributing host versus donor cells. This is accomplished by transplanting human islets into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) of an NOD.(Cg)-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm4-Rag2-/-mouse recipient followed by repeated 2-photon imaging.

생체 내 눈 챔버에서 인간 췌장 이식 및 기여 호스트 세포의 생체 내 이미징 및 정량화

Imaging beta cells is a key step towards understanding islet transplantation. Although different imaging platforms for the recording of beta cell biology ...