This work was funded by Genome BC, Genome Canada, and Coastal Genomics. The authors thank Kirby Cronin and Michael Chan for their help in sample collection and processing. We also would like to acknowledge Thea Van Rossum and Dr. Fiona Brinkman for bioinformatics assistance.

1. 물 수집 및 여과 <ol><li> 여러 사이트 (그림 1)에서 담수 샘플을 수집합니다. 일련의 필터를 통해 샘플을 통과 : 1 μm의 필터, 0.2 μm의 필터, 30 kDa의 차단 접선 흐름 필터 각각 체계적으로 별도의 진핵 세포, 세균 및 바이러스 크기의 입자로합니다. 참고 : 정제하고 0.2 ㎛의 필터 (유리 살아있는 박테리아)에 회수 된 물질의 분석이보고에서 설명하지만, 유사한 접근법이 필터로부터 회수 다른 입자에 사용될 수있다. </li></ol> 2. 세균 농도 DNA 추출 및 정제 <ol><li> 물 여과 시스템 (개략도, 그림 2)에서 0.2 μm의 멤브레인 필터를 분리합니다. 반으로 0.2 μm의 디스크 필터를 접어 오픈면을 위로하여 50 ㎖ 튜브에 배치합니다. 에 1X 인산 완충 용액 5 ㎖ (PBS)와 0.01 % 트윈, pH가 7.4 추가튜브. 하나 이상의 필터가 공정 중에 사용되는 경우마다 다른 필터 튜브를 이용한다. 4 ° C에서 필터를 저장 튜브 (들)까지 처리. 그렇지 않으면, 2.2 단계로 진행합니다. </li><li> 멸균 집게로 50 ML 튜브에서 0.2 μm의 멤브레인 필터를 제거합니다. 페트리 접시에 놓고 필터 (들) (튜브에서 PBS 버퍼를 떠나). <ol><li> 멸균 집게 및 멸균 가위, 작은 스트립에 필터 (1cm X 1cm)을 잘라. , 70 % 이소프로판올에 몸을 담근 DNA 표면 오염 제거제로 닦아 다른 샘플 사이의 제 1 형의 초순수로 세척하여 집게와 가위를 소독. </li></ol></li><li> 다시 같은 50 ㎖ 튜브에 스트립으로 절단 필터를 놓습니다. 50 ML 튜브에 버퍼의 15 ml의 총이 때문에 필터에 1X PBS 10 ml의 0.01 % 트윈, 산도 7.4을 추가합니다. </li><li> 각 50 ㎖ 튜브에 6 청소 텅스텐 구슬 (3 mm 직경)를 추가 20 분 (50 ㎖ 튜브 소용돌이 어댑터를 사용)에 대해 적극적으로 파라 필름과 튜브, 소용돌이 커버. 멀티 포트의 경우이플 필터는 깨끗한 50 ML 튜브에 하나의 샘플, 전송 및 풀 모든 균질 처리됩니다. 4 ℃에서 15 분 동안 3,300 XG에서 튜브를 원심 분리기. </li><li> 1.7 ml의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 펠릿과 나누어지는 박테리아 세포 (~ 1 분취 량)을 재현 탁. 샘플 당 5 마이크로 원심 튜브가 될 것이라고합니다. </li><li> 10 분 동안 10,000 XG에서 마이크로 원심 튜브를 스핀 다운, 200 ~ μl에 마크 아래 상층 액의 대부분을 제거합니다. </li><li> -80 ° C에서 샘플을 보관하거나 제조업체의 지침에 따라 시중에서 판매하는 DNA 분리 키트를 사용하여 세균의 DNA를 추출로 진행합니다. 세균성 DNA 추출 사용하거나 또는 물 PBS 네거티브 대조군으로서 추출하고, E. 중 양성 대조군으로서 추출 대장균. </li><li> 여러 개의 튜브에서 DNA 추출되기 때문에, 하나 둘 ML 튜브에 동일한 샘플에서 병렬 서브 분주 수영장. 이어서 0.1 이루어지는 용액을 사용하여 O / N 침전을 실시3 M 아세트산 나트륨, 100 % 에탄올 2 부피 및 5 ㎍ / μL 선형 아크릴 아미드 5 μL의 볼륨. 잘 혼합 및 저장 샘플 -80 ° C에서. </li><li> 4 ℃에서 30 분 동안 최대 속도 (17,000 XG) 원심 분리기. 10 mM 트리스 - CL, 산도 8.5의 34 μL에 더 이상 5 분에 resuspend DNA 펠릿에 대한 생물 안전 캐비닛에 얼음처럼 차가운 70 % 에탄올, 건조 공기의 1 ml로 펠렛을 씻으십시오. 참고 : 선형 아크릴 아미드가 O / N 침전 후 DNA 펠렛을 시각화하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. </li><li> 제조업체의 지침 (재료의 표 참조), 각각 고감도 형광 핵산 정량 분석​​ 및 microvolume 분광 광도계를 사용하여 다음과 같은 DNA의 양과 질을 결정합니다. 주의 : 샘플을 여러 시간에 제조하는 경우 dsDNA 접시 계 형광 / 분광 정량 고감도 형광 핵산 분석 방법 대신에 사용될 수있다. </li></ol> 3. DNA 라이브러리 준비 <ol><li&gt; 0.2 NG / μL ~의 농도로 물 시료에서 추출한 게놈 세균의 DNA를 정상화. </li><li> 트랜스포존 기반 방법 (tagmentation)를 사용하여 세균 DNA 단편의 효소 적 하나 나노 그램. 제조업체의 지침에 따라 조각난 DNA에 어댑터와 인덱스 시퀀스를 추가합니다. 시퀀싱 인덱스가 통합되는 시점에서 제조업체의 지침에 표시된 주제 PCR의 12주기에 샘플을 tagmented. </li></ol> 4. 자동 젤 사이즈 선택 <ol><li> 제조업체의 지침에 설명 된 표준 포스트-PCR 청소 단계를 건너 뛰십시오 (재료의 표 참조). 사이즈 선택 PCR 후 시료를 직접 자동 겔 기반 사이즈 선택 플랫폼을 사용. <ol><li> 각 샘플에 로딩 버퍼의 3.5 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 제조업체의 프로토콜에 따라, 300 μl의 추출물에서, 500 ~ 800 bp의 크기 선택 대상을 지정하여 전기 영동 워크 스테이션에 샘플을로드프리 캐스트 1.5 % 아가로 오스를 사용하여 카세트 이온 볼륨. </li><li> 에탄올 침전을 통해 25 μL까지 원시 출력 재료 (300 μl를) 집중. 주 : 대안 적으로, 필터 판 및 진공 매니 폴드를 통해 더 많은 수의 샘플에 대한 농도를 자동화하는 전기 워크 스테이션을 사용한다. <ol><li> 3 M 아세트산 나트륨 0.1 부피의 100 % 에탄올의 양이 5 ㎍ / μL 선형 아크릴 아미드 5 μL를 사용하여 원시 용출 부피를 석출. -80 ° CO / N에서 잘 장소 샘플을 섞는다. 원심 분리기 샘플을 30 분 동안 17,000 XG에. </li><li> 상층 액을 버리고 얼음처럼 차가운 70 % 에탄올 1 ml의 DNA 펠렛을 씻어 진행합니다. </li><li> 원심 분리기 샘플은 다시 30 분 동안 17,000 XG에서, 상층 액, 건조 공기를 폐기하고, 마지막으로 10 mM 트리스 - CL, 산도 8.5의 25 μL에 DNA 펠렛을 재현 탁. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> (선택 사항) 다섯을 할 수있는 자동화 된 젤 크기 선택 플랫폼 선택 DNA 라이브러리 크기의 1 μl를 사용하여트리스 EDTA 완충액, pH가 8.0를 사용하여 희석 -fold. 제조업체의 지시에 따라 dsDNA 품질을 분석하는 칩 기반 모세관 전기 기기를 사용하여 라이브러리를 분석한다. </li></ol> 5. 도서관 정상화 및 시퀀싱 <ol><li> 제조업체의 준비 가이드에 설명 된대로 (트랜스포존 기반 라이브러리 준비 키트에 포함) 라이브러리 정규화 구슬을 사용하여 샘​​플을 정상화 진행합니다. <ol><li> 대안 적으로, 2 nm의 dsDNA의 최종 농도에 도달 할 등몰 비율로 풀링 하였다 고감도 형광 핵산 정량 분석​​을 사용 dsDNA 라이브러리를 측정한다. 풀링 라이브러리의 10 μL 0.2 N NaOH를 10 μl를 사용하여 라이브러리를 변성 진행, RT에서 5 분 동안 품어. 오후 11시 5분의 최종 1 ml의 부피와 농도 (트랜스포존 기반 준비 키트 포함) 하이브리드 버퍼를 사용하여 변성 라이브러리를 희석. </li></ol></li><li> 로드 샘플제조사의 표준 프로토콜을 시퀀싱 따라 차세대 시퀀싱 플랫폼들. </li></ol>

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제라드 R. 슬로 보단 매튜 J. 네스 빗 모두 해안 유전체학, 레인저 기술을 제공하는 개인 소유의 브리티시 컬럼비아 기업의 주식을 보유.

어댑터 이량 체 우선적으로 현재 플랫폼에서 염기 서열되는 작은 인서트 크기의 클러스터링의 존재는 가능한 수익률과 과소 활용 장비의 용량 (15)의 감소를 나타냅니다. 라이브러리를 준비하는 트랜스포존 기반의 접근 방식과 결합 된 비드 치는 방법의 사용은 추출 4,5의 다른 방법에 비해 DNA 전단이 발생할 수 있습니다. 순서의 분포가 8, 16을 읽고에 그럼에도 불구하고, ?...

Metagenomics involves the sequencing of all the genetic material in a sample to characterize the microbial communities present. It is a complex and expensive process which involves the conversion of extracted nucleic acids into DNA libraries followed by next-generation sequencing. High quality libraries are essential for maximal data output and accurate metagenomics analysis. Environmental samples, such as water samples, often pose significant challenges to generating high quality libraries, due to low amounts of DNA that may also be degraded1-3 and the presence of inhibitors of PCR4-6. 
High quality libraries ideally consist of longer segments of DNA within a narrow range of lengths. In order to maximize the amount of useful data generated per sequencing run, the length of the DNA in the library should be at least as long as the maximum read length of the sequencing method being used. When using a sequencing-by-synthesis technology such as the Illumina MiSeq, the size of the DNA fragments affects the efficiency at which clusters are generated on the flow cell. For instance, when a library contains both shorter and longer DNA fragments, the shorter ones will be over-represented in the sequencing data7,8. In contrast, a library with similarly sized DNA fragments will be proportionally represented in the sequencing data. Many library preparation kits use ligation-based methods to add adapters to the DNA fragments and size selection is necessary to remove adapter dimers that do not contain an insert9,10. There are numerous methods11,12 to achieve this but the one technique that gives the most consistent results is the electrophoretic separation of DNA followed by the recovery of the desired lengths of DNA13,14. This process can be performed manually for a small number of samples, but when faced with processing hundreds of samples, automated solutions are required. The currently available platforms for automated gel size selection are low throughput and new platforms are needed to process large numbers of samples for sequencing. The Ranger Technology can be integrated with existing liquid handling workstations to enable the use of agarose gel electrophoresis for size selection and analytical purposes on a scale that satisfies today&#8217;s high throughput environment.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump Masterflex P/S 1400 Series</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>1400-1620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.2 &#181;m Supor Membrane</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA28143-969</td>
			<td>Pall Corporation, Ann Harbor, MI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten carbide beads 3 mm (200)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>69997</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol 70%</td>
			<td>Jedmon Products</td>
			<td>825751</td>
			<td>Healthcare Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA away</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>7010</td>
			<td>Molecular BioProducts, Inc. San Diego, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Milli-Q water purification system</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ZMQS6VF0Y</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore. This system has been discontinued.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 X PBS pH 7.5</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>E703-1L</td>
			<td>Amresco, Inc., Solon, OH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP337-100</td>
			<td>Fisher chemicals</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex adapter for 2 (50 ml) tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13000-V1-50</td>
			<td>MoBio, Carlsbad, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex-Genie 2, 120V (Model G560)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries, Inc.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beckman Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Raeyco Lab Equipment Systems Management Ltd</td>
			<td>Model J-6B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLyzer Powersoil DNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>12855-100</td>
			<td>MoBio, Carlsbad, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex adapter for 24 (1.5-2 ml) tubes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>13000-V1-24</td>
			<td>MoBio, Carlsbad, CA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfuge 18 centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>367160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nimbus Select workstation with Ranger Technology</td>
			<td>Hamilton Robotics</td>
			<td>92720-01</td>
			<td>Includes the liquid handling workstation and integrated Ranger Tech (electrophoresis hardware)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ranger reagent kit</td>
			<td>Coastal Genomics</td>
			<td>CG-10600-150-12-21</td>
			<td>Includes loading buffer and cassettes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl alcohol (anhydrous)</td>
			<td>Commercial Alcohols</td>
			<td>P016EAAN</td>
			<td>Greenfield Ethanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2889-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear acrylamide (5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>AM9520</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td>Raeyco Lab Equipment Systems Management Ltd.</td>
			<td>5417R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffer EB (250 ml)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 1000 Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit fluorometer</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32857</td>
			<td>Invitrogen. This product has been discontinued.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32854</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High sensitivity DNA reagent</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High sensitivity DNA chips</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>5067-4626</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agilent 2011 Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td>G2938B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nextera XT DNA sample preparation kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nextera XT index kit</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>FC-131-1001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MiSeq reagent kit v2 (500-cycles)</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>MS-102-2003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Miseq system</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>SY-410-1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

automated gel size selection to improve the quality of next-generation sequencing libraries prepared from environmental water samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. 
In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.

DNA 농도 및 품질 평가 세균성 DNA 농도는 0.01 내지 0.11 NG / 유역 다른 사이트의 물 샘플 당 ㎖ (표 1)의 범위였다. 박테리아로부터 단리 DNA 분획은 각각 1.6 260/280 1.8 1.4 0.3 비율 230분의 260 있었다. 230분의 260 비의 일부는 상대적으로 낮은 동안, 명백한 억제 준비된 다른 라이브러리와 하류 어플리케이션에서 관찰되지 않았다. 이러...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples at JoVE.com

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries.

자동 젤 사이즈 선택은 환경 물 샘플에서 준비 차세대 시퀀싱 라이브러리의 질을 향상시키기 위해

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

automated-gel-size-selection-to-improve-quality-next-generation

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

10.4K 조회수.  The University of British Columbia. This manuscript describes an automated gel size selection approach for purifying DNA fragments for next-generation sequencing. The Ranger Technology provides complete automation of the entire process of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments allowing for high-throughput and high quality next-generation sequencing libraries. 

비디오: Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. I. Collection of Virus Samples

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. The standardized sampling component of the method concentrates viruses that may be present in water by passage of a minimum specified volume of water through an electropositive cartridge filter. The minimum specified volumes for surface and finished/ground water are 300 L and 1,500 L, respectively. A major method limitation is the tendency for the filters to clog before meeting the sample volume requirement. Studies using two different, but equivalent, cartridge filter options showed that filter clogging was a problem with 10% of the samples with one of the filter types compared to 6% with the other filter type. Clogging tends to increase with turbidity, but cannot be predicted based on turbidity measurements only. From a cost standpoint one of the filter options is preferable over the other, but the water quality and experience with the water system to be sampled should be taken into consideration in making filter selections.

EPA Method 1615 uses an electropositive filter to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. This manuscript describes the procedure for collecting samples for Method 1615 analyses.

엔테로 바이러스 및 문화 RT-qPCR에 의해 물에서 노로 바이러스의 발생의 EPA 방법 1615 측정. 바이러스 샘플의 I. 컬렉션

EPA Method 1615 was developed with a goal of providing a standard method for measuring enteroviruses and noroviruses in environmental and drinking waters. ...

연구

환경과학

Physical Isolation of Endospores from Environmental Samples by Targeted Lysis of Vegetative Cells

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a morpho-physiological resting state that enhances survival under adverse environmental conditions. Even though endospore-forming Firmicutes are one of the most frequently enriched and isolated bacterial groups in culturing studies, they are often absent from diversity studies based on molecular methods. The resistance of the spore core is considered one of the factors limiting the recovery of DNA from endospores. We developed a method that takes advantage of the higher resistance of endospores to separate them from other cells in a complex microbial community using physical, enzymatic and chemical lysis methods. The endospore-only preparation thus obtained can be used for re-culturing or to perform downstream analysis such as tailored DNA extraction optimized for endospores and subsequent DNA sequencing. This method, applied to sediment samples, has allowed the enrichment of endospores and after sequencing, has revealed a large diversity of endospore-formers in freshwater lake sediments. We expect that the application of this method to other samples will yield a similar outcome.

A method to single out bacterial endospores from complex microbial communities was developed to perform tailored culture or molecular studies of this group of bacteria.

식물 세포의 표적으로 용해하여 환경 시료에서 내생 포자의 물리적 분리

Endospore formation is a survival strategy found among some bacteria from the phylum Firmicutes. During endospore formation, these bacteria enter a ...

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and enables to perform rapid, automated and simple SPE. The pre-concentrated solution is compatible with analysis by immunoassay, with a low organic solvent content. A method is described for the extraction and pre-concentration of natural hormone 17&#946;-estradiol in 100 ml water samples. Reverse phase SPE is performed with octadecyl-silica sorbent and elution is done with 200 &#181;l of methanol 50% v/v. Eluent is diluted by adding di-water to lower the amount of methanol. After preparing manually the SPE column, the overall procedure is performed automatically within 1 hr. At the end of the process, estradiol concentration is measured by using a commercial enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA). 100-fold pre-concentration is achieved and the methanol content in only 10% v/v. Full recoveries of the molecule are achieved with 1 ng/L spiked de-ionized and synthetic sea water samples.

A protocol for the extraction and pre-concentration of estradiol from water samples by using an automated and miniaturized system is presented.

작은 오염 물질의 면역 학적 분석을위한 물 샘플의 자동화 된 고체상 추출을위한 간단한 방법

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Use of a Filter Cartridge for Filtration of Water Samples and Extraction of Environmental DNA

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies employed disk fiber filters to collect eDNA from water samples, although a number of microbial studies in aquatic environments have employed filter cartridges, because the cartridge has the advantage of accommodating large water volumes and of overall ease of use. Here we provide a protocol for filtration of water samples using the filter cartridge and extraction of eDNA from the filter without having to cut open the housing. The main portions of this protocol consists of 1) filtration of water samples (water volumes &#8804;4 L or &gt;4 L); (2) extraction of DNA on the filter using a roller shaker placed in a preheated incubator; and (3) purification of DNA using a commercial kit. With the use of this and previously-used protocols, we perform metabarcoding analysis of eDNA taken from a huge aquarium tank (7,500 m3) with known species composition, and show the number of detected species per library from the two protocols as the representative results. This protocol has been developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

We describe a protocol for filtration of water samples with a filter cartridge and extraction of environmental DNA (eDNA) without having to cut open the housing to remove the filter. This protocol is developed for metabarcoding eDNA from fishes, but is also applicable to eDNA from other organisms.

여과 물 샘플 및 환경 DNA의 추출을위한 필터 카트리지의 사용

Recent studies demonstrated the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) from fishes to be appropriate as a non-invasive monitoring tool. Most of these studies ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties of the pouch were monitored in containers with or without fruit. The pouch was affixed to the inside of a perforated clamshell containing grape tomatoes, and the effect on microbial population, firmness, and weight loss was evaluated during a 14 day storage period at 20 &#176;C. Within 3 days, the ClO2 concentration in the clamshells reached 3.5 ppm and remained constant until day 10. Thereafter, it decreased to 2 ppm by day 14. The ClO2 pouch exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, reducing Escherichia coli populations by 3.08 log CFU/g and Alternaria alternata populations by 2.85 log CFU/g after 14 days of storage. The ClO2 treatment also reduced softening and weight loss and extended the overall shelf life of the tomatoes. Our results suggest that ClO2 treatment is useful for extending the shelf life and improving the microbial safety of tomatoes during storage without impairing their quality.

Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.

천공 포장 시스템에서 이산화 염소의 제어 릴리스는 저장 수명을 연장하고 포도 토마토의 안전을 개선하기 위해

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

플라스틱 펠렛 및 플라스틱 유형 분석에서 유기 염소 농약의 추출

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as redox potential (Eh) and pH, but also to microbial activities that can play a direct or indirect role on speciation and/or mobility. Indeed, some bacteria can directly oxidize As(III) to As(V) or reduce As(V) to As(III). Likewise, bacteria are strongly involved in Hg cycling, either through its methylation, forming the neurotoxin monomethyl mercury, or through its reduction to elemental Hg&#176;. The fates of both As and Hg are also strongly linked to soil or aquifer composition; indeed, As and Hg can bind to organic compounds or (oxy)hydroxides, which will influence their mobility. In turn, bacterial activities such as iron (oxy)hydroxide reduction or organic matter mineralization can indirectly influence As and Hg sequestration. The presence of sulfate/sulfide can also strongly impact these particular elements through the formation of complexes such as thio-arsenates with As or metacinnabar with Hg.
Consequently, many important questions have been raised on the fate and speciation of As and Hg in the environment and how to limit their toxicity. However, due to their reactivity towards aquifer components, it is difficult to clearly dissociate the biogeochemical processes that occur and their different impacts on the fate of these TE.
To do so, we developed an original, experimental, column setup that mimics an aquifer with As- or Hg-iron-oxide rich areas versus iron depleted areas, enabling a better understanding of TE biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. The following protocol gives step by step instructions for the column set-up either for As or Hg, as well as an example with As under iron and sulfate reducing conditions.

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Fate and speciation of arsenic and mercury in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions and microbial activity. Here, we present an original experimental column setup that mimics an aquifer and enables a better understanding of trace element biogeochemistry in anoxic conditions. Two examples are presented, combining geochemical and microbiological approaches.

(옥 시) 철 수 산화물, 성분, 및 박테리아 혐 기성 생물 지구 화학적 상호 작용을 공부에 대 한 실험 열 설정

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

지속적인 문학적 품질 모니터링 Vernal 연못의 물

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Optimized Procedure for Determining the Adsorption of Phosphonates onto Granular Ferric Hydroxide using a Miniaturized Phosphorus Determination Method

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), with little effort and high reliability. The phosphonate, e.g., nitrilotrimethylphosphonic acid (NTMP), is brought into contact with the GFH in a rotator in a solution buffered by an organic acid (e.g., acetic acid) or Good buffer (e.g., 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) [MES] and N-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid [CAPSO]) in a concentration of 10 mM for a specific time in 50 mL centrifuge tubes. Subsequently, after membrane filtration (0.45 &#181;m pore size), the total phosphorus (total P) concentration is measured using a specifically developed determination method (ISOmini). This method is a modification and simplification of the ISO 6878 method: a 4 mL sample is mixed with H2SO4 and K2S2O8 in a screw cap vial, heated to 148-150 &#176;C for 1 h and then mixed with NaOH, ascorbic acid and acidified molybdate with antimony(III) (final volume of 10 mL) to produce a blue complex. The color intensity, which is linearly proportional to the phosphorus concentration, is measured spectrophotometrically (880 nm). It is demonstrated that the buffer concentration used has no significant effect on the adsorption of phosphonate between pH 4 and 12. The buffers, therefore, do not compete with the phosphonate for adsorption sites. Furthermore, the relatively high concentration of the buffer requires a higher dosage concentration of oxidizing agent (K2S2O8) for digestion than that specified in ISO 6878, which, together with the NaOH dosage, is matched to each buffer. Despite the simplification, the ISOmini method does not lose any of its accuracy compared to the standardized method.

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric hydroxide, with little effort and high reliability. In a buffered solution, the phosphonate is brought into contact with the adsorbent using a rotator and then analyzed via a miniaturized phosphorus determination method.

소형 인 결정 방법을 사용 하 여 세분화 된 제 2 철 수산화에 Phosphonates의 흡착을 결정 하기 위한 최적화 된 절차

This paper introduces a procedure to investigate the adsorption of phosphonates onto iron-containing filter materials, particularly granular ferric ...

Composition and Distribution Analysis of Bioaerosols Under Different Environmental Conditions

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, we described a protocol for multiple analyses of the biological compositions in environmental PM. Five experiments are presented: (1) PM number monitoring by using a laser particle counter; (2) PM collection by using a cyclonic aerosol sampler; (3) PM collection by using a high-volume air sampler with filters; (4) culturable microbes collection by the Andersen six-stage sampler; and (5) detection of biological composition of environmental PM by bacterial 16SrDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing. We selected hazy days and a livestock farm as two typical examples of the application in this protocol. In this study, these two sampling methods, cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler, showed different sampling efficiency. The cyclonic aerosol sampler performed much better in terms of collecting bacteria, while these two methods showed the same efficiency in collecting fungi. Filter samplers can work under low temperature conditions while cyclonic aerosol samplers have a sampling limitation for temperature. A solid impacting sampler, such as an Andersen six-stage sampler, can be used to sample bioaerosols directly into the culture medium, which increases the survival rate of culturable microorganisms. However, this method mainly relies on culture while more than 99% of microbes cannot be cultured. DNA extracted from the culturable bacteria collected by the Andersen six-stage sampler and samples collected by cyclonic aerosol sampler and filter sampler were detected by bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS region sequencing.All the methods above may have wide application in many fields of study, such as environmental monitoring and airborne pathogen detection. From these results, we can conclude that these methods can be used under different conditions and may help other researchers further explore the health impacts of environmental bioaerosols.

Understanding the biological composition of environmental particulate matter is important for the study of its significant impacts on human health and disease spread. Here, we used three types of bioaerosol sampling methods and a biological analysis of airborne microbes to better explore airborne microbial communities under different environmental conditions.

구성 및 다른 환경 조건에서 Bioaerosols의 유통 분석

Variable microorganisms in particulate matter (PM) under different environmental conditions may have significant impacts on human health. In this study, ...