저자는 기술 지원을 크리스타 하세, 도리스 웨버와 브리짓 Korte은 감사합니다. WEIDINGER 실험실에서 작업은 도이치 Forschungsgemeinschaft 우리 4223 / 3-1의 보조금 지원, 4223 / 4-1 도이치 먼 대 Kardiologie 오스카 - 라플란드-Stipendium를 통해와 클라우스 - 게오르그 - 싶게 - Sigrid-에 의해 우리 Hengstberger-Forschungsstipendium.

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+analysis+of+kit+ligand+a+functional+expression+reveals+lineage-specific+competence+to+promote+melanocyte+rescue+in+the+mutant+regenerating+caudal+fin.">Clonal analysis of kit ligand a functional expression reveals lineage-specific competence to promote melanocyte rescue in the mutant regenerating caudal fin.</a> PloS one. 9 (7), e102317 (2014).</li><li>Wehner, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wnt/beta-catenin+signaling+defines+organizing+centers+that+orchestrate+growth+and+differentiation+of+the+regenerating+zebrafish+caudal+fin.">Wnt/beta-catenin signaling defines organizing centers that orchestrate growth and differentiation of the regenerating zebrafish caudal fin.</a> Cell Rep. 6 (3), 467-481 (2014).</li><li>Huang, C. 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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viral+2A+peptides+allow+expression+of+multiple+proteins+from+a+single+ORF+in+transgenic+zebrafish+embryos.">Viral 2A peptides allow expression of multiple proteins from a single ORF in transgenic zebrafish embryos.</a> Genesis. 45 (10), 625-629 (2007).</li><li>Suster, M. L., Abe, G., Schouw, A., Kawakami, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transposon-mediated+BAC+transgenesis+in+zebrafish.">Transposon-mediated BAC transgenesis in zebrafish.</a> Nat Protoc. 6 (12), 1998-2021 (2011).</li><li>Bussmann, J., Schulte-Merker, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+BAC+selection+for+tol2-mediated+transgenesis+in+zebrafish.">Rapid BAC selection for tol2-mediated transgenesis in zebrafish.</a> Development. 138 (19), 4327-4332 (2011).</li><li>Yuan, S., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+of+mRNA+and+morpholino+antisense+oligonucleotides+in+zebrafish+embryos.">Microinjection of mRNA and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides in zebrafish embryos.</a> J Vis Exp. (27), (2009).</li><li>Kim, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+cleavage+efficiency+of+a+2A+peptide+derived+from+porcine+teschovirus-1+in+human+cell+lines,+zebrafish+and+mice.">High cleavage efficiency of a 2A peptide derived from porcine teschovirus-1 in human cell lines, zebrafish and mice.</a> PloS one. 6 (4), e18556 (2011).</li><li>Matthews, M., Varga, Z. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anesthesia+and+euthanasia+in+zebrafish.">Anesthesia and euthanasia in zebrafish.</a> ILAR journal / National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 53 (2), 192-204 (2012).</li><li>Hyde, D. R., Godwin, A. R., Thummel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+electroporation+of+morpholinos+into+the+regenerating+adult+zebrafish+tail+fin.">In vivo electroporation of morpholinos into the regenerating adult zebrafish tail fin.</a> J Vis Exp. (61), (2012).</li><li>Meeker, N. D., Hutchinson, S. A., Ho, L., Trede, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+for+isolation+of+PCR-ready+genomic+DNA+from+zebrafish+tissues.">Method for isolation of PCR-ready genomic DNA from zebrafish tissues.</a> Biotechniques. 43 (5), 610 (2007).</li><li>Thermes, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=I-SceI+meganuclease+mediates+highly+efficient+transgenesis+in+fish.">I-SceI meganuclease mediates highly efficient transgenesis in fish.</a> Mech Dev. 118 (1-2), 91-98 (2002).</li><li>Suster, M. L., Kikuta, H., Urasaki, A., Asakawa, K., Kawakami, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenesis+in+zebrafish+with+the+tol2+transposon+system.">Transgenesis in zebrafish with the tol2 transposon system.</a> Methods Mol Biol. , 56141-56163 (2009).</li><li>Grabher, C., Wittbrodt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Meganuclease+and+transposon+mediated+transgenesis+in+medaka.">Meganuclease and transposon mediated transgenesis in medaka.</a> Genome Biol. 8, (2007).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

성인 제브라 피쉬가 성공적으로 많은 내부 장기와 부속을 재생하는 놀라운 능력을 가지고있다. 관련된 분자 및 세포 메커니즘에 대한 철저한 이해는 유전자의 기능과 신호 전달 경로의 조직 특이 적 분석이 필요합니다. 이 무렵, 코스닥 시스템은 배아와 성인 제브라 피쉬의 시공간으로 제어 유전자 발현을위한 효율적인 도구를 제공합니다. 이 논문에 기술 된 TETON 시스템 구축 및 방법론이 성공적...

제브라 피쉬의 개발, 생리학, 질병, 및 재생의 여러 측면을 연구하는 기초가 튼튼한 척추 동물 모델 생물이다. 유전자 발현 또는 신호 전달 경로의 유도, 조직 특이 적 조작 후 배아 생물학적 과정, 실험 도구에 대한 모델로 제브라 피쉬의 성장 채택으로 점점 더 중요 해지고있다. 특히, 성인 제브라 피쉬의 기관 및 부속 재생에 대한 연구는 이러한 재생 과정에서 신호 전달 경로의 시공간 요구 사항의 해부 도구의 부족으로 고통을. 현재, 세가지 다른 시스템 조건, 조직 - 특이 성인 지브라 피쉬의 장기를 재생 유전자 발현 달성하는데 사용되어왔다 : Cre 호텔-LOX 시스템 트랜스포존 매개 체세포 형질 전환을 사용하여 열 - 충격 유도 유전자의 모자이크 식 및 코스닥 시스템 1 -3. 코스닥은 테트라 사이클린 계속의 변형을 말한다발현은 테트라 사이클린 항생 물질 또는 유도체, 예 독시사이클린의 존재 하에서 활성화 롤 전사 활성 시스템. 그것은 지금까지 성인 물고기에 사용 된 바와 같이 Cre 호텔-LOX 시스템은, 발현 공간적으로 조직 특이 적 조절 요소에 의해 제한되는 타목시펜 제어 Cre 호텔 재조합 효소 (CreERT2)에 의존한다. STOP 카세트의 CRE 구동 제거는 모든 세포 유형 1 활성화되어야 프로모터에 의해 구동되는 목적 유전자의 발현을 촉진한다. mosaically 표현 체세포 유전자의 트랜스포존 매개 창조 개별 세포 계통의 유도 유전자 발현 시스템을 제공한다. 전형적 재생 기관 (2)의 분리 된 세포 계통의 유전자를 운반하는 키메라 개인에 열 충격 프로모터 결과의 전사 제어하에 관심있는 유전자를 운반하는 트랜스포존과 TOL2 지브라 피쉬의 수정란 사출. 두 시스템은 조건부 조직 SPE를 허용하는 동안cific 유전자 발현은 LOX-Cre 호텔 시스템은 가역적없고, 트랜스포존 기반 클론 표지를 사용하는 전략은 스토캐스틱 자연에서 겪고있다. 따라서, 우리 등 최근 시간적 및 가산 및 가역 가변 3-5 인 공간적 조절 유전자 발현 촉진 제브라에 사용하기위한 유전자 코스닥 시스템을 채택 하였다. 여기서 사용 코스닥 시스템은 독시사이클린 (D​​OX) -inducible 전사 활성이 (역방향의 테트라 사이클린 transactivator, irtTA 짧은 TETA 개선) 조직 특이 적 유전자 조절 서열의 제어하에있는 트랜스 제닉 드라이버 라인 (TetActivator)을 포함한다. (; TetRE 구정 응답 요소) (그림 1A) 둘째, 유전자 변형 응답자 라인 테트라 사이클린 연산자의 전사 제어에 관심의 유전자를 품고 (TetResponder)가 필요합니다. 따라서 TetActivator 및 TetResponder 선의 특정 조합의 사용은 조건부 조직 정시 허용유전자 발현의 FIC 조작. 우리는 최근 제브라 피쉬의 꼬리 지느러미 3 재생 성인에서의 Wnt / 베타 카테닌 신호의 조직 특이 적 기능을 위해 프로브 TETON 시스템을 활용했다. 여기에 설명 된 프로토콜에서 우리는 지느러미 재생의 연구에 특히 제브라 피쉬에 Teton 시스템의 설정 및 사용에 대한 작업 흐름을 설명합니다. 이것은 상세한 안정적인 형질 전환 TetActivator과 TetResponder 라인을 생성하는 방법에 대한 지침 및 배아와 성인 제브라 피쉬의 형질 전환 유전자의 유도를위한 프로토콜을 포함한다. 더욱이, 우리는 성인 핀 저온부 지브라 피쉬의 제조를위한 프로토콜을 포함하여 핀 재생성에 조직 특이 적 유전자 발현의 확인을위한 기술을 설명한다. 또한, 우리는 TetResponder 식의 TetActivator 형질 전환 유전자의 설계, 형질 전환 방법의 선택, 및 검출을위한 고려 사항에 대해 설명합니다. 따라서,이 프로토콜의 전반적인 목표는 청사진 역할을하는 것입니다설정해서 기능성 코스닥 시스템 지브라 피쉬의 관심있는 조직에 적용 할 수있는 조건부 조직 특이 적 유전자 발현을 달성하기위한. 우리는 I-SceI 제한 효소 또는 짧은 유전자 조절 서열 사용하여 안정적인 TetActivator 라인의 TOL2 매개 세대를 허용 TetActivator 벡터 만든 (증강 조각, WEIDINGER 랩 플라스미드 데이터베이스없이 1247;. 그림 1B). 이 구조는 단순 포진 바이러스 VP16의 전이 활성화 도메인 파생 3F [irtTAM2 (3 층)]와 융합 역 구정 리프레 도메인의 M2 돌연변이 변종으로 구성된 TetActivator 카세트가 포함되어 있습니다. 이 공동 발현 동일한 오픈 리딩 프레임으로부터의 형광 단으로 AmCyan 때문에 TetActivator (TETA)의 발현을 용이하게 모니터링 할 수있다; 1 비율 5,6 : P2A 펩타이드는 1에서 분리 된 단백질과 같은 TETA과 AmCyan의 생산을 초래할한다 리보솜 건너 뛰기를, 중재. 구조는 또한 T의 &#39;poylinker 5 포함etActivator 카세트는 종래의 클로닝 방법을 사용하여 관심의 유전자 조절 서열의 삽입을 용이하게한다. (큰 게놈 영역을 포함하는 박테리아 인공 염색체로 재조합 될 수있다 (BAC), 또한, 우리는 전술 TetActivator 카세트 플러스 카나마이신 선택 카세트 (도 1C. WEIDINGER 랩 플라스미드 데이터베이스 없음 1180)로 이루어진 구조를 작성한 일반적으로 발현 패턴 트랜스 의해 모방 함) 유전자의 개시 코돈으로. 두 구조는 요청시 WEIDINGER 실험실에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breeding boxes</td>
			<td>Aqua Schwarz</td>
			<td>AquaBox 1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>e.g. Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td>varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td>to image fluorescent tissue sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>e.g. Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td>varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td>to image fluorescent tissue sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>e.g. Leica, Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td>for cryosectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8217;, 6- diamidino-2-phenylinodole (Dapi)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>use 1/5000 in PBS 
			for visualization of nuclei</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxycycline</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9891</td>
			<td>prepare stocks in 50% EtOH at 50 mg/ml (97 mM) 
			for TetResponder induction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>E3 embryo medium&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5 mM NaCl, 0.17 mM KCl, 0.33 mM CaCl2&#903; 2 H2O, 0.33 mM MgSO4&#903;7 H2O, 0.2 &#8240; (w/v) methylene blue, pH 6.5 
			for embryo/larvae husbandry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td>4 % (w/v) paraformaldehyde in PBS, pH 7.5 
			for fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Phosphat-buffer saline (PBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1.7 mM KH2PO4, 5.2 mM Na2HPO4, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x Phosphat-buffer saline + Tween 20 (PBT)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1x PBS with 0.1 % Tween 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost Ultra Plus adhesion microscope slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>1014356190</td>
			<td>for collection of tissue sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>e.g. Leica, Zeiss</td>
			<td>varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td>for fluorescence-based genotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler</td>
			<td>e.g. Biorad, Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>varies with the manufacturer</td>
			<td>for PCR-based genotyping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue freezing medium (TFM)</td>
			<td>Triangel Biomedical Sciences</td>
			<td>TFM-C</td>
			<td>for embedding of tissue samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricaine (L-Ethyl-m-amino-benzoate-methane sulfonate/MS-222)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td>for anesthesia 
			use at 1 mg/ml in E3 embryo medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

use of the teton system to study molecular mechanisms of zebrafish regeneration

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved requires experimental tools that allow for inducible, tissue-specific manipulation of gene expression or signaling pathways. Therefore, we and others have recently adapted the TetON system for use in zebrafish. The TetON system facilitates temporally and spatially-controlled gene expression and we have recently used this tool to probe for tissue-specific functions of Wnt/beta&#8211;catenin signaling during zebrafish tail fin regeneration. Here we describe the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve inducible, tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin. This includes the generation of stable transgenic TetActivator and TetResponder lines, transgene induction and techniques for verification of tissue-specific gene expression in the fin regenerate. Thus, this protocol serves as blueprint for setting up a functional TetON system in zebrafish and its subsequent use, in particular for studying fin regeneration.

조직 특이 유도 유전자 발현, 유전자 변형 TetActivator 및 TetResponder 라인을위한 기능 TETON 시스템을 구축하기 위해 생성 (그림 1A) 할 필요가있다. 초기 제브라 피쉬 배아 및 후속 세균 라인 통합으로 구축 또는 TetResponder (그림 1E) -이 TetActivator (C 그림 1B)를 마이크로 인젝션하여 수행됩니다. 기능성 TetActivator 구조물 중 하나, 또는 관심 유전자 (도 1C)의...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of the TetON System to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Zebrafish Regeneration at JoVE.com

Use of the TetON System to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Zebrafish Regeneration

Here we outline the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin.

코스닥 시스템의 사용은 분자 메커니즘 Zebrafish의 재생의 연구를

The zebrafish has become a very important model organism for studying vertebrate development, physiology, disease, and tissue regeneration. A thorough ...

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JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

10.6K 조회수.  Ulm University. Here we outline the workflow for using the TetON system to achieve tissue-specific gene expression in the adult regenerating zebrafish tail fin.

비디오: Use of the TetON System to Study Molecular Mechanisms of Zebrafish Regeneration

Hepatocyte-specific Ablation in Zebrafish to Study Biliary-driven Liver Regeneration

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or biliary-driven liver regeneration. In hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from preexisting hepatocytes, whereas, in biliary-driven regeneration, regenerating hepatocytes are derived from biliary epithelial cells (BECs). For hepatocyte-driven liver regeneration, there are excellent rodent models that have significantly contributed to the current understanding of liver regeneration. However, no such rodent model exists for biliary-driven liver regeneration. We recently reported on a zebrafish liver injury model in which BECs extensively give rise to hepatocytes upon severe hepatocyte loss. In this model, hepatocytes are specifically ablated by a pharmacogenetic means. Here we present in detail the methods to ablate hepatocytes and to analyze the BEC-driven liver regeneration process. This hepatocyte-specific ablation model can be further used to discover the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of biliary-driven liver regeneration. Moreover, these methods can be applied to chemical screens to identify small molecules that augment or suppress liver regeneration.

To help assess the molecular mechanisms underlying zebrafish biliary-driven liver regeneration, we established a liver injury model in which the nitroreductase-expressing hepatocytes are genetically ablated upon metronidazole treatment. In this protocol, we describe how to adeptly manipulate, monitor and analyze hepatocyte ablation and biliary-driven liver regeneration.

담즙 중심의 간 재생을 연구하는 Zebrafish의에서 간세포 특이 절제

The liver has a great capacity to regenerate. Hepatocytes, the parenchymal cells of the liver, can regenerate in one of two ways: hepatocyte- or ...

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Tracking Cells in GFP-transgenic Zebrafish Using the Photoconvertible PSmOrange System

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing developmental processes as they happen in the living animal. Cells of interest can be labeled by using a tissue specific promoter to drive the expression of a fluorescent protein (FP) for the generation of transgenic lines. Using fluorescent photoconvertible proteins for this purpose additionally allows to precisely follow defined structures within the expression domain. Illuminating the protein in the region of interest, changes its emission spectrum and highlights a particular cell or cell cluster leaving other transgenic cells in their original color. A major limitation is the lack of known promoters for a large number of tissues in the zebrafish. Conversely, gene- and enhancer trap screens have generated enormous transgenic resources discretely labeling literally all embryonic structures mostly with GFP or to a lesser extend red or yellow FPs. An approach to follow defined structures in such transgenic backgrounds would be to additionally introduce a ubiquitous photoconvertible protein, which could be converted in the cell(s) of interest. However, the photoconvertible proteins available involve a green and/or less frequently a red emission state1 and can therefore often not be used to track cells in the FP-background of existing transgenic lines. To circumvent this problem, we have established the PSmOrange system for the zebrafish2,3. Simple microinjection of synthetic mRNA encoding a nuclear form of this protein labels all cell nuclei with orange/red fluorescence. Upon targeted photoconversion of the protein, it switches its emission spectrum to far red. The quantum efficiency and stability of the protein makes PSmOrange a superb cell-tracking tool for zebrafish and possibly other teleost species.

We established the photoconvertible PSmOrange system as a powerful, straight-forward and cost inexpensive tool for in vivo cell tracking in GFP transgenic backgrounds. This protocol describes its application in the zebrafish model system.

Photoconvertible PSmOrange 시스템을 사용하여 GFP 유전자 변형 Zebrafish의 세포를 추적

The rapid development of transparent zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) in combination with fluorescent labelings of cells and tissues allows visualizing ...

Development of an Ethanol-induced Fibrotic Liver Model in Zebrafish to Study Progenitor Cell-mediated Hepatocyte Regeneration

Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading to cirrhosis with hepatocellular dysfunction. Among multiple hepatic insults, alcohol abuse can lead to significant health problems including liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nonetheless, the identity of endogenous cellular sources that regenerate hepatocytes in response to alcohol has not been properly investigated. Moreover, few studies have effectively modeled hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury. We recently reported on establishing an ethanol (EtOH)-induced fibrotic liver model in zebrafish in which hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) gave rise to hepatocytes upon near-complete hepatocyte loss in the presence of fibrogenic stimulus. Furthermore, through chemical screens using this model, we identified multiple small molecules that enhance hepatocyte regeneration. Here we describe in detail the procedures to develop an EtOH-induced fibrotic liver model and to perform chemical screens using this model in zebrafish. This protocol will be a critical tool to delineate the molecular and cellular mechanisms of how hepatocyte regenerates in the fibrotic liver. Furthermore, these methods will facilitate potential discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for chronic liver disease in vivo.

Sustained fibrosis with deposition of excessive extracellular matrix proteins leads to cirrhosis. Alcohol abuse is one of the main causes of severe liver disease. We established an ethanol-induced zebrafish fibrotic liver model to study the mechanisms and strategies of promoting hepatocyte regeneration upon alcohol-induced injury.

Zebrafish의에서 에탄올에 의한 섬유 성 간 모델의 개발은 전구 세포 매개 간세포의 재생을 연구하는

Sustained liver fibrosis with continuation of extracellular matrix (ECM) protein build-up results in the loss of cellular competency of the liver, leading ...

Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic and fragile structures that are challenging to image in vivo, particularly in vertebrate embryos. Immunolabeling methods are described here to analyze distinct populations of MTs in the developing neural tube of the zebrafish embryo. While the focus is on neural tissue, this methodology is broadly applicable to other tissues. The procedures are optimized for early to mid-somitogenesis-stage embryos (1 somite to 12 somites), however they can be adapted to a range of other stages with relatively minor adjustments. The first protocol provides a method to assess the spatial distribution of stable and dynamic MTs and perform a quantitative analysis of these populations with image-processing software. This approach complements existing tools to image microtubule dynamics and distribution in real-time, using transgenic lines or transient expression of tagged constructs. Indeed, such tools are very useful, however they do not readily distinguish between dynamic and stable MTs. The ability to image and analyze these distinct microtubule populations has important implications for understanding mechanisms underlying cell polarization and morphogenesis. The second protocol outlines a technique to analyze nascent MTs specifically. This is accomplished by capturing the de novo growth properties of MTs over time, following microtubule depolymerization with the drug nocodazole and a recovery period after drug washout. This technique has not yet been applied to the study of MTs in zebrafish embryos, but is a valuable assay for investigating the in vivo function of proteins implicated in microtubule assembly.

Immunolabeling methods to analyze distinct populations of microtubules in the developing zebrafish brain are described here, which are broadly applicable to other tissues. The first protocol outlines an optimized method for immunolabeling stable and dynamic microtubules. The second protocol provides a method to image and quantify nascent microtubules specifically.

분석, 동적, 안정과 초기 Microtubules Zebrafish 태아에 있는 Immunolabeling의 사용

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic and fragile structures that are challenging to image in vivo, particularly in vertebrate embryos. Immunolabeling methods ...

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model organism to study wound healing and subsequent cell regeneration. The Stentor genome became available recently, along with modern molecular biology methods, such as RNAi. These tools make it possible to study single-cell regeneration at the molecular level. The first section of the protocol covers establishing Stentor cell cultures from single cells or cell fragments, along with general guidelines for maintaining Stentor cultures. Culturing Stentor in large quantities allows for the use of valuable tools like biochemistry, sequencing, and mass spectrometry. Subsequent sections of the protocol cover different approaches to inducing regeneration in Stentor. Manually cutting cells with a glass needle allows studying the regeneration of large cell parts, while treating cells with either sucrose or urea allows studying the regeneration of specific structures located at the anterior end of the cell. A method for imaging individual regenerating cells is provided, along with a rubric for staging and analyzing the dynamics of regeneration. The entire process of regeneration is divided in three stages. By visualizing the dynamics of the progression of a population of cells through the stages, the heterogeneity in regeneration timing is demonstrated.

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

The giant ciliate, Stentor coeruleus, is an excellent system to study regeneration and wound healing. We present procedures for establishing Stentor cell cultures from single cells or cell fragments, inducing regeneration by cutting cells, chemically inducing the regeneration of membranellar band and oral apparatus, imaging, and analysis of cell regeneration.

Stentor 에 중생의 연구 방법

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model ...

Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization in Zebrafish Embryos and Tube Formation Assay in iPSC-ECs to Study the Role of Endoglin in Vascular Development

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in zebrafish during different developmental stages. To investigate the role of endoglin(eng) in vessel formation during the development of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia&#160;(HHT), morpholino-mediated targeted knockdown of eng in zebrafish are used to study its temporal expression and associated functions. Here, whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization (WISH) is employed for the analysis of eng and its downstream genes in zebrafish embryos. Also, tube formation assays are performed in HHT patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-differentiated&#160;endothelial cells (iPSC-ECs; with eng mutations). A specific signal amplifying system using the whole amount In Situ Hybridization &#8211; WISH provides higher resolution and lower background results compared to traditional methods. To obtain a better signal, the post-fixation time is adjusted to 30 min after probe hybridization. Because fluorescence staining is not sensitive in zebrafish embryos, it is replaced with diaminobezidine (DAB) staining here. In this protocol, HHT&#160;patient-derived iPSC lines containing an eng mutation are differentiated into endothelial cells. After coating a plate with basement membrane matrix for 30 min at 37 &#176;C, iPSC-ECs are seeded as a monolayer into wells and kept at 37 &#176;C for 3 h. Then, the tube length and number of branches are calculated using microscopic images. Thus, with this improved WISH protocol, it is shown that reduced eng expression affects endothelial progenitor formation in zebrafish embryos. This is further confirmed by tube formation assays using iPSC-ECs derived from a patient with HHT. These assays confirm the role for eng in early vascular development.

Presented here is a protocol for whole-mount in situ RNA hybridization analysis in zebrafish and tube formation assay in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to study the role of endoglin in vascular formation.

혈관 발달에서 엔도글린의 역할을 연구하기 위해 iPSC-ECs의 제브라피시 배아 및 튜브 형성 분석에서 시투 혼성화에 대한 전체 마운트

Vascular development is determined by the sequential expression of specific genes, which can be studied by performing in situ hybridization assays in ...

Examining Muscle Regeneration in Zebrafish Models of Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, the muscle stem cell is activated and undergoes cell proliferation to generate a pool of myoblasts, which subsequently differentiate to form new muscle fibers. In many muscle wasting conditions, including muscular dystrophy and ageing, this process is impaired resulting in the inability of muscle to regenerate. The process of muscle regeneration in zebrafish is highly conserved with mammalian systems providing an excellent system to study muscle stem cell function and regeneration, in muscle wasting conditions such as muscular dystrophy. Here, we present a method to examine muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease. The first step involves the use of a genotyping platform that allows the determination of the genotype of the larvae prior to eliciting an injury. Having determined the genotype, the muscle is injured using a needle stab, following which polarizing light microscopy is used to determine the extent of muscle regeneration. We therefore provide a high throughput pipeline which allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

Skeletal muscle regeneration is driven by tissue resident muscle stem cells, which are impaired in many muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy, and this results in the inability of muscle to regenerate. Here, we describe a protocol that allows the examination of muscle regeneration in zebrafish models of muscle disease.

근육 질환의 제브라피시 모델에서 근육 재생 검토

Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate following injury, which is driven by obligate tissue resident muscle stem cells. Following injury, ...

Light-Induced GFP Expression in Zebrafish Embryos using the Optogenetic TAEL/C120 System

Inducible gene expression systems are an invaluable tool for studying biological processes. Optogenetic expression systems can provide precise control over gene expression timing, location, and amplitude using light as the inducing agent. In this protocol, an optogenetic expression system is used to achieve light-inducible gene expression in zebrafish embryos. This system relies on an engineered transcription factor called TAEL based on a naturally occurring light-activated transcription factor from the bacterium E. litoralis. When illuminated with blue light, TAEL dimerizes, binds to its cognate regulatory element called C120, and activates transcription. This protocol uses transgenic zebrafish embryos that express the TAEL transcription factor under the control of the ubiquitous ubb promoter. At the same time, the C120 regulatory element drives the expression of a fluorescent reporter gene (GFP). Using a simple LED panel to deliver activating blue light, induction of GFP expression can first be detected after 30 min of illumination and reaches a peak of more than 130-fold induction after 3 h of light treatment. Expression induction can be assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and by fluorescence microscopy. This method is a versatile and easy-to-use approach for optogenetic gene expression.

Optogenetics is a powerful tool with wide-ranging applications. This protocol demonstrates how to achieve light-inducible gene expression in zebrafish embryos using the blue light-responsive TAEL/C120 system.

광유전학 적 TAEL/C120 시스템을 사용하여 제브라피시 배아에서 빛 유발 GFP 발현

Inducible gene expression systems are an invaluable tool for studying biological processes. Optogenetic expression systems can provide precise control ...

Eye Removal in Living Zebrafish Larvae to Examine Innervation-dependent Growth and Development of the Visual System

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable life-long growth and regenerative abilities. For example, specialized stem cell niches established during embryogenesis support continuous growth of the entire visual system, both in the eye and the brain. Coordinated growth between the retinae and the optic tectum ensures accurate retinotopic mapping as new neurons are added in the eyes and brain. To address whether retinal axons provide crucial information for regulating tectal stem and progenitor cell behaviors such as survival, proliferation, and/or differentiation, it is necessary to be able to compare innervated and denervated tectal lobes within the same animal and across animals. 
Surgical removal of one eye from living larval zebrafish followed by observation of the optic tectum achieves this goal. The accompanying video demonstrates how to anesthetize larvae, electrolytically sharpen tungsten needles, and use them to remove one eye. It next shows how to dissect brains from fixed zebrafish larvae. Finally, the video provides an overview of the protocol for immunohistochemistry and a demonstration of how to mount stained embryos in low-melting-point agarose for microscopy.

The article explains how to surgically remove eyes from living zebrafish larvae as the first step toward investigating how retinal input influences optic tectum growth and development. In addition, the article provides information about larval anesthetization, fixation, and brain dissection, followed by immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging.

살아있는 제브라 피쉬 유충의 눈 제거는 시각 시스템의 신경 의존적 인 성장과 발달을 조사합니다.

Zebrafish exhibit remarkable life-long growth and regenerative abilities. For example, specialized stem cell niches established during embryogenesis ...

Primary Cell Cultures to Study the Regeneration Potential of Murine M&#252;ller Glia after MicroRNA Treatment

M&#252;ller glia (MG) are the predominant glia in the neural retina and can function as a regenerative source for retinal neurons. In lower vertebrates such as fish, MG-driven regeneration occurs naturally; in mammals, however, stimulation with certain factors or genetic/epigenetic manipulation is required. Since MG comprise only 5% of the retinal cell population, there is a need for model systems that allow the study of this cell population exclusively. One of these model systems is primary MG cultures that are reproducible and can be used for a variety of applications, including molecule/factor screening and identification, testing of compounds or factors, cell monitoring, and/or functional tests. This model is used to study the potential of murine MG to convert into retinal neurons after supplementation or inhibition of microRNAs (miRNAs) via transfection of artificial miRNAs or their inhibitors. The use of MG-specific reporter mice in combination with immunofluorescent labeling and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) confirmed that 80%-90% of the cells found in these cultures are MG. Using this model, it was discovered that miRNAs can reprogram MG into retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), which subsequently differentiate into neuronal-like cells. The advantages of this technique are that miRNA candidates can be tested for their efficiency and outcome before their usage in in vivo applications.

Primary Cell Cultures to Study the Regeneration Potential of Murine M&amp;#252;ller Glia after MicroRNA Treatment

M&#252;ller glia primary cultures obtained from mouse retinas represent a very robust and reliable tool to study the glial conversion into retinal progenitor cells after microRNA treatment. Single molecules or combinations can be tested before their subsequent application of in vivo approaches.

MicroRNA 처리 후 Murine Müller Glia의 재생 잠재력을 연구하기 위한 일차 세포 배양

M&#252;ller glia (MG) are the predominant glia in the neural retina and can function as a regenerative source for retinal neurons. In lower vertebrates ...