우리는 동물 사육에 대한 유타 대학의 제브라 피쉬의 시설에 빚이있다. RID는 NIH R56NS053897에서 지원하고, LKB는 HHMI 메드 - 속 - 대학원 사업에 의해 지원 predoctoral 연수생이었다.

제브라 피쉬는 표준 절차에 따라 제기 자란 있었다; 실험은 유타 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회의 대학에 의해 승인되었습니다. 수술 플레이트 1. 준비 <ol><li> 제조업체의 지침에 따라, 60mm 페트리 접시와 실 가드 184 실리콘 엘라스토머 키트를 사용하여 수술 판을 확인합니다. 반 전체보다는 더 이상 요리를 채우고 중합 할 수 있습니다. 스토어는 실내 온도에 덮여. </li></ol> 마이크로 피펫 2. 준비 <ol><li> 가열 및 마이크로 인젝션 용 바늘을 제조하기위한 동일한 설정을 사용하여 마이크로 피펫 풀러에서 얇은 벽 붕규산 모세관 튜브를 당겨 마이크로 피펫을 제조. </li><li> 해부 현미경, 집게로 직경 약 200 ㎛에 마이크로 피펫의 팁을 떼어냅니다. </li><li> 베벨 깨진 25 °에서의 두 번째 베벨 다음 35 °에 처음 microgrinder와 가장자리. 끝이 날카로운 SMO 있는지 확인OTH. 스토어는 점토의 작은 금액에 페트리 접시에 경 마이크로 피펫을 완료했다. </li></ol> Zebrafish의 유충 3. 준비 <ol><li> 수술 전에 7 일, 남성과 여성의 제브라 피쉬의 짝짓기 탱크를 설정합니다. </li><li> 조명이 최대 수율을 보장하기 위해 어서 3 시간 후, 다음날 아침 배아를 수집합니다. knu3, 28.5 ℃에서 일종의 수정 된 배아 100분의 100 mm 플레이트 E3 25 ㎖의 : 같은 Tg는 (EGFP elevl3)와 같은 유전자 변형 기자 라인을 사용하는 경우 야생형를​​ 사용하는 경우, 정렬 28.5 ℃에서 E3의 25 ㎖에 태아에게 100분의 25 mm 플레이트를 기름지게 </li><li> 기자 회선을 사용하는 경우, 48 HPF에서 형광 발현에 대한 배아를 화면. 확인 된 배아는 28.5 ℃에서 E3의 25 ㎖에 1백분의 25 mm 플레이트의 밀도로 성숙 할 수 있도록 허용 </li><li> 유충은 5 DPF 경우, E2 + 10 ㎎ / L 겐타 마이신 황산염 (GS) + Tricaine과 실 가드을 포함하여 수술 판을 준비합니다. <ol><li> 100mm 페트리 표시에 25 ㎖의 E2 + GS를 추가하여 복구 요리를 준비합니다아. </li><li> 함께 세 면봉 테이핑으로 메스를 준비합니다. 이 세 가지 홈이 삼각형 도구를 형성 할 것이다. </li><li> 홈 중 하나에 테이핑하여 면봉에 준비된 마이크로 피펫을 장착합니다. </li></ol></li><li> E2 + GS와 지우기가 1 ㎖ 주사기 전에 면봉에 설치에 27 G 바늘을 사용하여 때까지 플러시 마이크로 피펫을 다시 사용합니다. </li></ol> 4. 수술 <ol><li> Tricaine와 시간 (25 물고기)에서 애벌레의 1 접시를 마취. 더 이상 터치 반응을 전시하지 않을 때 물고기가 충분히 마취됩니다. 그것은 메스 그들에 닿을 때 그렇지 않으면 그들은 트됩니다, 물고기가 완전히 수술 전에 마취하는 것이 중요합니다. 수술은 해부 현미경으로 수행됩니다. </li><li> 수술 판에 유충을 전송합니다. <ol><li> 이 메스를 들고 손에의 뒷면에 가까운 측면에 위치하도록 최대 배율에서 한 번에 하나의 유충을 돌립니다. </li><li> 그들은 실 가드에 휴식 있도록 위치, 핀셋유충의 폭에 각도. </li><li> 집게의 팔 중 하나에 유리 메스를 보강, 확인 척색의 복부 가장자리를 넘어 절단하지 않는 것, 항문 구멍의 수준에서 애벌레의 등 측면 얼굴로 절단. 척수를 절단하기 위해 메스를 트위스트. </li><li> 나머지 유충으로 반복합니다. 참고 : 유충이 스며들 경우, 수술에서 회복되지 않습니다. 즉시 수술 판에서 유충을 제거하고 Tricaine의 과다 복용을 통해 안락사. </li></ol></li><li> 유생의 배치에서 수술이 완료되면, 전송이 복구 플레이트에 동물을 부상. 이 마취의 청산을 지원하는 것입니다. <ol><li> 주의 : 전송 부상 애벌레를 수집 할 때, 그들은 먼저 머리 또는 꼬리를 수집하고 있는지 확인 : 유충을 절곡하여 부상 사이트를 강조하지 않습니다. 주 : 수술에 사용 된 모든 장치가 마이크로 피펫을 포함하여 재사용 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 복구 <ol><li> TRansfer 복구 플레이트에서 25/plate의 밀도로 25 ml의 E2 + GS 가득 100mm 접시에 유충을 부상. 28.5 ° C의 배양기에서 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 병 들고 죽은 동물을 제거, 매일 번호판을 확인합니다. Coleps (담수 원생 동물)가 미디어에 표시 될 때까지 미디어를 변경하지 마십시오. 미디어를 변경하는 경우, 새 접시에 물고기를 전송하지 않는다; 대신, 가능한 한 많은 용지를 제거하고 새로운 미디어와 같은 플레이트를 홍수. Coleps 인구를 줄이기 위해 필요한 경우를 반복합니다. </li><li> 가루 튀김 식품의 소량의 일일 사료. 참고 : 라이브 음식 (예를 들면, paramecia 또는 로티퍼)는 그들이 운동을 회복 할 때까지 부상 유충에 공급 될 수 없다. 그렇지 않으면, 라이브 음식은 부상 사이트를 식민지화하고 유충을 죽일 것입니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Houweling, D. A., B&#228;r, P. R., Gispen, W. H., Joosten, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+injury:+bridging+the+lesion+and+the+role+of+neurotrophic+factors+in+repair.">Spinal cord injury: bridging the lesion and the role of neurotrophic factors in repair.</a> Progress in brain research. 117, 455-471 (1998).</li><li>Mikami, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implantation+of+dendritic+cells+in+injured+adult+spinal+cord+results+in+activation+of+endogenous+neural+stem/progenitor+cells+leading+to+de+novo+neurogenesis+and+functional+recovery.">Implantation of dendritic cells in injured adult spinal cord results in activation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells leading to de novo neurogenesis and functional recovery.</a> Journal of neuroscience research. 76 (4), 453-465 (2004).</li><li>Chernoff, E. A. G., Sato, K., Corn, A., Karcavich, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+regeneration:+intrinsic+properties+and+emerging+mechanisms.">Spinal cord regeneration: intrinsic properties and emerging mechanisms.</a> Seminars in Cell &amp; Developmental Biology. 13 (5), 361-368 (2002).</li><li>Kuscha, V., Barreiro-Iglesias, A., Becker, C. G., Becker, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasticity+of+tyrosine+hydroxylase+and+serotonergic+systems+in+the+regenerating+spinal+cord+of+adult+zebrafish.">Plasticity of tyrosine hydroxylase and serotonergic systems in the regenerating spinal cord of adult zebrafish.</a> The Journal of comparative neurology. 520 (5), 933-951 (2012).</li><li>Becker, C. G., Lieberoth, B. 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저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

처음에이 기술을 학습 할 때, 우리는 하나의 세션에서 더 이상 50 ~ 100 이상 transections을 시도하는 것이 좋습니다. 이 기술을 마스터 한 후, 우리는 시간 당 300 배아까지 절개 할 수있다; 그러나, 처리량이 수준의 주간 연습의 몇 개월을 필요로합니다. 우리는 또한 기자 라인을 연습하고 불완전 척수 절개의 빈도가 1 % 이하로 감소 될 때까지 완전 절개를 확인하는 것이 좋습니다. ...

인간의 척수에 큰 외상은 종종 인해 축삭을 자라게 또는 신경 1,2를 재개 할 수 없다는으로, 영구적 인 마비와 부상의 수준 이하로 감각의 손실이 발생합니다. 포유 동물과는 달리, 그러나, 도롱뇽과 제브라 피쉬 (다니오 rerio) 등의 anamniotes도 완전 척수 절개 3,4 후 강력한 회복을 보여줍니다. 성인 zebrafish의 척수 손상 5-7 다음 복구 프로세스를 연구하기위한 기초가 튼튼한 모델입니다. 완전 척수를 절단 한 다음, 감각 및 기관차 기능의 회복은 육주 후 부상 (8)에 의해 성인 제브라 피쉬에서 관찰된다. 생체 내 재생 과정을 조사하기 위해, 우리는 투명 유생 제브라 9 돌렸다. 여기서 우리는 오일 후 수정 (DPF) 애벌레 제브라 피쉬의 USI의 척수를 절개하는 방법을 제시한다밧의에서 수정 메스로 경 사진 미세 주입 피펫을,, 겨 등. 10이 방법은 높은 처리량, 낮은 사망률과 재현성을 지원합니다. 연습으로, 300 유생 / 시간은 가로로 할 수 있으며, 98.75 % 0.72 % ± 3,600 이상의 동물을 포함 transections 6 개월 이상, 7 일 후 부상 (dpi)로 될 때까지 살아 남았다. 우리의 데이터뿐만 아니라 감각과 운동의 빠른 회복을 보여줍니다 : 1 dpi로에서 부상당한 물고기의 모든 움직임은 가슴 지느러미 운동에 의해 구동된다. 그러나 애벌레 2 dpi로하여 절개에 바늘 터치 꼬리 텅스텐에 응답하기 시작, 3 dpi로하여 C-굽힘 운동을 다시 설정하고, 5 dpi로 (11)에 의해 약탈 수영을 표시합니다. 아세틸 튜 불린에 대한 항체 염색법을 사용하여, 우리는 축삭 1 dpi 해상도에서 부상 사이트에서없는 것을 확인했지만, 5 dpi로하여 부상 사이트를 넘었다. 우리는이 프로토콜은 다음과 같은 부상 척수에있는 축삭 재성장과 신경의 연구를위한 가치있는 기술을 제공 할 것입니다 믿습니다. </p&gt;

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:733px;" width="733">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">60mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">82050-544</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">100mm petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89038-968</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9644388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:269px;">borosilicate capillary tubing: OD 1.00mm ID 0.78mm</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Warner Instruments Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">64-0778</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fine Scientific Tools Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">disssection microscope</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SMZ6454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">microgrinder</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">EG-44</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Gentamycin Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Amresco Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0304-5G</td>
			<td>dissolve in water 10mg/ml, store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Tricaine</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">118000100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">cotton tipped applicator, wood, 6-inch</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">27 ga. needle</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">305109</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">Fry food</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Argent Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F-ARGE-PTL-CN</td>
			<td>store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">micropipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Model P-97</td>
			<td>Box Filament FB330B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">20x E2 (1L)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">17.5g NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S671-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">0.75g KCl</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P217-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">2.90g CaCl2&#183;2H2O</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C7902-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">4.90g MgSO4&#183;7H2O</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MX0070-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.41g KH2PO4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P285-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.12g Na2HPO4</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S0876-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">500x NaCO3 (10ml)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>make fresh, discard extra</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">0.35g NaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;"></td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">1x E2 (1L)</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>store at RT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:269px;">50ml 20x E2</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:269px;">2ml fresh 500x NaCO3</td>
			<td style="width:179px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

spinal cord transection in the larval zebrafish

포유 동물에 의한 부상의 수준 이하로 축삭 재성장의 부족뿐만 아니라 척추 신경을 재개하는 무능력에 척수 손상을 다음과 감각과 운동 회복에 실패합니다. 그러나, 척수의 완전 절개 후 감각과 기능 회복을 모두 제브라 다니오의 rerio 전시 등 일부 anamniotes. 성인 zebrafish의 6 주 후 부상으로 감각과 운동 회복, 척수 손상 후 재생을 연구하기위한 설립 모델 생물이다. 투명 애벌레 제브라 피쉬에서 사용할 수있는 재생 과정의 생체 내 분석의 장점뿐만 아니라 성인의 유전 도구에 액세스 할 수 없습니다를 사용하려면, 우리는 척수를 절단 한 후 재생을 연구하는 애벌레 제브라 피쉬를 사용합니다. 여기에서 우리는 재생 가능하고 검증 가능한 애벌레 척수에 병행하는 방법을 보여줍니다. 절개 한 후, 우리의 데이터도 2 일 후 부상 수 (dpi)에 감각 복구 시작을 보여줍니다, 재치H 3 dpi로 5 dpi로 무료 수영의 재개에 의해 검출 C-굽힘 운동. 따라서 우리는 척수 손상 후 복구의 연구를위한 성인 제브라 피쉬에 동반자 도구로 애벌레 제브라 피쉬를 제안한다.

부상 사이트를 주변 조직 손상의 심각도를 감소시키기 위해, 마이크로 피펫의 적절한 베벨 중요합니다. 그림 1A는 제대로 경 팁을 보여줍니다. 너무 좁 팁 (그림 1C)이 아니라 조직을 절단보다 피부 떨어져 눈 경향이있는 동안 너무 넓 팁 (그림 1B)를 사용하면, 때문에 등쪽 대동맥을 새김의 증가 가능성에 높은 사망자가 발생하는 경향이있다. <p class="jove_conte...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

척추 절개 한 후, 성인 zebrafish의 육주 후 손상에 의한 기능 회복이있다. 유생의 투명성과 빠른 복구를 이용하려면, 우리는 애벌레 척수에 병행하는 방법을 제시한다. 절개 한 후, 우리는 3 일 후 부상으로 이일 후 상해에서 시작 감각 회복을 관찰하고 C-굴곡 운동.

애벌레 Zebrafish의 척수 절개

Mammals fail in sensory and motor recovery following spinal cord injury due to lack of axonal regrowth below the level of injury as well as an inability ...

spinal-cord-transection-in-the-larval-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

11.7K 조회수.  University of Utah.  척추 절개 한 후, 성인 zebrafish의 육주 후 손상에 의한 기능 회복이있다. 유생의 투명성과 빠른 복구를 이용하려면, 우리는 애벌레 척수에 병행하는 방법을 제시한다. 절개 한 후, 우리는 3 일 후 부상으로 이일 후 상해에서 시작 감각 회복을 관찰하고 C-굴곡 운동. 

비디오: Spinal Cord Transection in the Larval Zebrafish

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the dorsal spinal cord and their axons follow stereotyped trajectories during embryonic development. Commissural axons initially project ventrally towards the floorplate. After crossing the midline, these axons turn anteriorly and project towards the brain. Each of these steps is regulated by the action of several guidance cues. Cultures highly enriched in commissural neurons are ideally suited for many experiments addressing the mechanisms of axon pathfinding, including turning assays, immunochemistry and biochemistry. Here, we describe a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. First, the spinal cord is isolated and dorsal strips are dissected out. The dorsal tissue is then dissociated into a cell suspension by trypsinization and mechanical disruption. Neurons are plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated glass coverslips or tissue-culture dishes. After 30 hours in vitro, most neurons have extended an axon. The purity of the culture (Yam et al. 2009), typically over 90%, can be assessed by immunolabeling with the commissural neuron markers DCC, LH2 and TAG1 (Helms and Johnson, 1998). This neuronal preparation is a useful tool for in vitro studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of commissural axon growth and guidance during spinal cord development.

This video demonstrates a method to dissect and culture commissural neurons from E13 rat dorsal spinal cord. Dissociated commissural neurons are useful to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of axon growth and guidance.

배아 척수에서 뉴런의 Commissural 해부와 문화

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

연구

신경과학

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

척수 전기 생리학 II : 세포 흡입 전극 제작

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Forebrain Electrophysiological Recording in Larval Zebrafish

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked seizures, epilepsy can be acquired as a result of an insult to the brain or a genetic mutation. Efforts to model seizures in animals have primarily utilized acquired insults (convulsant drugs, stimulation or brain injury) and genetic manipulations (antisense knockdown, homologous recombination or transgenesis) in rodents. Zebrafish are a vertebrate model system1-3 that could provide a valuable alternative to rodent-based epilepsy research. Zebrafish are used extensively in the study of vertebrate genetics or development, exhibit a high degree of genetic similarity to mammals and express homologs for ~85% of known human single-gene epilepsy mutations. Because of their small size (4-6 mm in length), zebrafish larvae can be maintained in fluid volumes as low as 100 &mu;l during early development and arrayed in multi-well plates. Reagents can be added directly to the solution in which embryos develop, simplifying drug administration and enabling rapid in vivo screening of test compounds4. Synthetic oligonucleotides (morpholinos), mutagenesis, zinc finger nuclease and transgenic approaches can be used to rapidly generate gene knockdown or mutation in zebrafish5-7. These properties afford zebrafish studies an unprecedented statistical power analysis advantage over rodents in the study of neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Because the "gold standard" for epilepsy research is to monitor and analyze the abnormal electrical discharges that originate in a central brain structure (i.e., seizures), a method to efficiently record brain activity in larval zebrafish is described here. This method is an adaptation of conventional extracellular recording techniques and allows for stable long-term monitoring of brain activity in intact zebrafish larvae. Sample recordings are shown for acute seizures induced by bath application of convulsant drugs and spontaneous seizures recorded in a genetically modified fish.

A simple method to record extracellular field potentials in the larval zebrafish forebrain is described. The method provides a robust in vivo read-out of seizure-like activity. This technique can be used with genetically modified zebrafish larvae carrying epilepsy-related genes or seizures evoked by administration of convulsant drugs.

애벌레의 Zebrafish의 Forebrain Electrophysiological 기록

Epilepsy affects nearly 3 million people in the United States and up to 50 million people worldwide. Defined as the occurrence of spontaneous unprovoked ...

Dissection and Lateral Mounting of Zebrafish Embryos: Analysis of Spinal Cord Development

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene knockdown approaches can be utilized to examine the molecular mechanisms underlying nervous system development. Second, large clutches of developmentally synchronized embryos provide large experimental sample sizes. Third, the optical clarity of the zebrafish embryo permits researchers to visualize progenitor, glial, and neuronal populations. Although zebrafish embryos are transparent, specimen thickness can impede effective microscopic visualization. One reason for this is the tandem development of the spinal cord and overlying somite tissue. Another reason is the large yolk ball, which is still present during periods of early neurogenesis. In this article, we demonstrate microdissection and removal of the yolk in fixed embryos, which allows microscopic visualization while preserving surrounding somite tissue. We also demonstrate semipermanent mounting of zebrafish embryos. This permits observation of neurodevelopment in the dorso-ventral and anterior-posterior axes, as it preserves the three-dimensionality of the tissue.

Developmental processes such as proliferation, patterning, differentiation, and axon guidance can be readily modeled in the zebrafish spinal cord. In this article, we describe a mounting procedure for zebrafish embryos, which optimizes visualization of these events.

해부 및 제브라 피쉬 배아의 측면 장착 : 척수 개발의 분석

The zebrafish spinal cord is an effective investigative model for nervous system research for several reasons. First, genetic, transgenic and gene ...

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several weeks, and this is accompanied by short distance regeneration (a few mm) of propriospinal axons and spinal-projecting axons from the brainstem. Among the 36 large identifiable spinal-projecting neurons, some are good regenerators and others are bad regenerators. These neurons can most easily be identified in wholemount CNS preparations. In order to understand the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms that favor or inhibit axon regeneration after injury in the vertebrates CNS, we determine differences in gene expression between the good and bad regenerators, and how expression is influenced by spinal cord transection. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing larval and recently transformed adult sea lampreys in fresh water tanks, producing complete spinal cord transections under microscopic vision, and preparing brain and spinal cord wholemounts for in situ hybridization. Briefly, animals are kept at 16&#160;&#176;C and anesthetized in 1% Benzocaine in lamprey Ringer. The spinal cord is transected with iridectomy scissors via a dorsal approach and the animal is allowed to recover in fresh water tanks at 23 &#176;C. For in situ hybridization, animals are reanesthetized and the brain and cord removed via a dorsal approach.

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey

Lampreys recover locomotion after a complete spinal cord injury. However, some spinal-projecting neurons are good regenerators and others are not. This paper illustrates the techniques for housing sea lamprey larvae (and recently transformed adults), producing complete spinal cord transections and preparing wholemount brains and spinal cords for in situ hybridization.

이후 Wholemount을위한 완벽한 척수 손상 및 뇌 해부 프로토콜<em&gt; 제자리에서</em&gt; 애벌레 바다 장어의 하이브리드

After a complete spinal cord injury, sea lampreys at first are paralyzed below the level of transection. However, they recover locomotion after several ...

Diffusion Imaging in the Rat Cervical Spinal Cord

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cases of disease or injury. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), is sensitive to the thermal motion of water molecules and allows for inferences of tissue microstructure. This report describes a protocol to acquire and analyze DWI of the rat cervical spinal cord on a small-bore animal system. It demonstrates an imaging setup for the live anesthetized animal and recommends a DWI acquisition protocol for high-quality imaging, which includes stabilization of the cord and control of respiratory motion. Measurements with diffusion weighting along different directions and magnitudes (b-values) are used. Finally, several mathematical models of the resulting signal are used to derive maps of the diffusion processes within the spinal cord tissue that provide insight into the normal cord and can be used to monitor injury or disease processes noninvasively.

The goal of this protocol is to obtain high-quality diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) of the rat spinal cord for noninvasive characterization of tissue microstructure. This protocol describes optimizations of the MRI sequence, radiofrequency coil, and analysis methods to enable DWI images free from artifacts.

쥐 자궁 경부 척수에 확산 이미징

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the state of the art approach for assessing the status of the spinal cord noninvasively, and can be used as a ...

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing organisms, combined with the embryonic optical clarity, served as initial compelling attributes of this model. Over the past two decades, the success of this model has been further propelled by its amenability to large-scale mutagenesis screens and by the ease of transgenesis. More recently, gene-editing approaches have extended the power of the model.
For neurodevelopmental studies, the zebrafish embryo and larva provide a model to which multiple methods can be applied. Here, we focus on methods that allow the study of an essential property of neurons, electrical excitability. Our preparation for the electrophysiological study of zebrafish spinal neurons involves the use of veterinarian suture glue to secure the preparation to a recording chamber. Alternative methods for recording from zebrafish embryos and larvae involve the attachment of the preparation to the chamber using a fine tungsten pin1,2,3,4,5. A tungsten pin is most often used to mount the preparation in a lateral orientation, although it has been used to mount larvae dorsal-side up4. The suture glue has been used to mount embryos and larvae in both orientations. Using the glue, a minimal dissection can be performed, allowing access to spinal neurons without the use of an enzymatic treatment, thereby avoiding any resultant damage. However, for larvae, it is necessary to apply a brief enzyme treatment to remove the muscle tissue surrounding the spinal cord. The methods described here have been used to study the intrinsic electrical properties of motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons at several developmental stages6,7,8,9.

Zebrafish In Situ Spinal Cord Preparation for Electrophysiological Recordings from Spinal Sensory and Motor Neurons

This manuscript describes methods for electrophysiological recordings from spinal neurons of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The preparation maintains neurons in situ and often involves minimum dissection. These methods allow for the electrophysiological study of a variety of spinal neurons, from the initial electrical excitability acquisition through the early larval stages.

Zebrafish의<em&gt; 시츄</em&gt; 척수 척추 감각과 운동 뉴런 전기 생리 녹음 준비

Zebrafish, first introduced as a developmental model, have gained popularity in many other fields. The ease of rearing large numbers of rapidly developing ...

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in adult mammalian animals remains elusive. In this study, we describe an experimental procedure for measuring calcium dynamics through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy. This method enables recordings and quantifications of neural activity in bilateral mouse brain regions one at a time in the same experiment for a prolonged period in vivo. Key aspects of this method, which can be completed within an hour, include minimally invasive surgery procedures for creating dual optical windows, and the use of 2P imaging. Although we only demonstrate the technique in the S1 area, the method can be applied to other regions of the living brain facilitating the elucidation of structural and functional complexities of brain neural networks.

Imaging Neural Activity in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Using Thy1-GCaMP6s Transgenic Mice

We describe an experimental procedure for measuring neuronal activity through dual optical windows above bilateral primary somatosensory corticies (S1) in Thy1-GCaMP6s transgenic mice using 2-photon (2P) microscopy in vivo.

Thy1를 사용 하 여 기본 Somatosensory 피 질에서 신경 활동을 이미징-GCaMP6s 유전자 변형 쥐

The mammalian brain exhibits marked symmetry across the sagittal plane. However, detailed description of neural dynamics in symmetric brain regions in ...

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated digital vaporizer is utilized to achieve a stable plane of anesthesia at a low-flow rate of isoflurane. A single vertebral spine is removed, and a commercially available cover-glass is overlaid on a thin agarose bed. A 3D-printed plastic backplate is then affixed to the adjacent vertebral spines using tissue adhesive and dental cement. A stabilization platform is used to reduce motion artifact from respiration and heartbeat. This rapid and clamp-free method is well-suited for acute multi-photon fluorescence microscopy. Representative data are included for an application of this technique to two-photon microscopy of the spinal cord vasculature in transgenic mice expressing eGFP:Claudin-5 &#8212; a tight junction protein.

This protocol describes implantation of a glass window onto the spinal cord of a mouse to facilitate visualization by intravital microscopy.

마우스에 있는 Laminectomy 및 척수 창 이식

This protocol describes a method for spinal cord laminectomy and glass window implantation for in vivo imaging of the mouse spinal cord. An integrated ...

Intra-Arterial Delivery of Neural Stem Cells to the Rat and Mouse Brain: Application to Cerebral Ischemia

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to intracranial delivery, intra-arterial administration of NSCs is less invasive and produces a more diffuse distribution of NSCs within the brain parenchyma. Further, intra-arterial delivery allows the first-pass effect in the brain circulation, lessening the potential for trapping of cells in peripheral organs, such as liver and spleen, a complication associated with peripheral injections. Here, we detail the methodology, in both mice and rats, for delivery of NSCs through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) to the ipsilateral hemisphere after an ischemic stroke. Using GFP-labeled NSCs, we illustrate the widespread distribution achieved throughout the rodent ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 d, 1 week and 4 weeks after postischemic delivery, with a higher density in or near the ischemic injury site. In addition to long-term survival, we show evidence of differentiation of GFP-labeled cells at 4 weeks. The intra-arterial delivery approach described here for NSCs can also be used for administration of therapeutic compounds, and thus has broad applicability to varied CNS injury and disease models across multiple species.

A method for delivering neural stem cells, adaptable for injecting solutions or suspensions, through the common carotid artery (mouse) or external carotid artery (rat) after ischemic stroke is reported. Injected cells are distributed broadly throughout the brain parenchyma and can be detected up to 30 d after delivery.

쥐와 마우스 두뇌에 신경 줄기 세포의 동맥 내 납품: 대뇌 허혈에 응용 프로그램

Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy is an emerging innovative treatment for stroke, traumatic brain injury and neurodegenerative disorders. As compared to ...