에 연구 계약 미구엘 세르 베트 (ISCIII CD14 / 00,032) (GN-G.). 에 과학 연구 &quot;번역 상 신경 과학 프로그램의 대학원&quot;에 대한 네덜란드기구 (022,005,019) (CH)에서 원정대. Prinses 베아트릭스 퐁 (프로젝트 WAR08-12) 및 협회 프랑세즈 contre 레 근육 병증에에서 보조금 (PM-M.) 뿐만 아니라 과학 연구에 대한 네덜란드기구의 왔노 원정대 (916.10.148) 네덜란드의 뇌 재단의 교제로 (FS2008 (1) -28)와 ML에 Prinses 베아트릭스 퐁 (프로젝트 WAR08-12) ( ). 우리는 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 정렬 B 세포에있는 그녀의 도움을 Jozien 야스퍼스 감사합니다.

<ol>
	<li>Vrolix, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+heterogeneity+of+thymic+B+cells+from+early-onset+myasthenia+gravis+patients+with+antibodies+against+the+acetylcholine+receptor.">Clonal heterogeneity of thymic B cells from early-onset myasthenia gravis patients with antibodies against the acetylcholine receptor.</a> J Autoimmun. 52, 101-112 (2014).</li><li>Yamashita, M., Katakura, Y., Shirahata, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+the+generation+of+human+monoclonal+antibody.">Recent advances in the generation of human monoclonal antibody.</a> Cytotechnology. 55 (2-3), 55-60 (2007).</li><li>Pereira, K. M., Dellavance, A., Andrade, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+challenge+of+identification+of+autoantibodies+specific+to+systemic+autoimmune+rheumatic+diseases+in+high+throughput+operation:+Proposal+of+reliable+and+feasible+strategies.">The challenge of identification of autoantibodies specific to systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases in high throughput operation: Proposal of reliable and feasible strategies.</a> Clin Chim Acta. 437, 403-410 (2014).</li><li>Losen, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treatment+of+myasthenia+gravis+by+preventing+acetylcholine+receptor+modulation.">Treatment of myasthenia gravis by preventing acetylcholine receptor modulation.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1132, 174-179 (2008).</li><li>Smith, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+generation+of+fully+human+monoclonal+antibodies+specific+to+a+vaccinating+antigen.">Rapid generation of fully human monoclonal antibodies specific to a vaccinating antigen.</a> Nat Protoc. 4 (3), 372-384 (2009).</li><li>Fraussen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+method+for+making+human+monoclonal+antibodies.">A novel method for making human monoclonal antibodies.</a> J Autoimmun. 35 (2), 130-134 (2010).</li><li>Traggiai, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+method+to+make+human+monoclonal+antibodies+from+memory+B+cells:+potent+neutralization+of+SARS+coronavirus.">An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus.</a> Nat Med. 10 (8), 871-875 (2004).</li><li>Fraussen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoantigen+induced+clonal+expansion+in+immortalized+B+cells+from+the+peripheral+blood+of+multiple+sclerosis+patients.">Autoantigen induced clonal expansion in immortalized B cells from the peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 261 (1-2), 98-107 (2013).</li><li>Yamashita, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+individual+immune+responses+elicited+by+in+vitro+immunization.">Different individual immune responses elicited by in vitro immunization.</a> Cytotechnology. 40 (1-3), 161-165 (2002).</li><li>Hui-Yuen, J., Koganti, S., Bhaduri-McIntosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+B+cell+immortalization+for+monoclonal+antibody+production.">Human B cell immortalization for monoclonal antibody production.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1131, 183-189 (2014).</li><li>Tiller, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+generation+of+monoclonal+antibodies+from+single+human+B+cells+by+single+cell+RT-PCR+and+expression+vector+cloning.">Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells by single cell RT-PCR and expression vector cloning.</a> J Immunol Methods. 329 (1-2), 112-124 (2008).</li><li>Lanzavecchia, A., Corti, D., Sallusto, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+monoclonal+antibodies+by+immortalization+of+memory+B+cells.">Human monoclonal antibodies by immortalization of memory B cells.</a> Curr Opin Biotechnol. 18 (6), 523-528 (2007).</li><li>Traggiai, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immortalization+of+human+B+cells:+analysis+of+B+cell+repertoire+and+production+of+human+monoclonal+antibodies.">Immortalization of human B cells: analysis of B cell repertoire and production of human monoclonal antibodies.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 901, 161-170 (2012).</li><li>Strober, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+cell+growth.+Curr+Protoc+Immunol+/+edited+by.">Monitoring cell growth. Curr Protoc Immunol / edited by.</a> John E. Coligan ... [et al.]. Appendix 3, Appendix 3A (2001).</li><li>Ibrahim, S. F., van den Engh, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+and+cell+sorting.">Flow cytometry and cell sorting.</a> Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 106, 19-39 (2007).</li><li>Leith, J. T., Padfield, G., Faulkner, L. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+detection+in+automated+DNA+sequence+analysis.">Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis.</a> Nature. 321 (6071), 674-679 (1986).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

이 논문에서는, 인간 PBMCs를으로부터의 IgG 항체의 생성을위한 모든 단계가 상세하게 제시된다. 이 프로토콜은 이전에 발행 된 기술에 비해 몇 가지 장점을 포함하고 있습니다. 장점 중 하나는 생성 된 항체는 B 세포 클론 원래 쌍에 대응하는 중쇄 및 경쇄를 유지한다는 것이다. IgG의 항체의 확인은 인간 공여자의 어떤 유형으로 수행 될 수 있으며, 백신 접종 5에 의한 면역 반응의 악화가 필...

이 문서의 목적은 구체적으로 생성하여 인간 말초 혈액 단핵 세포 (PBMC)에서 얻은 인간 IgG 단일 클론 항체를 특성화하는 방법을 설명하기위한 것이다. 인간 항체를 연구 관심은 연구의 다양한 분야에서 성장했다. 특히, 많은 연구 그룹들은 자동 항체 1-3로 인한 병리학에 관심을 갖고있다. 우리는 복제 및 병원성 자동 항체 1을 특징으로했다. 자동 항체의 연구는 경쟁 항체 (4)를 사용하여, 예를 들어, 자신의 목표를 ​​확인하고 치료 전략을 개발하는 데 도움이 될 수 있습니다. 또한, 인간 항체의 연구는 또한, 백신 접종 5 이후에 면역 반응을 평가하기 위해 노출 및 특정 병원균 6 공부 내성되었다 된 개인의 항체 프로파일을 특성화하기 위해, 즉, 다른 연구 분야에서 관심을 가질 수있는 항체에자연 레퍼토리 7,12. 몇 가지 기술은 재조합 인간 단일 클론 항체 8-12를 생성하기 위해 개발되어왔다; 이들의 대부분은 파지 디스플레이와 B 세포의 불멸화를 사용한다. 파지 디스플레이의 사용은 광범위하게 새로운 항체 (13)의 발견에 적용되어왔다. 그러나 그것은가 인간 면역 글로불린의 중쇄 및 경쇄 쌍 프로세스 해리 즉 있다는 큰 단점을 갖는다. 인간 B 세포 또는 EBV 변환과 하이 브리 도마의 생산은 이러한 단점을 극복한다. 우리는 수신자 같은 수용체 9 (TLR-9)를 통해 6,12 폴리 클로 날 B 세포 자극과 조합 EBV B와 흉선 세포의 감염을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 구체적으로 우리가 시험 관내 항체 생성에 PBMC 분리의 모든 단계의 전체 개요, IgG의 인간 항체의 개발을 위해 사용하는 기술에 대해 설명합니다. 이프로토콜은 인간 IgG 프로파일의 임의의 유형의 분석에 이용 될 수있다. 실험실에서의 IgG 항체를 생산하는 B 세포는 PBMC를 성공적으로 분류 한 후 나머지로부터 분리되었다. 쉰 정렬 B 세포 8은 멀티 웰 플레이트에 도금 단일 B 세포의 클로 날 팽창을 위해, EBV 및 TLR-9를 활성화하여 불멸화 될 수있다. 피더 세포로서 인간 배아 폐 조직으로부터 섬유 아세포, 불멸화 B 세포의 가시화를 용이 세포주 WI38을 사용되었다. 이러한 B 세포에서의 면역 글로불린 중쇄 및 경쇄 서열을 PCR에 의해 수득 될 수 있고, 항체 &#39;유전자는 면역 글로불린 G 발현 벡터에 클로닝하고 시험 관내에서 생산. 이 기술을 사용하여, 도너 검색된 정확히 같은 단일 항체 서열과 항체를 연구 할 수있다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Histopaque-1077&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>10771</td>
			<td>solution containing polysucrose and sodium diatrizoate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACSAria II cell sorter&#160;</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96 U-bottom micro well plates&#160;</td>
			<td>Costar</td>
			<td>3799</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco, Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12633-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% v/v EBV-containing supernatant of the B95-8 cell line&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-1612</td>
			<td>3.4 x 108 copies/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CpG2006&#160;</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>ODN 7909</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wi38 cells&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>90020107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Interleukin-2</td>
			<td>Roche&#160;</td>
			<td>10799068001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA plates</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One, Microlon</td>
			<td>655092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AffiniPure F(ab&#39;)2 Fragment Goat Anti-Human IgG, Fc&#947; Fragment Specific (unconjugated)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>109-006-008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% non-fat dry milk (Blotting Grade Blocker)&#160;</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>170-6404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human IgG&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I 2511</td>
			<td>HUMAN IgG purified Immunoglobulin, 5.6 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat F(ab)2 antihuman IgG Fc&#947; (conjugated with peroxidase (PO))</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>109-036-008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISA reader (Perkin Elmer 2030)&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer&#160;</td>
			<td>2030-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peroxidase-conjugated AffiniPure Rabbit Anti-Human IgM, Fc5&#181;&#160;</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>309-035-095</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript III Cells Direct cDNA Synthesis System&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>18080-200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Applied Biosystems (ABI) GeneAm PCR System 2700</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Pure RNA Isolation Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11828665001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse transcription system kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A3500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>TAKARA</td>
			<td>R001A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primers (2&#956;l)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>16500-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 bp ladder</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15628-019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quantity One 4.5.2 (Gel Doc 2000)</td>
			<td>Biorad</td>
			<td>170-8100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>28106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4337455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1 ml reaction plate (MicroAMP Optical 96-well)</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4346906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genetic analyser ABI300&#160;</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4346906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DH5&#945; competent cells (E. coli)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18263-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFUSEss-CHIg-hG1 (4493 bp)</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>pfusess-hchg1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFUSEss-CHIg-hG4 (4484 bp)&#160;</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>pfusess-hchg4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFUSE2ss-CLIg-hk (3875 bp)</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>pfuse2ss-hclk</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pFUSE2ss-CLIg-hl2 (3883 bp)&#160;</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>pfuse2ss-hcll2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SOC medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15544-034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB-based agar medium supplemented with Zeocin (Fast-Media Zeo Agar)</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>fas-zn-s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terrific Broth (TB)-based liquid medium supplemented with Zeocin (Fast-Media Zeo TB)</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>fas-zn-l</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA Miniprep kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Omega Bio Technology</td>
			<td>D6942-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop (ND1000 Spectrophotometer)</td>
			<td>Nanodrop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB-based agar medium supplemented with Blasticidin (Fast-Media Blast Agar)</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>fas-bl-s</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terrific Broth (TB)-based liquid medium supplemented with Blasticidin (Fast-Media Blast TB)</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>fas-bl-l</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0101S</td>
			<td>20,000 U/ml, in 10x NEBuffer EcoRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NheI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0131S</td>
			<td>10,000 U/ml, in 10x NEBuffer 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Log DNA ladder</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N3200S</td>
			<td>0.1-10.0 kb, 1,000 &#956;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XmaI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0180S</td>
			<td>10,000 U/ml, in 10x CutSmart Buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BsiWI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0553S</td>
			<td>10,000 U/ml, in 10x NEBuffer 3.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AvrII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0174S</td>
			<td>5,000 U/ml, in 10x CutSmart Buffer&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastAP Thermosensitive Alkaline Phosphatase</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>EF0651</td>
			<td>1 U/&#181;L, in 10x FastAP Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DH5&#945; competent cells&#160;</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18263-012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse Anti-Human IgG</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-CD22, PerCP-Cy5.5, Clone: HIB22</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>BDB563942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>27106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BigDye Terminator v3.1</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>4337455</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation of recombinant human igg monoclonal antibodies from immortalized sorted b cells

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, including the development of immunotherapeutics. However, the techniques to identify and produce such antibodies tend to be arduous and sometimes the heavy and light chain pair of the antibodies are dissociated. Here, we describe a relatively simple, straightforward protocol to produce human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using immortalization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and Toll-like receptor 9 activation. With an adequate staining, B cells producing antibodies can be isolated for subsequent immortalization and clonal expansion. The antibody transcripts produced by the immortalized B cell clones can be amplified by PCR, sequenced as corresponding heavy and light chain pairs and cloned into immunoglobulin expression vectors. The antibodies obtained with this technique can be powerful tools to study relevant human immune responses, including autoimmunity, and create the basis for new therapeutics.

CD22과의 IgG 양성 세포를 염색 한 후 선별 게이팅은도 1에 도시되는 본 이미지에서 이중 양성 세포의 면적 -.의 IgG 항체를 생산하는 B 세포 - 분리 튜브 내의 모든 셀을 정렬하도록 선택된다. 분석에서, 전체 PBMC를 약 1 %의 양이 두 집단에 해당한다. 얻어진 분류 세포의 수는 제 1 항에서 얻은 셀의 개수에 의존 할 것이다. EBV 불멸화 된 CpG 및 (ODN2006) 자극 5 주 후에 다?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells at JoVE.com

Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells

Synthesis of human monoclonal antibodies is the first step in studies aimed at unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-antibody-mediated immune responses. We have developed a protocol to generate recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies from blood sorted B cells, including B-cell isolation, antibody cloning and in vitro synthesis.

정렬 된 불멸화 된 B 세포로부터 재조합 인간 IgG 단일 클론 항체의 생성

Finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, ...

generation-recombinant-human-igg-monoclonal-antibodies-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

18.2K 조회수.  Maastricht University. Synthesis of human monoclonal antibodies is the first step in studies aimed at unraveling the pathophysiological mechanisms of auto-antibody-mediated immune responses. We have developed a protocol to generate recombinant human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies from blood sorted B cells, including B-cell isolation, antibody cloning and in vitro synthesis.

비디오: Generation of Recombinant Human IgG Monoclonal Antibodies from Immortalized Sorted B Cells

Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally established in 1999 1,2 plasmid-based reverse genetic techniques to generate recombinant viruses have revolutionized the influenza research field because specific questions have been answered by genetically engineered, infectious, recombinant influenza viruses. Such studies include virus replication, function of viral proteins, the contribution of specific mutations in viral proteins in viral replication and/or pathogenesis and, also, viral vectors using recombinant influenza viruses expressing foreign proteins 3.

Rescue of influenza A viruses from plasmid DNA is a basic and essential experimental technique that allows influenza researchers to generate recombinant viruses to study multiple aspects in the biology of influenza virus, and to be used as potential vectors or vaccines.

플라스미드 DNA의 재조합 독감 바이러스의 생성

Efforts by a number of influenza research groups have been pivotal in the development and improvement of influenza A virus reverse genetics. Originally ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Recombinant Retroviral Production and Infection of B Cells

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control of a heterologous expression system to facilitate the analysis of the resulting phenotype. This approach can be used to express a gene that is not normally found in the organism, to express a mutant form of a gene product, or to over-express a dominant-negative form of the gene product. It is particularly useful in the study of the hematopoetic system, where transcriptional regulation is a major control mechanism in the development and differentiation of B cells 1, reviewed in 2-4.
Mouse genetics is a powerful tool for the study of human genes and diseases. A comparative analysis of the mouse and human genome reveals conservation of synteny in over 90% of the genome 5. Also, much of the technology used in mouse models is applicable to the study of human genes, for example, gene disruptions and allelic replacement 6. However, the creation of a transgenic mouse requires a great deal of resources of both a financial and technical nature. Several projects have begun to compile libraries of knock out mouse strains (KOMP, EUCOMM, NorCOMM) or mutagenesis induced strains (RIKEN), which require large-scale efforts and collaboration 7. Therefore, it is desirable to first study the phenotype of a desired gene in a cell culture model of primary cells before progressing to a mouse model. 
Retroviral DNA integrates into the host DNA, preferably within or near transcription units or CpG islands, resulting in stable and heritable expression of the packaged gene of interest while avoiding transcriptional silencing 8 9. The genes are then transcribed under the control of a high efficiency retroviral promoter, resulting in a high efficiency of transcription and protein production. Therefore, retroviral expression can be used with cells that are difficult to transfect, provided the cells are in an active state during mitosis. Because the structural genes of the virus are contained within the packaging cell line, the expression vectors used to clone the gene of interest contain no structural genes of the virus, which both eliminates the possibility of viral revertants and increases the safety of working with viral supernatants as no infectious virions are produced 10. 
Here we present a protocol for recombinant retroviral production and subsequent infection of splenic B cells. After isolation, the cultured splenic cells are stimulated with Th derived lymphokines and anti-CD40, which induces a burst of B cell proliferation and differentiation 11. This protocol is ideal for the study of events occurring late in B cell development and differentiation, as B cells are isolated from the spleen following initial hematopoetic events but prior to antigenic stimulation to induce plasmacytic differentiation.

An efficient system of structure and function analysis of a gene in an ex vivo culture of splenic B-lymphocytes is described. This method takes advantage of recombinant retroviral production in a helper free, ecotrophic packaging cell line. Stable, heritable expression of a gene of interest within primary lymphocytes is achieved leading to generation of surface antibodies on B cells undergoing class switch recombination.

B 세포의 재조합 생산 및 Retroviral 감염

The transgenic expression of genes in eukaryotic cells is a powerful reverse genetic approach in which a gene of interest is expressed under the control ...

Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Against H. capsulatum and Others Fungal Pathogens

The purpose of the use of this methodology is 1) to advance our capacity to protect individuals with antibody or vaccine for preventing or treating histoplasmosis caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum and 2) to examine the role of virulence factors as target for therapy. To generate mAbs, mice are immunized, the immune responses are assessed using a solid phase ELISA system developed in our laboratory, and the best responder mice are selected for isolation of splenocytes for fusion with hybridoma cells. C57BL/6 mice have been extensively used to study H. capsulatum pathogenesis and provide the best model for obtaining the data required. In order to assess the role of the mAbs in infection, mice are intraperitoneally administered with either mAb to H. capsulatum or isotype matched control mAb and then infected by either intravenous (i.v.), intraperitoneal (i.p.), or intranasal (i.n.) routes. In the scientific literature, efficacy of mAbs for fungal infections in mice relies on mortality as an end point, in conjunction with colony formin units (CFU) assessments at earlier time points. Survival (time to death) studies are necessary as they best represent human disease. Thus, efficacy of our intervention would not adequately be established without survival curves. This is also true for establishing efficacy of vaccine or testing of mutants for virulence. With histoplasmosis, the mice often go from being energetic to dead over several hours. The capacity of an intervention such as the administration of a mAb may initially protect an animal from disease, but the disease can relapse which would not be realized in short CFU experiments. In addition to survival and fungal burden assays, we examine the inflammatory responses to infection (histology, cellular recruitment, cytokine responses). For survival/time to death experiments, the mice are infected and monitored at least twice daily for signs of morbidity. To assess fungal burden, histopathology, and cytokine responses, the mice are euthanized at various times after infection. Animal experiments are performed according to the guidelines of the Institute for Animal Studies of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Against H. capsulatum and Others Fungal Pathogens

C57BL/6 mice have been used to study Hc pathogenesis and provide the best model. We are exploring the potential benefits of humoral immunity against this fungus and generated several mAbs [to histone H2B and a heat shock protein 60kDa] that we tested for their protective efficacy after intraperitoneal administration.

반대 단클론 항체의 수동적 관리 H. capsulatum 및 기타 곰팡이 병원균을

The purpose of the use of this methodology is 1) to advance our capacity to protect individuals with antibody or vaccine for preventing or treating ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&amp;#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

기본 인적 나이브 및 메모리 T의 세포로부터 유도된 규제 T 세포의 생성

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

The development and implementation of arenavirus reverse genetics represents a significant breakthrough in the arenavirus field 4. The use of cell-based arenavirus minigenome systems together with the ability to generate recombinant infectious arenaviruses with predetermined mutations in their genomes has facilitated the investigation of the contribution of viral determinants to the different steps of the arenavirus life cycle, as well as virus-host interactions and mechanisms of arenavirus pathogenesis 1, 3, 11 . In addition, the development of trisegmented arenaviruses has permitted the use of the arenavirus genome to express additional foreign genes of interest, thus opening the possibility of arenavirus-based vaccine vector applications 5 . Likewise, the development of single-cycle infectious arenaviruses capable of expressing reporter genes provides a new experimental tool to improve the safety of research involving highly pathogenic human arenaviruses 16 . The generation of recombinant arenaviruses using plasmid-based reverse genetics techniques has so far relied on the use of rodent cell lines 7,19 , which poses some barriers for the development of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-licensed vaccine or vaccine vectors. To overcome this obstacle, we describe here the efficient generation of recombinant arenaviruses in FDA-approved Vero cells.

Rescue of recombinant arenaviruses from cloned cDNAs, an approach referred to as reverse genetics, allows researchers to investigate the role of specific viral gene products, as well as the contribution of their different specific domains and residues, to many different aspects of the biology of arenavirus. Likewise, reverse genetics techniques in FDA-approved cell lines (Vero) for vaccine development provides novel possibilities for the generation of effective and safe vaccines to combat human pathogenic arenaviruses.

FDA 승인 베로 세포 백신 개발을위한 재조합 Arenavirus의 생성

The development and implementation of arenavirus reverse genetics represents a significant breakthrough in the arenavirus field  4. The use of cell-based ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

말초 혈액에서 인간 Alloantigen 특정 T 세포의 생성

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Generation of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies by Hybridoma Technology

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding molecules is time-consuming and laborious due to the complicated handling and lack of alternatives. The aim of this protocol is to provide one standard method for the generation of monoclonal antibodies using hybridoma technology. This technology combines two steps. Step 1 is an appropriate immunization of the animal and step 2 is the fusion of B lymphocytes with immortal myeloma cells in order to generate hybrids possessing both parental functions, such as the production of antibody molecules and immortality. The generated hybridoma cells were then recloned and diluted to obtain stable monoclonal cell cultures secreting the desired monoclonal antibody in the culture supernatant. The supernatants were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) for antigen specificity. After the selection of appropriate cell clones, the cells were transferred to mass cultivation in order to produce the desired antibody molecule in large amounts. The purification of the antibodies is routinely performed by affinity chromatography. After purification, the antibody molecule can be characterized and validated for the final test application. The whole process takes 8 to 12 months of development, and there is a high risk that the antibody will not work in the desired test system.

An optimized protocol is presented for the generation of monoclonal antibodies based on the hybridoma technology. Mice were immunized with an immunoconjugate. Spleen cells were fused by PEG and an electric impulse with immortal myeloma cells. Antibody-producing hybridoma cells were selected by HAT and antigen-specific ELISA screening.

하이 브리 도마 기술에 의해 쥐 단일 클론 항체의 생성

Monoclonal antibodies are universal binding molecules and are widely used in biomedicine and research. Nevertheless, the generation of these binding ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

전혈로부터 인간 단핵구 유래 수지상 세포의 생성

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Generation of Escape Variants of Neutralizing Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface glycoproteins of the virus. The generation of escape variants is a powerful method in elucidating how viruses escape immune detection and in identifying critical residues required for antibody binding. Here, we describe a protocol on how to generate influenza A virus escape variants by utilizing human or murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the viral hemagglutinin (HA). With the use of our technique, we previously characterized critical residues required for the binding of antibodies targeting either the head or stalk of the novel avian H7N9 HA. The protocol can be easily adapted for other virus systems. Analyses of escape variants are important for modeling antigenic drift, determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) conferring resistance and virus fitness, and in the designing of vaccines and/or therapeutics.

We describe a method by which we identify critical residues required for the binding of human or murine monoclonal antibodies that target the viral hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses. The protocol can be adapted to other virus surface glycoproteins and their corresponding neutralizing antibodies.

인플루엔자 바이러스 단일 클론 항 체를 중화의 탈출 변종의 생성

Influenza viruses exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt and evade the host immune response. One way is through antigenic changes that occur on the surface ...

Generation of Discriminative Human Monoclonal Antibodies from Rare Antigen-specific B Cells Circulating in Blood

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the antibody needs to distinguish between highly related structures (e.g., a normal protein and a mutated version thereof). The current way of generating such discriminative mAbs involves extensive screening of multiple Ab-producing B cells, which is both costly and time consuming. We propose here a rapid and cost-effective method for the generation of discriminative, fully human mAbs starting from human blood circulating B lymphocytes. The originality of this strategy is due to the selection of specific antigen binding B cells combined with the counter-selection of all other cells, using readily available Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). Once specific B cells are isolated, cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences coding for the corresponding mAb are obtained using single cell Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technology and subsequently expressed in human cells. Within as little as 1 month, it is possible to produce milligrams of highly discriminative human mAbs directed against virtually any desired antigen naturally detected by the B cell repertoire.

We describe a method for the production of human antibodies specific for an antigen of interest, starting from rare B cells circulating in human blood. Generation of these natural antibodies is efficient and rapid, and the antibodies obtained can discriminate between highly related antigens.

희귀 한 항 원 특정 B 세포 혈액 순환에서 구별 인간 단일 클론 항 체의 생성

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are powerful tools useful for both fundamental research and in biomedicine. Their high specificity is indispensable when the ...