Name: stable and efficient genetic modification of cells in the adult mouse v-svz for the analysis of neural stem cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects
Uploaded: 2016-02-17T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects at JoVE

We acknowledge the help of M.J. Palop and the technical support of the SCSIE of the Universidad de Valencia. We also thank Antonia Follenzi for helpful comments and discussion of the manuscript. I.F is supported by Fundaci&#242;n Bot&#236;n, by Banco Santander through its Santander Universities Global Division, and by grants from Generalitat Valenciana (Programa Prometeo, ACOMP, and ISIC) and Ministerio de Econom&#236;a y Competitividad (MINECO: SAF2011-23331, CIBERNED and RETIC TerCel). This work was also supported by BFU2010-21823 and RETIC TerCel grants from MINECO and the European Research Council (ERC) 2012-StG (311736- PD-HUMMODEL) to A.C. B.M-P. is the recipient of a Spanish FPI fellowship of the MINECO.

ETHICS STATEMENT: This protocol follows the animal care guidelines of the University of Valencia in compliance with European directive 2010/63/EU.
1. Generation of LV for In Vivo Marking Studies (see Figure 1a)
CAUTION: The procedure described herein is biosafety level 2, therefore perform all the following procedures in a biohazard hood. Ensure that research personnel are appropriately qualified and trained in all procedures. Wear personal protective equipment, including gown, d...

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LVs offer important advantages over other viral systems for the genetic modification of adult NSCs16,18. Stereotaxic delivery of lentiviruses to the V-SVZ niche represents an efficient method to label and trace infrequently dividing B1-NSCs overcoming the limitations of other commonly used methods such as BrdU, which is diluted after multiple cell divisions, or retrovirus, which only target cells that are proliferating at the moment of application. LVs, together with adenoviruses, can infect cells independentl...

The murine ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), in the walls of the lateral ventricle facing the striatum, is a very active germinal region in which a continual process of progenitor cell replication and differentiation results in the persistent production of olfactory bulb (OB) interneurons and corpus callosum oligodendrocytes1. The lifelong generation of these cells appears to be supported by the presence in this region of neural stem cells (NSCs; also called B1 cells), which express the astrocytic antigen glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and stem cell markers such as nestin, Id1 and Sox22. GFAP-expressing B1 cells generate transit amplifying progenitor (TAP) cells (C cells), which express transcription factors Dlx2 (distal-less homeobox 2) and Ascl1 (mammalian achaete-schute homolog 1) and divide rapidly a few times before they give rise to migrating neuroblasts (A cells) or oligodendroblasts3. Newly-generated proliferative neuroblasts migrate anteriorly, forming the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the OB, where they integrate into the granular and glomerular layers as differentiated inhibitory interneurons. Migrating young oligodendroblasts move to the CC, where they become immature NG2-positive cells that continue to divide locally or differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes1,4.
B1 cells, which derive from fetal radial glial cells, retain the elongated and polarized morphology of their predecessors and exhibit a highly specialized relationship with their niche. They span between the ependyma which lines up the ventricle and the network of blood vessels that irrigate the V-SVZ niche. The small apical process of B1 cells intercalates among multiciliated ependymocytes and ends in a single non-motile primary cilium, whereas their basal process extends long distances to approach the planar vascular plexus that irrigates this niche ending in the basal lamina of the plexus capillaries2,5-8 .
The most reliable way to distinguish B1-NSCs from non-neurogenic astrocytes, which are also GFAP+, in the intact V-SVZ niche is based on whole-mount preparations of the ventricle lateral wall and their analysis by 3-D confocal microscopy after immunostaining for GFAP to label the thin B1-NSC apical process, &#946;-catenin to delineate cell membranes, and either &#947;-tubulin as a marker of cilial basal bodies or acetylated &#945;-tubulin to label the extent of each cilium5,8. Observations of these whole-mounts from the ventricular surface have indicated that B1 and ependymal cells are arranged in &#34;pinwheels&#34;5, in which the uniciliated apical processes of one or several GFAP+ B1 cells are encircled by a rosette of multiciliated ependymal cells.
The characteristic morphology of B1 cells correlates with experimental evidence indicating that blood vessels/endothelial cells and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) constitute regulated sources of soluble signals acting on NSCs2,6,9-11. At the ventricular surface, homotypic and heterotypic apico-lateral interactions involving ependymal and B1 cells include tight junctions and adherens junctions5,12. Moreover, adhesion molecules implicated in the junctional complexes between B1 and ependymal cells, such as N-cadherin and V-CAM, have been shown to regulate not only the highly organized positioning of B1 in the V-SVZ niche, but also their quiescence12,13. The ependymal-B1 cell monolayer appears to act as a diffusion barrier allowing the regulated flux of water and small molecules from the CSF, but restricting the intercellular passage of large proteins10,11. Experimental evidence indicates that the uniquely positioned B1 cell apical cilium could play a role as a sensor of signaling polypeptides present in the CSF2,5-7. Ependymal cells are, per se, also a source of soluble and membrane-bound signals with a role in the regulation of NSC behavior14,15.
Traceable nucleosides, such as bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU), or retroviruses have been widely used to label progenitor cells, including NSCs, in vivo. However, these methods are not optimal for long-term fate tracing because BrdU signals dilute through repeated cell divisions and retroviruses appear to preferentially target transiently amplifying cells due to their requirement of cell proliferation for transduction16,17. To examine NSC physiology in vivo, including interactions with niche components, it is crucial to establish a method to label and trace rarely dividing cells, as B1-NSCs are largely quiescent and their neighboring ependymal cells never divide under physiological conditions3. Here, we show that lentiviral vectors (LVs) allow for high-efficiency gene marking and long-term modification of adult NSCs and non-dividing ependymal cells, due most reasonably to their ability to transduce and to integrate into the genome of target cells in a cell cycle-independent way. Moreover, we show how the route of delivery and viral titer help to specifically transduce ependymal cells, but not B1 cells thereby allowing the analysis of niche-dependent, ependymal effects on NSCs.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Part 1: Generation of LV for in vivo delivery.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>Optima XL-100K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>SW-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>SW-55</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>358126</td>
			<td>25X89 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge tubes&#160;</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>326819</td>
			<td>13X51 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultracentrifuge adapters</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>358156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>PLC-30006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>PLC-30024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 cm dish</td>
			<td>SPL</td>
			<td>PLC-20101</td>
			<td>100x20 style</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS tubes</td>
			<td>Afora</td>
			<td>DE400800</td>
			<td>12x75 mm, 5 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cup sterile FACS filter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>340626</td>
			<td>30 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nitrocellulose filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SCGPU05RE</td>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>LSR Fortessa</td>
			<td>Blue laser 488 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Steritop filter</td>
			<td>Biofil</td>
			<td>FPE-204-500&#160;</td>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMDLg/pRRE plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12251</td>
			<td>Core packaging plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRSV.REV plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12253</td>
			<td>Core packaging plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMD2G plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12259</td>
			<td>Envelope plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pRRL-SIN-PPT.PGK.EGFP.Wpre plasmid&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>#12252</td>
			<td>Transfer vector plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>L0101-500</td>
			<td>For HeLa cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>12440-053</td>
			<td>For 293T cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-EDTA (TE)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tris-HCl (sigma, T5941), 0.1 mM EDTA (sigma, E5134), pH 7.6,&#160; DNAse/RNAse-free, 0.2 &#181;m sterile-filtered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X HBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.28 M NaCl (Sigma, S7653), 0.05 M HEPES (Sigma, H7523), 1.5 mM anhydrous Na2HPO4 (Sigma, S7907) in dH2O (preferably not MilliQ). Adjust pH to 7.0 with NaOH solution (Calbiochem, 567530).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Biowest</td>
			<td>S181B-500</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 100X, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 10X.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513-100</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 200 mM, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 6 mM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>11360-039</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 100 mM, used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1 mM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Life technologies</td>
			<td>35050-061</td>
			<td>Used to prepare 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4458</td>
			<td>Stock solution contains 5,000 units/ml penicillin and 5 mg/ml streptomycin. Used to prepare HeLa and 293T culture medium at a final concentration of 1%.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>With phenol red, contains 2.5 g porcine trypsin and 0.2 g EDTA 4Na/L HBSS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline&#160; (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D1408</td>
			<td>Without calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, 10X, liquid, sterile-filtered, suitable for cell culture. Stock solution used to prepare 1X PBS in cell culture grade water.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polybrene (hexadimethrine bromide)&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H9268</td>
			<td>Powder. Prepare a 1000X stock solution at 8 mg/ml in dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde EM grade 16%</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Part 2: Sterotaxic injection of LV into the SEZ proper or the lateral ventricle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td><a href="http://www.leicabiosystems.com/">Vernier stereotaxic instrument</a></td>
			<td>NeuroLab, Leica</td>
			<td>39463001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cunningham mouse and neonatal rat adaptor</td>
			<td>NeuroLab, Leica</td>
			<td>39462950</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe holder</td>
			<td>KD Scientific</td>
			<td>KDS-311-CE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>33-gauge syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>P/N&#160;&#160;&#160; 84851/00</td>
			<td>#85RN</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric drill</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td>98096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal blanket</td>
			<td>Ufesa</td>
			<td>AL5512/01</td>
			<td>230-240 V, 100-110 W, type C_AL01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shaver&#160;</td>
			<td>Jata</td>
			<td>MP373N</td>
			<td>Model: beauty, 3 V, 300 mA, type HT-03.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medetomidine</td>
			<td>Esteve</td>
			<td>DOMTOR&#160;</td>
			<td>Comercial solution at 1 mg/ml.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Merial</td>
			<td>Imalgene 500&#160;</td>
			<td>Comercial solution at 50 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Medetomidina/ketamine mixture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepare a working mixture of medetomidine at a final concentration of 0.2 mg/ml dilution and ketamine at a final concentration of 15 mg/ml in saline solution. Use as anesthesia injecting a volume to get a final concentration of 0.5-1 mg medetomidina per kg body weight and 50-75 mg ketamine per kg body weight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butorphanol</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>Torbugesic</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 10 mg/ml. Used as analgesia at 1 mg/ml in saline solution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Atipamezole</td>
			<td>Esteve</td>
			<td>Antisedan</td>
			<td>Stock solution at 5 mg/ml, used in a final concentration of 0.5 mg/ml in saline solution to exit from anesthesia.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% saline solution</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>13465412</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histoacryl</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>1050052</td>
			<td>Topical skin adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HydroGel</td>
			<td>Clear H2O</td>
			<td>70-01-5022</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td>34120</td>
			<td>11x21 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach/Virkon</td>
			<td>Dupont</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical marker pen</td>
			<td>Staedler</td>
			<td>313-9</td>
			<td>Permanent lumocolor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic lubricant &#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>SICCAFLUID</td>
			<td>0.5 g/dosis, carbomer 974P</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone-iodine</td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>694109.6</td>
			<td>10% povidone-iodine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Part 3: Histological analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Equipment:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.</td>
			<td>HV-07524-55</td>
			<td>Masterflex L/S variable-speed economy drive, 1.6-100 rpm, 230 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump head</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.</td>
			<td>HV-07518-00</td>
			<td>Masterflex L/S Easy-Load pump head for precision tubing; PSF housing, CRS rotor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone tube</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Inst. Co.</td>
			<td>HV-96410-16</td>
			<td>Platinum L/S 16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalp vein set</td>
			<td>Vygon V-green</td>
			<td>70246.05T</td>
			<td>25G, 30 cm tube length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vibratome</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>VT1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>FluoView FV10i</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate</td>
			<td>Tehtnica</td>
			<td>SHP-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents:</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer (PB)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.2 M PB: 0.2 M Na2HPO4 (Sigma, S7907) and 0.2 M NaH2PO4 (Panreac, 141965.1211) in dH2O, adjust pH to 7.2-7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>141451.1211</td>
			<td>Prepare fresh every time. Heat dH2O up to 55&#8211;60 &#176;C using a hot plate placed in a fume hood and pour PFA powder while stirring to obtain an 8% solution. The solution is cloudy white as PFA does not dissolve easily. Add 1N NaOH drop by drop just until the solution clears. Cool down, filter through Whatman paper and add an equivalent volume of 0.2 M PB.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.9% NaCl in dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superglue</td>
			<td>LOCTITE</td>
			<td>767547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Panreac</td>
			<td>122712.1608</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7126-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>S30-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284</td>
			<td>Detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GFP rabbit antibody</td>
			<td>ROCKLAND</td>
			<td>600-401-215</td>
			<td>Use at a 1:500 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey Anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Antibody</td>
			<td>Molecular probes</td>
			<td>A-21206</td>
			<td>Use at a 1:750 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Diamindino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride hydrate (DAPI)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>Fluorescent nuclear staining. Use at 2 mg/ml in ddH2O. Keep in the dark at 4 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoromount-G</td>
			<td>EM Sciences</td>
			<td>17984-25</td>
			<td>Mounting medium for fluorescent preparations</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

stable and efficient genetic modification of cells in the adult mouse v-svz for the analysis of neural stem cell autonomous and non-autonomous effects

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are restricted to two specific neurogenic niches: the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus and the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ; also called subependymal zone or SEZ) in the walls of the lateral ventricles. The development of in vivo gene transfer strategies for adult stem cell populations (i.e. those of the mammalian brain) resulting in long-term expression of desired transgenes in the stem cells and their derived progeny is a crucial tool in current biomedical and biotechnological research. Here, a direct in vivo method is presented for the stable genetic modification of adult mouse V-SVZ cells that takes advantage of the cell cycle-independent infection by LVs and the highly specialized cytoarchitecture of the V-SVZ niche. Specifically, the current protocol involves the injection of empty LVs (control) or LVs encoding specific transgene expression cassettes into either the V-SVZ itself, for the in vivo targeting of all types of cells in the niche, or into the lateral ventricle lumen, for the targeting of ependymal cells only. Expression cassettes are then integrated into the genome of the transduced cells and fluorescent proteins, also encoded by the LVs, allow the detection of the transduced cells for the analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects in the labeled cells and their progeny.

LV-mediated gene delivery system can be used for the long-term in vivo transduction of cells in the adult mouse V-SVZ, allowing their tracking and genetic modification during proliferation, migration and differentiation. The infection and the expression are highly effective and yield numerous cells that can be easily distinguished among other non-infected cells by the expression of the reporter included. We have thus far visualized transduced cells with GFP fluorescent reporters, driven by the ubiquitously expre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects at JoVE

Stable and Efficient Genetic Modification of Cells in the Adult Mouse V-SVZ for the Analysis of Neural Stem Cell Autonomous and Non-autonomous Effects

Here we describe a procedure based on the use of lentiviral particles for the long-term genetic modification of neural stem cells and/or their adjacent ependymal cells in the adult ventricular-subventricular neurogenic niche which allows the separate analysis of cell autonomous and non-autonomous, niche-dependent effects on neural stem cells.

Relatively quiescent somatic stem cells support life-long cell renewal in most adult tissues. Neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain are ...

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Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

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Efficient Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Liver Cells

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Controlled Cortical Impact Model of Mouse Brain Injury with Therapeutic Transplantation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells

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Dissection, Culture and Analysis of Primary Cranial Neural Crest Cells from Mouse for the Study of Neural Crest Cell Delamination and Migration

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Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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