이 작품은 독일 연구 재단 (도이치 Forschungsgemeinschaft)에 의해 재정 지원되었다.

1. 주사 DNA 유리 마이크로 피펫의 준비 <ol><li> 좋은 품질의 유리 마이크로 피펫은 양수의 손실로 인해 초기 높은 낙태 비율을 줄이기 위해 필수적입니다. 유리 마이크로 피펫을 당겨하는 절차가 잘 13,18,25를 기록하고있다. 열 = 300; 1.2 mm 직경의 모세관을 사용하여 설정 P = 500와 기존의 셔터에 P-97 장치를 뽑아 = 40을 당겨 속도 = 50; 시간 = 50. 3mm &quot;구유&quot;필라멘트 (셔터 악기 FT330B)와 풀러 맞 춥니 다. 2mm 크기의 필라멘트는 우리 덜 만족스러운 결과를 굴복했다. 한편, 마이크로 피펫 팁의 경사지는 것은 우리에 대한 결과를 개선하지 않는 것. </li><li> 1 ~ 2 ㎍ / μL의 최종 농도에 녹색 빠른 0.1 %를 포함하는 PBS의 정화, 독소 무료 플라스미드 DNA를 (세포 배양 학년) 녹입니다. 빠른 그린은 배아 뇌의 뇌실에서 볼 수 주입 솔루션을 만들 것입니다. </li><li> 유리 micropipette를에 DNA 용액 10 μl를로드합니다. </lI&gt; <li> 분사 시스템 (피코 펌프)이나 입 피펫에 유리 micropipette를 연결합니다. </li></ol> 2. 마취 가열 패드와 수술기구와 수술 테이블을 준비합니다. 배아의 시각화를 촉진하는 차가운 광원을 켭니다. 예를 유리 구슬 살균기에 사용 수술 도구를 소독. 세 가지 마취 절차는 (토론 참조)이 프로토콜에 대한 가능합니다. 여기에서 우리는 우리가 (유량 0.5 L / 분) 마취 유도를 위해 isoflurane을 흡입을 사용하여 최선을 고려해야 하나뿐만 아니라 유지 보수 (유량 1 L / 분)를 설명합니다. <ol><li> 튜브의 짧은 길이로 Komesaroff 마크 5 마취 장치에 연결 (그래서 마우스가 계속 표시) 투명한 작은 용기에 임신 마우스를 소개합니다. </li><li> isoflurane을 가진 기화기를 기입 한 후 장치에 연결된 산소 병을 엽니 다. isofl 중 하나 또는 두 개의 펄스를 날려urane / 마취 안으로 설정하는을위한 마우스와 시계를 들고 용기에 산소 (0.5 L / 분) </li><li> 그들을 건조 방지하고 즉시 머리에 흐름 마취 마스크를 맞게 연고 눈을 커버, 마우스를 꺼내. </li></ol> 3. 개복술 <ol><li> 가열 패드 (그렇지 않으면 그것의 몸의 온도가 회복의 기회를 감소, 매우 빠르게 내려 갈 것이다)에 최대 배꼽에 마우스를 놓고 테이프로 옆으로는 네 다리를 고정하여 제자리에 그 몸을 고정합니다. 반사 자극 (회사의 압력 예를 들어, 발가락이나 꼬리 핀치)에 대한 응답의 손실을 확인하여 마취의 깊이를 평가합니다. </li><li> 복부 표면을 면도 iodophorpovidone 요오드 (Braunoderm)로 소독. </li><li> 복부 피부에 종 절개 (1-1.5 ㎝ 길이)를 확인합니다. 그런 복막를 잘라. 절개 주위에면 거즈를 놓습니다. 하나의 자궁을 표시하고 PBS-씻어서 gauz에 무딘 집게로 조심스럽게 잡아 당깁니다전자. 매우 자주 그것은 항상 (그림 2A와 2B) 촉촉한 유지하기 위해 PBS와 자궁을 씻어. 전체 절차를 수행하는 동안 자궁 내부의 높은 압력이 낙태의 결과로 주입시 유체의 손실의 가능성을 증가 배아를 전송합니다 때문에, 꽉 mesometrium 또는 자궁을 당겨 마십시오. </li></ol> 4. 뇌 심실로 DNA 주입 <ol><li> 뇌의 뇌실을 시각화 할 수있는 방식으로 자궁을 누릅니다. 광범위하게 불리한 위치에 놓여 태아의 위치를​​ 변경하지 마십시오 - 이것은 낙태의 가능성을 증가시킵니다. </li><li> 정상에서 배아의 머리를 보면, 왼쪽과 오른쪽 대뇌 반구 사이의 시각 차이 또는 균열을 집중. 반구 구별하기 쉽고 그 안에서 측면 심실은 (을 대상으로하지 않은) 보통 다소 어두운 모양으로 인식 할 수 있습니다. 배아 (넘겨 준다 DNA 주입을 위해 완벽 지향이 발견 된 경우에스 2C와 2D)는, 그것을 관통하여 자궁 벽에 가능하며 한 번에 세 번째 뇌실을 입력합니다. 약 1mm 대한 침투, 자궁 벽과 대뇌 피질 반구 사이의 간격의 주동이의 끝 부분에 구멍을 45 °로 유리 micropipette를 잡으십시오. 이러한 방법으로 유리 마이크로 피펫의 끝은 뇌 (안 뇌실) (그림 2C와 2D)의 세 번째 뇌실로 들어갑니다. 이 배아의 머리 근처에서 첫 번째 구멍을 뚫어 질 벽 (항상 45 °에서)에 유용 덜 호의적 중심의 배아에서 대뇌 피질 반구 사이의 올바른 위치에 micropipette의 팁을 배치하고 단지 그 후에 뇌를 관통. 세 번째 뇌실 (좋은 주사 녹색 액체가 뇌실을 채우고)에 DNA 용액 1 μL에 대해 주입. 하나의 자궁 뿔의 배아와 동일한 절차를 반복합니다. 이 DNA 솔루션에 대한 약간의 시간이 심실 유체로 균일하게 혼합 entir에 도달 할 수 있습니다전자 neuroepithelium. </li></ol> 5. Electroporation에 대한 시상을 대상으로 <ol><li> 에 electroporator를 전환하고 배아 나이 (E12.5 위해 우리는 5 구형파 펄스를 사용하여, 50 V, 50 밀리 ON/950 밀리 초 OFF)에 따라 설정을 조정합니다. 양극 스테인레스 스틸 바늘 전극 (CUY550-10)로하고 부정 극 원형 평면 전극 (CUY700P4L)로 사용합니다. (그것은 그렇지 않으면 현재 그냥하지만​​ 그것을 통해 배아 주위에 흐르고 있기 때문에 전극, 배아보다 작은 것이 중요합니다.) </li><li> electroporation에 대한 그의 지느러미 쪽 (즉, 실험을 향하고)까지이다 (입니다 대부분으로) 그 배아를 선택하고, 그 방향으로 유리한되지 않은 버립니다. 그것은 에탄올 소독 손가락이나 장갑으로 자궁을 만지지 지금은 안전합니다. 집게와 자궁을 잡고, 그러나, 일렉트로 동안 전류의 흐름을 방해한다. </li><li> 피어스 AMN 사이에 태아의 머리에 의해 자궁 벽바늘 전극의 끝으로 그것을 통해 아래로 밀어하여 iotic 주머​​니와 태반. 스러스트 블록으로 다른 손의 집게 손가락을 사용합니다. 전극의 끝 부분의 약 5 mm은 중뇌 (그림은 2E 및 2 층) 약 수준에서 양막 낭과 자궁 벽 사이에 지금 있어야합니다. 이 &quot;표적 전극&quot;, 그래서 그것의 위치는 시상 하부 neuroepithelium의 일부 형질을받을 가능성이 가장 높은 결정됩니다 것을 기억하십시오. 태아는 매우 부드럽게 전극 사이에 &quot;압박&quot;으로되어 있습니다. </li><li> 다른 한편으로, 위치에 태아의 머리 (그림의 2E와 2G)의 반대편에 자궁 벽의 외부 둥근 편평한 전극. </li><li> (950 밀리 초 OFF, 5 구형파 펄스 50 V, 50 밀리 초) 전압을 적용 페달 스위치를 사용합니다. </li><li> 다른 손의 검지 손가락으로 자궁을 다시 잡고 천천히 자궁의 바늘 전극을 당겨 - 만약 양수 검진TIC 액체가 구멍이 벽을 통해 손실, 일반적으로 배아 낙태를 받게 될 것이다. 모든 배아와 절차를 반복합니다. </li><li> 복부에 자궁 경적을 반환하고 남은 경적 주사와 일렉트로를 반복합니다. </li></ol> 6. 수술 마무리 <ol><li> 모든 배아의 주입과 electroporation을 한 후, 그들은 그것을 닫기 전에 식염수로 복강 전에 촉촉하고 있었다 정확하게 위치, 아주 조심스럽게 복부에 다시​​ 자궁을 배치합니다. </li><li> 외과 장선 (Vicryl Polyglactin 910, 5-0, ETHICON V4914)와 복막을 봉합. 피부 사용의 폐쇄 methodwith 대한 저항력이 봉합 (Supramid 나일론, 6-0, Serag Wiessner 07171L TO) &quot;스티치 중단&quot;. </li><li> 포비돈 요오드 (Braunoderm)와 복부 표면을 소독 비 스테로이드 피하 항염증제 (예 : 0.9 % 염화나트륨의 Rimadyl의 1:10 용액 100 μL) 또는, 더 나은, 부와 같은 아편 주사prenorphine (Temgesic, 0.9 % 염화나트륨의 0.05-0.1 ㎎ / ㎏ 체중)은 통증을 완화한다. </li><li> 마취 기계에서 어머니를 제거하고 가열 패드에 의해 가열 케이지에 넣습니다. 완전히 마취에서 회복 될 때까지 계속 마우스를 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. 나중에, 그들은 감염이나 고통의 흔적없이 프로 시저에서 복구하는 보장하기 위해 매일 동물을 확인합니다. </li></ol> 7. 결과 분석 <ol><li> 분석 원하는 날짜에 따라 배아 (또는 postnatals) 수확. 출생 마우스 (1 - 2 일 이전)는 잘린에 의해 살해된다. </li><li> 이전 electroporation의 주석에 따라 모든 배아를 분리합니다. 입체 현미경 하에서 뇌를 해부하고 해당 지역의 녹색 형광 신호 (GFP 기자에서)에 대한 현미경으로 확인합니다. </li><li> 선택한 두뇌는 &quot;신선한&quot;을 분석 할 수있다 : 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드에 짧은 시간 동안 조직을 수정하고 아가 4 % 또는 젤라틴에 포함lbumin 후 vibratome 형 장치 부분 (그림 3). 더 자세한 면역 분석 (그림 4), 10 설치 매체 (조직 테크)에 포함 30 % 자당 용액에 뇌를 극저온 보호는 그라 이오 스탯에 20 μm의 섹션을 잘라. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Itasaki, N., Bel-Vialar, S., Krumlauf, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shocking'+developments+in+chick+embryology:+electroporation+and+in+ovo+gene+expression.">Shocking' developments in chick embryology: electroporation and in ovo gene expression.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 1, E203-E207 (1999).</li><li>Miyasaka, N., Arimatsu, Y., Takiguchihayashi, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foreign+gene+expression+in+an+organotypic+culture+of+cortical+anlage+after+in+vivo+electroporation.">Foreign gene expression in an organotypic culture of cortical anlage after in vivo electroporation.</a> Neuroreport. 10, 2319-2323 (1999).</li><li>Saito, T., Nakatsuji, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+embryonic+mouse+brain+using+in+vivo+electroporation.">Efficient gene transfer into the embryonic mouse brain using in vivo electroporation.</a> Dev. Biol. 240, 237-246 (2001).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+in+utero+gene+transfer+system+to+the+developing+mouse+brain+using+electroporation:+visualization+of+neuronal+migration+in+the+developing+cortex.">Efficient in utero gene transfer system to the developing mouse brain using electroporation: visualization of neuronal migration in the developing cortex.</a> Neuroscience. 103, 865-872 (2001).</li><li>Fukuchi-Shimogori, T., Grove, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neocortex+patterning+by+the+secreted+signaling+molecule+FGF8.">Neocortex patterning by the secreted signaling molecule FGF8.</a> Science. 294, 1071-1074 (2001).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurons+tend+to+stop+migration+and+differentiate+along+the+cortical+internal+plexiform+zones+in+the+Reelin+signal-deficient+mice.">Neurons tend to stop migration and differentiate along the cortical internal plexiform zones in the Reelin signal-deficient mice.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 69, 723-730 (2002).</li><li>Fukuchi-Shimogori, T., Grove, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emx2+patterns+the+neocortex+by+regulating+FGF+positional+signaling.">Emx2 patterns the neocortex by regulating FGF positional signaling.</a> Nat. Neurosci. 6, 825-831 (2003).</li><li>Shimogori, T., Banuchi, V., Ng, H. Y., Strauss, J. B., Grove, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+signaling+centers+expressing+BMP,+WNT+and+FGF+proteins+interact+to+pattern+the+cerebral+cortex.">Embryonic signaling centers expressing BMP, WNT and FGF proteins interact to pattern the cerebral cortex.</a> Development. 131, 5639-5647 (2004).</li><li>Shimogori, T., Grove, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibroblast+growth+factor+8+regulates+neocortical+guidance+of+area-specific+thalamic+innervation.">Fibroblast growth factor 8 regulates neocortical guidance of area-specific thalamic innervation.</a> J. Neurosci. 25, 6550-6560 (2005).</li><li>Saito, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+electroporation+in+the+embryonic+mouse+central+nervous+system.">In vivo electroporation in the embryonic mouse central nervous system.</a> Nat. Protoc. 1, 1552-1558 (2006).</li><li>Dixit, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+Gene+Delivery+into+Multiple+CNS+Territories+Using+In+Utero+Electroporation.">Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (52), e2957 (2011).</li><li>Rice, H., Suth, S., Cavanaugh, W., Bai, J., Young-Pearse, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+Electroporation+followed+by+Primary+Neuronal+Culture+for+Studying+Gene+Function+in+Subset+of+Cortical+Neurons.">In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (44), e2103 (2010).</li><li>Walantus, W., Castaneda, D., Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Utero+Intraventricular+Injection+and+Electroporation+of+E15+Mouse+Embryos.">In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E15 Mouse Embryos.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (6), e239 (2007).</li><li>Walantus, W., Elias, L., Kriegstein, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Utero+Intraventricular+Injection+and+Electroporation+of+E16+Rat+Embryos.">In Utero Intraventricular Injection and Electroporation of E16 Rat Embryos.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (6), e236 (2007).</li><li>Borrell, V., Yoshimura, Y., Callaway, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+delivery+to+telencephalic+inhibitory+neurons+by+directional+in+utero+electroporation.">Targeted gene delivery to telencephalic inhibitory neurons by directional in utero electroporation.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 143, 151-158 (2005).</li><li>Haddad-Tovolli, R., Heide, M., Zhou, X., Blaess, S., Alvarez-Bolado, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+thalamic+differentiation:+gli-dependent+pattern+and+gli-independent+prepattern.">Mouse thalamic differentiation: gli-dependent pattern and gli-independent prepattern.</a> Front Neurosci. 6, 27 (2012).</li><li>Kataoka, A., Shimogori, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fgf8+controls+regional+identity+in+the+developing+thalamus.">Fgf8 controls regional identity in the developing thalamus.</a> Development. 135, 2873-2881 (2008).</li><li>Matsui, A., Yoshida, A. C., Kubota, M., Ogawa, M., Shimogori, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+in+Utero+Electroporation:+Controlled+Spatiotemporal+Gene+Transfection.">Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (54), e3024 (2011).</li><li>Vue, T. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+signaling+controls+thalamic+progenitor+identity+and+nuclei+specification+in+mice.">Sonic hedgehog signaling controls thalamic progenitor identity and nuclei specification in mice.</a> J. Neurosci. 29, 4484-4497 (2009).</li><li>Tanaka, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+of+the+hypocretin/orexin+gene+by+NR6A1.">Transcriptional regulation of the hypocretin/orexin gene by NR6A1.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 403, 178-183 (2010).</li><li>Tsuchiya, R., Takahashi, K., Liu, F. C., Takahashi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+axonal+projections+from+mammillary+bodies+in+Pax6+mutant+mice:+possible+roles+of+Netrin-1+and+Slit+2+in+mammillary+projections.">Aberrant axonal projections from mammillary bodies in Pax6 mutant mice: possible roles of Netrin-1 and Slit 2 in mammillary projections.</a> J. Neurosci. Res. 87, 1620-1633 (2009).</li><li>Canteras, N. S., Watson, C., Paxinos, G., Puelles, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Nervous System. , 539-562 (2011).</li><li>Caqueret, A., Yang, C., Duplan, S., Boucher, F., Michaud, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Looking+for+trouble:+a+search+for+developmental+defects+of+the+hypothalamus.">Looking for trouble: a search for developmental defects of the hypothalamus.</a> Horm. Res. 64, 222-230 (2005).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Rebsam, A., Mason, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+utero+and+ex+vivo+Electroporation+for+Gene+Expression+in+Mouse+Retinal+Ganglion+Cells.">In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (31), e1333 (2009).</li><li>Nijagal, A., Le, T., Wegorzewska, M., Mackenzie, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mouse+Model+of+in+Utero+Transplantation.">A Mouse Model of in Utero Transplantation.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (47), e2303 (2011).</li><li>Altman, J., Bayer, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Development+of+the+Rat+Hypothalamus.">The Development of the Rat Hypothalamus.</a> Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 100, 1-178 (1986).</li><li>Clancy, B., Darlington, R. B., Finlay, B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translating+developmental+time+across+mammalian+species.">Translating developmental time across mammalian species.</a> Neuroscience. 105, 7-17 (2001).</li><li>Clancy, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Web-based+method+for+translating+neurodevelopment+from+laboratory+species+to+humans.">Web-based method for translating neurodevelopment from laboratory species to humans.</a> Neuroinformatics. 5, 79-94 (2007).</li><li>Ishii, Y., Bouret, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+birthdate+of+hypothalamic+leptin-activated+neurons+in+mice.">Embryonic birthdate of hypothalamic leptin-activated neurons in mice.</a> Endocrinology. 153, 3657-3667 (2012).</li><li>Karim, M. A., Sloper, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histogenesis+of+the+supraoptic+and+paraventricular+neurosecretory+cells+of+the+mouse+hypothalamus.">Histogenesis of the supraoptic and paraventricular neurosecretory cells of the mouse hypothalamus.</a> J. Anat. 130, 341-347 (1980).</li><li>Shimada, M., Nakamura, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+of+neuron+origin+in+mouse+hypothalamic+nuclei.">Time of neuron origin in mouse hypothalamic nuclei.</a> Exp. Neurol. 41, 163-173 (1973).</li><li>Alvarez-Bolado, G., Paul, F. A., Blaess, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+lineage+in+the+mouse+hypothalamus:+from+progenitor+domains+to+hypothalamic+regions.">Sonic hedgehog lineage in the mouse hypothalamus: from progenitor domains to hypothalamic regions.</a> Neural. Dev. 7, 4 (2012).</li><li>Vann, S. D., Aggleton, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mammillary+bodies:+two+memory+systems+in+one.">The mammillary bodies: two memory systems in one.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 35-44 (2004).</li><li>Gratsch, T. E., De Boer, L. S., O'Shea, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+inhibition+of+BMP-4+gene+expression+in+postimplantation+mouse+embryos.">RNA inhibition of BMP-4 gene expression in postimplantation mouse embryos.</a> Genesis. 37, 12-17 (2003).</li><li>Wu, N., Yu, A. B., Zhu, H. B., Lin, X. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+silencing+of+Sry+gene+with+RNA+interference+in+developing+mouse+embryos+resulted+in+feminization+of+XY+gonad.">Effective silencing of Sry gene with RNA interference in developing mouse embryos resulted in feminization of XY gonad.</a> J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2012, 343891 (2012).</li><li>Kikuchi, N., Nakamura, S., Ohtsuka, M., Kimura, M., Sato, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possible+mechanism+of+gene+transfer+into+early+to+mid-gestational+mouse+fetuses+by+tail+vein+injection.">Possible mechanism of gene transfer into early to mid-gestational mouse fetuses by tail vein injection.</a> Gene Ther. 9, 1529-1541 (2002).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Xin, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain+targeting+mechanism+of+Angiopep-conjugated+poly(ethylene+glycol)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone)+nanoparticles.">The brain targeting mechanism of Angiopep-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanoparticles.</a> Biomaterials. 33, 1673-1681 (2012).</li><li>Niwa, H., Yamamura, K., Miyazaki, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+selection+for+high-expression+transfectants+with+a+novel+eukaryotic+vector.">Efficient selection for high-expression transfectants with a novel eukaryotic vector.</a> Gene. 108, 193-199 (1991).</li><li>Kaufman, R. J., Davies, M. V., Wasley, L. C., Michnick, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+vectors+for+stable+expression+of+foreign+genes+in+mammalian+cells+by+use+of+the+untranslated+leader+sequence+from+EMC+virus.">Improved vectors for stable expression of foreign genes in mammalian cells by use of the untranslated leader sequence from EMC virus.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991).</li><li>Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+green+fluorescent+protein.">The green fluorescent protein.</a> Annu. Rev. Biochem. 67, 509-544 (1998).</li><li>Londrigan, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+promoters+for+driving+efficient+transgene+expression+in+neonatal+porcine+islets.">Evaluation of promoters for driving efficient transgene expression in neonatal porcine islets.</a> Xenotransplantation. 14, 119-125 (2007).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

마취 소개 : 시상 하부에 자궁의 electroporation 기술적으로 험난 할과 긴 마취 시간을 필요로 할 수 있기 때문에, 우리는 산소와 isoflurane을의 혼합물의 관리를 통해 마취를 유도하고 유지하는 것을 선호합니다. 우리의 경험에서, 동물, 적어도 어머니의 회복이 매우 빠르고, 배아 생존율이 향상 1 시간까지의 기간 동안이 방법으로 적절한 마취 남아있을 수 있습니다. 마취 다른 방법도 사?...

배아 마우스 뇌의 유전자 조작은 개발 규제에 대해 배울 수있는 바람직한 방법입니다. 돌연변이 마우스 라인의 세대는 그러나 느리고 비싸다. 포유류의 뇌의 뉴런을 개발 특정 유전자 변화를 소개하는 하나의 강력한 방법은 자궁의 electroporation에 있습니다. 기본적으로, 기술은 그 배아는 일정 시간 동안 생존 뇌를 수집하고 가능한 한 소설, 정보 표현형을 위해 그 (것)들을 검사 할 수있는 전기 펄스에 의해 배아 뇌 neuroepithelium에 DNA를 형질로 구성되어 있습니다. 이러한 방법으로, 실험 마우스 돌연변이의 생산에 필요한 긴 대기 기간없이 즉시 가설을 테스트 할 수 있습니다. 개발 배아에 DNA의 형질 전환 병아리 배아 1 비켜 electroporation을에 시작했다. 마우스 증명 (proof-of-concept) 필수는 문화에 수행 된 <s2&gt;까지. 이것은 곧 자궁 3,4에서 마우스 기술의 첫 번째 설명으로 이어졌습니다. 주요 문제는 그 (것)들 또는 어머니를 죽이지 않고 자궁에서 개발 태아의 두뇌를 형질하는 것입니다. (개복술, 사출, 일렉트로) 필요한 수술을 배우는 것은 긴 훈련 기간이 필요합니다. 수술은 태아의 생존 비율이 허용되는 지점을 마스터하고 나면, 그 다음 중요한 질문은 뇌 구조에 액세스 할 수있는? 당연히 자궁의 electroporation에서 얻은 결과를 보여주는 첫 번째 발표 논문 대뇌 피질의 개발 5-9에 집중했다. 수술에 가장 접근 개발에 마우스 뇌의 영역은 피질 (그림 1)이기 때문에 이것은이 기술을 사용하여 출판물의 대부분을 여전히 사실이다. 피질에 자궁의 electroporation에 대한 절차는 설명했습니다인쇄 10 비디오 11~14인치 기술의 수정은 telencephalon의 복부 부분 기저 신경절 15를 대상으로 할 수 있습니다. telencephalon 이상, 간뇌는 (고전 시상과 시상 하부로 분할)에 도달하기 어려운 전뇌의 영역이다. 그 지느러미와 가장 접근 부분 시상 16-19의 대상 논문 보고서의 작은 숫자입니다. 시상 하부, 전뇌의 대부분의 복부 부분 때문에 하나의 지느러미 표면 (피질) (그림 1) 가장 깊이 지역화. 이 지역은 유전자 자궁에서 마우스 뇌를 조작하기 위해 최선을 다하고 연구자를위한 어려운 과제로 남아. 우리의 지식에, 극소수의 기사는 마우스의 시상 하부 20,21으로 자궁 형질에서의 결과를보고합니다. 그러나 시상 하부 canno의 기능적 중요성그것은, 짝짓기, 번식 및 양육 22 먹고 마시는 같은 행동을 조절 때문에 t은 아무리 강조해도 지나치지. 또한, 시상 하부 개발의 변경은 나중에 비만, 고혈압, 당뇨병 및 조숙 한 사춘기 23과 같은 생활 조건의 발생에 기여한다. 개발하는 동안 유전자 시상 하부를 변경할 수 있다는 것은 이해하기 위해 매우 강력한 도구를 제공 할 것입니다. 우리가 사용하는 임신 한 쥐의 개복 수술에 대한 기본적인 수술 프로토콜은 다른 프로토콜 11,13,14,24에서 사용하는 것과 비슷합니다. 우리는 완전성에 대해 간략히을 설명합니다. 우리의 절차의 핵심, 다른 한편으로는, 마취의 종류, 주입 위치, 전극의 종류와 삽입 및 태아의 머리에 대하여 긍정적 인 전극의 위치입니다. 전자는 대한 수 있기 때문에 우리는 간단한 복강 내 마취를 통해 가스 흡입 마취를 유도하고 유지하는 것을 선호마취의 다소 긴 기간은 어려운 수술이 필요합니다. 마취에서 빨리 회복 isoflurane을 흡입 결과, 일반적으로 어머니가 이미 수술 후 분 정상 동작을 보여줍니다 때문이다. 유리 micropipette를 가진 DNA 용액의 주입 쉬운 점은 그러나 시상 하부 electroporation을 위해 완전하게 적합하지 않은 측면 뇌실입니다. 직접 뇌실에 주입 참으로 깊은 diencephalic 구조를 대상으로 중요합니다. 이것은 표준, off-the-shelf 전극 E12.0 또는 E12.5에서 시상 하부 형질 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 특히이 목적에 적합 NEPA 유전자 (치바, 일본)에 의해 제조 된 전극의 일부를 발견했다. 우리의 절차를 우리는 전체 시상 하부 neuroepithelium 또는 전극 방향에 따라 부분, 지역 형질의 형질을 구하십시오. 여기에서 우리는 틀림없이, mammillary 몸 형질하여 기술을 보여깊은 모든 시상 하부 핵의 가장 오목한. 또한, 우리는 해상도 세포 수준에 형질 전환 세포의 자세한 조직 학적 분석을 보여줍니다. 자궁에서 마우스 두뇌 개발을 형질에 대한 다른 접근 방법 자궁의 electroporation에서의 비교 토론 섹션에서 찾을 수 있습니다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>REAGENTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acepromazine</td>
			<td>Sanofi GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>HDG9623</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin</td>
			<td>Pharma GmbH</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>anesthetic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fast Green</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>44715</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>non-steroidal anti-inflammatory</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Braunoderm</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>3887138</td>
			<td>povidone-iodine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Saline PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temgesic (buprenorphine)</td>
			<td>Essex Pharma</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>opioid analgesic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye Ointment</td>
			<td>Pan-Ophtal</td>
			<td>7136926</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Bayer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>EQUIPMENT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaesthetic Device Komesaroff Mark-5</td>
			<td>Medical Developments Australia</td>
			<td>ACN 004 903 682</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary puller P-97</td>
			<td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compresstome</td>
			<td>Precisionary Instr.</td>
			<td>VF-300</td>
			<td>Vibratome-type device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM700</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>CM3050S</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electroporator</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>CUY21EDIT</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode 1</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>CUY550-10</td>
			<td>Stainless Steel Needle Electrode, 10 mm-Tip, 0. 5 mm diam.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode 2</td>
			<td>Nepa Gene Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>CUY700P4L</td>
			<td>Cover Round Platinum Plate 4 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiberoptic cold light source</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>KL2500 LCD</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>GC120T-15</td>
			<td>1. 2 mm O.D. x 0. 94 mm I.D.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>FST250</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating pad</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>py872-5272</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection device</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Pneumatic Pico Pump PV820</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture Thread Coated Vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V4914</td>
			<td>Peritoneal Suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture Thr. Supramid</td>
			<td>Serag Wiessner</td>
			<td>TO07171L</td>
			<td>Skin Suture</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genetic manipulation of the mouse developing hypothalamus through in utero electroporation

개발 포유류 뇌의 특정 영역의 유전자 변형은 매우 강력한 실험적인 방법입니다. 그러나 새로운 마우스 돌연변이를 생성하는 것은 종종 절망적 느립니다. 그것은 합리적인 포스트 치료실 생존 자궁에서 발전 마우스 뇌에 액세스 할 수 있습니다 것으로 나타났습니다. 하지만이 절차의 결과가 두뇌 개발의 가장 피상적 쉽게 접근 할 부분에 거의 독점적으로보고되었습니다 피질 즉. 시상, 좁은보다 중간 지역은, 대상에 대한 더 어려운 입증되었습니다. 특히 깊은 핵, 시상 하부의 사람들로 형질은 가장 도전하기 때문에 거의 결과가보고되었다 아마도. 여기에서 우리는 전체 시상 하부 neuroepithelium 또는 electroporation을 통해 형질 전환을위한 그것의 일부를 (시상 하부 지역) 대상으로하는 절차를 보여줍니다. 우리의 접근에 키는 t의 긴 마취 시간, 주입하다HIRD 뇌실, 적절한 종류와 전극의 위치. 또한, 우리는 대상과 가장 오목한 시상 하부 핵, mammillary 몸의 후속 조직 학적 분석 결과를 보여줍니다.

대부분의 시상 하부 뉴런은 다소 짧아 마우스 개발 27,28로 번역 쥐 26 출생 연대 분석에 따르면, E11.5 사이 E15.2에 태어난다. 시상 하부 신경의 피크 E12.5 29-31에 도달합니다. 따라서, 본 연구 (E12.5)에 대해 선택된 형질의 나이에, 시상 하부 뉴런의 큰 비율은 주어진 rostro - 꼬리 수준에서 표시 할 수 있습니다. 두꺼운 vibratome 유형 섹션에 E18.5에서 분석 <stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation at JoVE.com

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

시상 하부의 기능 및 의료 중요성에도 불구하고,<em&gt; 자궁 내</em개발의&gt; 유전자 조작은 거의 시도되지 않았습니다. 우리는 당신을위한 자세한 절차를 보여<em&gt; 자궁 내</em마우스 시상 하부 총과 부분 (지역) 시상 하부 형질의 쇼 대표적인 결과로&gt; 일렉트로.

마우스의 유전자 조작을 통해 시상 하부 개발<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; 일렉트로

Genetic  modification of specific regions of the developing mammalian brain is a very  powerful experimental approach. However, generating novel mouse ...

genetic-manipulation-mouse-developing-hypothalamus-through-utero

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

15.8K 조회수.  University of Heidelberg. 시상 하부의 기능 및 의료 중요성에도 불구하고, 자궁 내 유전자 조작은 거의 시도되지 않았습니다. 우리는 당신을위한 자세한 절차를 보여 자궁 내 일렉트로.

비디오: Genetic Manipulation of the Mouse Developing Hypothalamus through In utero Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포 Transfection로 생체내에 Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

연구

신경과학

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

개발 마우스 망막의 생체내 Electroporation에

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental pathways. Several powerful and well established transgenic technologies are available to manipulate gene expression levels in mouse, allowing for the generation of both loss- and gain-of-function models. However, the generation of mouse transgenics is both costly and time consuming. Alternative methods of gene manipulation have therefore been widely sought. In utero electroporation is a method of gene delivery into live mouse embryos1,2 that we have successfully adapted3,4. It is largely based on the success of in ovo electroporation technologies that are commonly used in chick5. Briefly, DNA is injected into the open ventricles of the developing brain and the application of an electrical current causes the formation of transient pores in cell membranes, allowing for the uptake of DNA into the cell. In our hands, embryos can be efficiently electroporated as early as embryonic day (E) 11.5, while the targeting of younger embryos would require an ultrasound-guided microinjection protocol, as previously described6. Conversely, E15.5 is the latest stage we can easily electroporate, due to the onset of parietal and frontal bone differentiation, which hampers microinjection into the brain. In contrast, the retina is accessible through the end of embryogenesis. Embryos can be collected at any time point throughout the embryonic or early postnatal period. Injection of a reporter construct facilitates the identification of transfected cells.
To date, in utero electroporation has been most widely used for the analysis of neocortical development1,2,3,4. More recent studies have targeted the embryonic retina7,8,9 and thalamus10,11,12. Here, we present a modified in utero electroporation protocol that can be easily adapted to target different domains of the embryonic CNS. We provide evidence that by using this technique, we can target the embryonic telencephalon, diencephalon and retina. Representative results are presented, first showing the use of this technique to introduce DNA expression constructs into the lateral ventricles, allowing us to monitor progenitor maturation, differentiation and migration in the embryonic telencephalon. We also show that this technique can be used to target DNA to the diencephalic territories surrounding the 3rd ventricle, allowing the migratory routes of differentiating neurons into diencephalic nuclei to be monitored. Finally, we show that the use of micromanipulators allows us to accurately introduce DNA constructs into small target areas, including the subretinal space, allowing us to analyse the effects of manipulating gene expression on retinal development.

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation allows for rapid gene delivery in a spatially- and temporally-controlled manner in the developing central nervous system (CNS). Here we describe a highly adaptable in utero electroporation protocol that can be used to deliver expression constructs into multiple embryonic CNS domains, including the telencephalon, diencephalon and retina.

사용하여 여러 개의 CNS 준주로 효율적인 유전자 전달 Utero에서 Electroporation

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

마우스 Utero에 Electroporation : 통제 Spatiotemporal 진 Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

에 의해 개발 마우스 내이 (内耳)에 진 전송<em&gt; VIVO에서</em&gt; Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

사용하는 마우스 대뇌 피질과 해마의 시각화 및 Dendrites와 쪽이의 유전자 조작<em&gt; utero에서</em&gt; Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the use of IUE for investigating behavior or neuropathology in the adult brain has been limited by insufficient methods for monitoring of IUE transfection success by non-invasive techniques in postnatal animals. 
 For the present study, E16 rats were used for IUE. After intraventricular injection of the nucleic acids into the embryos, positioning of the tweezer electrodes was critical for targeting either the developing cortex or the hippocampus. 
 Ventricular co-injection and electroporation of a luciferase gene allowed monitoring of the transfected cells postnatally after intraperitoneal luciferin injection in the anesthetized live P7 pup by in vivo bioluminescence, using an IVIS Spectrum device with 3D quantification software. 
 Area definition by bioluminescence could clearly differentiate between cortical and hippocampal electroporations and detect a signal longitudinally over time up to 5 weeks after birth. This imaging technique allowed us to select pups with a sufficient number of transfected cells assumed necessary for triggering biological effects and, subsequently, to perform behavioral investigations at 3 month of age. As an example, this study demonstrates that IUE with the human full length DISC1 gene into the rat cortex led to amphetamine hypersensitivity. Co-transfected GFP could be detected in neurons by post mortem fluorescence microscopy in cryosections indicating gene expression present at &ge;6 months after birth.
 We conclude that postnatal bioluminescence imaging allows evaluating the success of transient transfections with IUE in rats. Investigations on the influence of topical gene manipulations during neurodevelopment on the adult brain and its connectivity are greatly facilitated. For many scientific questions, this technique can supplement or even replace the use of transgenic rats and provide a novel technology for behavioral neuroscience.

Generation of Topically Transgenic Rats by In utero Electroporation and In vivo Bioluminescence Screening

Genes can be manipulated during development of the cortex or the hippocampus of the rat via in utero electroporation (IUE) at E16, to enable fast and targeted modifications in neuronal connectivity for later studies of behavior or neuropathology in adult animals. Postnatal in vivo imaging for control of IUE success is performed by bioluminescence of activating co-transfected luciferase.

몸에 붙이기 형질 전환 쥐의 발생에 의해<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; 일렉트로 및<em&gt; 생체 내</em&gt; 생물 발광 상영

 In utero electroporation (IUE) is a technique which allows genetic modification of cells in the brain for investigating neuronal development. So far, the ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow for an in-depth characterization to identify pathways involved in these events. Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) that are derived from the developing cerebellum are an ideal model system that allows for morphological analyses. Here, we describe a method of how to genetically manipulate CGNs and how to study axono- and dendritogenesis of individual neurons. With this method the effects of RNA interference, overexpression or small molecules can be compared to control neurons. In addition, the rodent cerebellar cortex is an easily accessible in vivo system owing to its predominant postnatal development. We also present an in vivo electroporation technique to genetically manipulate the developing cerebella and describe subsequent cerebellar analyses to assess neuronal morphology and migration.

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Neuronal morphogenesis and migration are crucial events underlying proper brain development. Here, we describe methods to genetically manipulate cultured cerebellar granule neurons and the developing cerebellum for the assessment of morphology and migratory characteristics of neurons.

소뇌 과립 신경 세포의 유전자 조작<em&gt; 체외</em&gt;와<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 신경 세포의 형태와 마이그레이션을 연구하는

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Live Imaging of Mitosis in the Developing Mouse Embryonic Cortex

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the developing cerebral cortex, abnormal mitosis of neural progenitors can cause defects in brain size and function. Hence, there is a critical need for tools to understand the mechanisms of neural progenitor mitosis. Cortical development in rodents is an outstanding model for studying this process. Neural progenitor mitosis is commonly examined in fixed brain sections. This protocol will describe in detail an approach for live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices. We will describe the critical steps for this procedure, which include: brain extraction, brain embedding, vibratome sectioning of brain slices, staining and culturing of slices, and time-lapse imaging. We will then demonstrate and describe in detail how to perform post-acquisition analysis of mitosis. We include representative results from this assay using the vital dye Syto11, transgenic mice (histone H2B-EGFP and centrin-EGFP), and in utero electroporation (mCherry-&#945;-tubulin). We will discuss how this procedure can be best optimized and how it can be modified for study of genetic regulation of mitosis. Live imaging of mitosis in brain slices is a flexible approach to assess the impact of age, anatomy, and genetic perturbation in a controlled environment, and to generate a large amount of data with high temporal and spatial resolution. Hence this protocol will complement existing tools for analysis of neural progenitor mitosis.

Neural progenitor mitosis is a critical parameter of neurogenesis. Much of our understanding of neural progenitor mitosis is based on analysis of fixed tissue. Live imaging in embryonic brain slices is a versatile technique to assess mitosis with high temporal and spatial resolution in a controlled environment.

개발 마우스 배아의 피질 유사 분열의 라이브 영상

Although of short duration, mitosis is a complex and dynamic multi-step process fundamental for development of organs including the brain. In the ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous system. Overexpression of desired genes is just as possible as shRNA mediated loss-of-function studies. Therefore it offers a wide range of applications. The feasibility to target particular cells in a distinct area further increases the range of potential applications of this very useful method. For efficiently targeting specific regions knowledge about the subtleties, such as the embryonic stage, the voltage to apply and most importantly the position of the electrodes, is indispensable.
Here, we provide a detailed protocol that allows for specific and efficient in utero electroporation of several regions of the C57BL/6 mouse central nervous system. In particular it is shown how to transfect regions the develop into the retrosplenial cortex, the motor cortex, the somatosensory cortex, the piriform cortex, the cornu ammonis 1-3, the dentate gyrus, the striatum, the lateral septal nucleus, the thalamus and the hypothalamus. For this information about the appropriate embryonic stage, the appropriate voltage for the corresponding embryonic stage is provided. Most importantly an angle-map, which indicates the appropriate position of the positive pole, is depicted. This standardized protocol helps to facilitate efficient in utero electroporation, which might also lead to a reduced number of animals.

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

This protocol describes in detail how to specifically transfect different regions in the C57BL/6 central nervous system via in utero electroporation. Included in this protocol are detailed instructions for transfections of regions that develop into the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, lateral septal nucleus and striatum.

코어 텍스, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, 횡 중격 Nucleus-과 줄무늬 별<em&gt; 자궁 내</em&gt; C57BL / 6 마​​우스에서 Electroporation에

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

마우스의 유전자 조작을 통해 시상 하부 개발

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

마우스 망막 신경절 세포 Transfection로 생체내에 Electroporation

개발 마우스 망막의 생체내 Electroporation에

사용하여 여러 개의 CNS 준주로 효율적인 유전자 전달 Utero에서 Electroporation

마우스 Utero에 Electroporation : 통제 Spatiotemporal 진 Transfection

에 의해 개발 마우스 내이 (内耳)에 진 전송

사용하는 마우스 대뇌 피질과 해마의 시각화 및 Dendrites와 쪽이의 유전자 조작

몸에 붙이기 형질 전환 쥐의 발생에 의해

소뇌 과립 신경 세포의 유전자 조작

개발 마우스 배아의 피질 유사 분열의 라이브 영상

코어 텍스, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, 횡 중격 Nucleus-과 줄무늬 별