본 연구는 부분적으로 BMWi과 BMBF 프로젝트 &quot;Aptasens&quot;(BMBF / DLR 01RB0805A)에 의해 투자 IGF-프로젝트 &quot;S-체&quot;(490 ZBG / 1)에 의해 투자되었다. AFM 연구 중과 영어를 모국어 스피커로 원고를 읽는 에릭 V. 존스턴에 그의 귀중한 도움을 토비아스 J. 귄터 특별 감사. 또한, 본 논문의 저자 (ICP-MS 측정에 도움을 자원 생태 연구소)에서 알린 리터와 사브리나 Gurlit 감사드립니다, Manja 보겔, 낸시 엉거, 카렌 E. Viacava와 헬름홀츠 연구소의 그룹 생명 공학 자원 기술에 대한 프라이 부르크.

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

이 연구에서 상이한 분석 방법의 조합을 이용하여 조사 하였다 S 층의 Au 단백질의 결합을 연구 하였다. 특히, 금의 결합은 광산 물 또는 공정 용액에서 금의 회복뿐만 아니라, 물질, 예를 들면, 감각 표면의 건설을위한뿐만 아니라 매우 매력적이다. 금 상호 작용의 연구를 위해 (금 (III) 및 금 (0) -NPs)에 현탁하고 Slp1의 단층을 재결정 화하여, 단백질이 가지고 격리된다. 따라서 본 연구는 그람...

전자 인해, 촉매, 바이오 센서, 또는 의료 기기 등 여러 가지 응용 프로그램에 대한 금의 사용 증가로,이 귀금속의 수요는 최근 몇 년 6-9 시간 동안 성장했다. 무거운 또는 귀금속에 의해 대부분의 환경 오염에 대한 진행 과정이지만 골드뿐만 아니라 많은 다른 귀금속과 중금속, 광업 활동을 통해, 묽은 농도의 산업 폐수를 통해 환경으로 배출, 폐기물 처리 7,8,10된다 주로 과학 기술 활동에 의해 발생. 이는 자연 생태계의 중요한 간섭에 이르게 잠재적으로 인간의 건강 (9)을 위협 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 부정적인 결과를 아는 것은 새로운 기술은 산업 폐수에서 금속을 재활용 오염 된 생태계와 개선에서 금속을 제거하는 대한 검색을 촉진합니다. 침전 또는 이온 교환 등의 노포 물리 화학적 방법은 특히 높은에서, 그렇게 효과적이지 않다LY 솔루션 7,8,11 희석. Biosorption는 하나의 생활 또는 죽은 바이오 매스로, 폐수 처리 (10, 12)에 대한 매력적인 대안이다. 생물학적 물질의 사용은 독성 화학 물질의 소비를 줄일 수있다. 많은 미생물이 축적 또는 금속을 고정화 기술되었다. 예를 들어, Lysinibacillus 스패 리 쿠스의 셀 (L. 스패) JG-A12은 귀금속, 높은 결합능을 도시 한 예를 들면, 팔라듐 (II), 백금 (II), 금 (III), 및 납과 같은 다른 독성 금속 (II) 또는 U (VI) 4,13, CR (VI) 14 바실러스 메가 테 리움의 세포), 금 (Au에 대한 백금 (II) 및 Pd (II) (15), 그리고 클로렐라 저속한위한 사카로 마이 세스 세레 비지에의 세포 (III)과 U (VI) (16) 17. 금과 같은 금속의 결합 이전 (III), (II)도 Desulfovibrio보고 된 팔라듐 (II), 및 Pt는 18 L.를위한 desulfuricans 스패 리 쿠스 JG-B53 (19, 20). 그럼에도 불구하고,하지 등L 미생물은 금속의 높은 금액을 결합하여 흡착 물질로서의 응용이 제한 12,21입니다. 또한, 용량을 결합 금속은 예를 들어, 다른 매개 변수, 세포 구성, 사용 된 바이오 구성 요소, 또는 환경 및 실험 조건 (PH, 이온 강도, 온도 등)에 따라 달라집니다. 고립 된 세포 벽 조각 (22, 23)의 연구는 막 지질, 펩티도 글리, 단백질, 또는 다른 구성 요소와 같이 복잡한 구성 전체 세포 8,21의 프로세스를 결합 금속을 이해하는 데 도움이됩니다. 이 연구에 초점을 맞추고 세포 구성 요소는 S-층 단백질이다. S-층 단백질은 많은 박테리아 및 고세균의 외부 세포 외피의 일부이며, 이들은 약 15 구성 - 이들 유기체의 총 단백질 질량의 20 %. 환경에 대한 제 1 인터페이스로서, 이러한 화합물은 세포 강하게 세균성 흡착 특성 (3)에 영향을 미친다. 분자량이 마흔에 이르기까지와 S-층 단백질kDa의 수백 개의 셀 내에서 발생되지만, 외부의 조립에 그들은 지질 또는 폴리머 막 세포벽 성분에 층을 형성 할 수있게한다. 고립되면, 거의 모든 S 계층 단백질이 자발적으로 인터페이스에서, 또는 평면 또는 튜브와 같은 구조 (3)을 형성하는 표면에, 정지에 자기 조립 고유 속성이 있습니다. 단백질 단일 층의 두께는, 세균에 따라, 5의 범위 내에 - 25 내지 24. 일반적으로, S-층 형성 단백질 구조는 35 내지 3,24에 경사 (P1 또는 P2), 정사각형 (P4), 또는 육방 정 (P3 또는 P6) 2.5의 격자 상수와 대칭을 가질 수있다. 격자 형성은 이가 양이온에 의존하고, 주로 칼슘 25, 26, 라프, J. 등의 많은 경우에 보인다. S-층 단백질을 기반으로 설계된 나노 구조의 산업용 애플리케이션에 기반 나노 복합체. (EDS Tijana (Z) 그 로브 및 Aitziber L. Cortajarena) (스프링, 2016 (제출)). 그럼에도 불구하고, 특히 칼슘 및 마그네슘 2+와 같은 이가 양이온 단량체 폴딩, 단량체 단량체의 상호 작용, 격자의 형성, 및 다른 금속의 역할의 전체 반응 캐스케이드는 아직 완전히 이해되지 않는다. 그람 양성 균주 L. 27 (새로운 계통 분류 후 바실러스 스패 리 쿠스에서 이름) 스패 리 쿠스 JG-B53는 우라늄 광산 폐기물 더미 &quot;Haberland&quot;(Johanngeorgenstadt, 작센, 독일) 4,28,29에서 분리 하였다. 기능적 S 층 단백질 (Slp1)가 정사각형 격자 116 30 kDa의 분자량, 및 박테리아 세포를 살아있는 31 ≈에 10 nm의 두께를 갖는다. 이전 연구에서, 약 10 nm의 두께를 가진 닫힌 안정된 단백질 층의 형성은 시험 관내에서 10 미만 19 분에서 달성되었다. 관련 균주 L. 스패 리 쿠스 JG-A12은, 또한 &quot;Haberland&quot;더미로부터 분리가 높은 금속 결합 능력을 보유하고 그 격리 S 층 단백질은 금과 같은 귀금속에 대한 높은 화학적, 기계적 안정성 및 우수한 수착 속도를 보여 주었다 (III), 백금 (II), 및 Pd (II) 4,32,33를. 귀금속의 결합이 어느 정도 특정 금속의 일부이고, 중합체의 외측 및 내측 표면에 단백질 및 기공의 관능기, 이온 강도의 가용성 및 pH 값에 의존한다. , OH-, PO 4 - -, SO 4 -, 및 SO-단백질에 의해 금속의 상호 작용을위한 관련 기능 그룹은 COOH-, NH 2이다. 원칙적으로, 금속 결합 용량은 응용 프로그램, 라프, 제이 등의 다양한 스펙트럼을 엽니 다. S-층 단백질을 기반으로 설계된 나노 구조의 산업용 애플리케이션에 기반 나노 복합체. (EDS Tijana (Z) 그 로브 및 Aitziber L. Cortajarena) (스프링 2016 (제출)). 예를 들어, 같은 제거 또는 복구를위한 biosorptive 구성 요소용해 독성 또는 유가 금속의 합성 또는 정기적으로 구조화 된 금속 나노 입자 NPS () 촉매를 들어, 바이오 감각 층 3,5,18,33 같은 다른 생물 공학 물질의 정의 증착을위한 템플릿. 금 등을 규칙적으로 배열 NP 어레이 (0) -NPs는 CO 산화 34-37위한 분자 전자 및 바이오 센서, 초 고밀도 저장 장치 등이 있으며, 촉매에서부터 주요 애플리케이션에 사용될 수있다. 이러한 응용 프로그램 및 이들 재료의 세련된 디자인의 개발은 기본 금속 바인딩 메커니즘의 깊은 이해를 필요로한다. 이러한 바이오 기초 물질의 개발을위한 전제 조건은 상기 생체 분자와 기술 (38, 39) 표면 사이의 계면 층의 신뢰성 구현이다. 예를 들어, 고분자 전해질 층은 S-39 단백질의 재결정 계면 층으로 사용 된 층별 (LBL) 기술 40,41 조립 </&gt; SUP. 이러한 인터페이스는 재현성 및 정량 방법으로 단백질 코팅을 수행하는 비교적 쉬운 방법을 제공한다. 접착 촉진제와 함께 수정없이 상이한 실험을 수행함으로써, 코팅 동력학, 층의 안정성 및 생 분자 19,42, 라프, J. 등의 금속과의 상호 작용에 관한 설명은 할 수있다. S-층 단백질을 기반으로 설계된 나노 구조의 산업용 애플리케이션에 기반 나노 복합체. (EDS Tijana (Z) 그 로브 및 Aitziber L. Cortajarena) (스프링 2016 (제출)). 그러나, 단백질 흡착 단백질과 표면의 복잡한 상호 작용 메커니즘은 완전히 이해되지 않는다. 특히, 형태, 패턴 방향 및 코팅 밀도에 대한 정보는 아직 행방 불명입니다. 분산 모니터링 (QCM-D) 기술로 수정 진동자 마이크로 밸런스는 단백질 흡착, 코팅 동력학 연구를위한 도구와 상호 작용 친로서 최근 주목 받고있다나노 미터 크기 19,43-45에 세 스. 이 기술은 실시간 질량 흡착 상세한 검출을 허용하고, 단백질에 격자 19,20,42,46-48 단백질 자기 조립 공정 및 기능성 분자의 결합을위한 지표로 사용될 수있다. 또한, QCM-D 측정은 천연 생물학적 조건 하에서 단백질 성 금속 층 상호 작용 과정을 연구 할 수있는 가능성을 연다. 최근의 한 연구에있어서, Eu와 같은 선택된 금속과 S 층 단백질의 상호 작용 (III), 금 (III), 팔라듐 (II), 및 Pt가 (II) QCM-D (19, 20)과 함께 연구되어왔다. 흡착 된 단백질 층은 그람 양성 박테리아의 세포벽의 단순화 된 모델이 될 수있다. 이 단일 성분의 연구는 금속의 상호 작용에 대한 깊은 이해에 기여할 수있다. 그러나 전적으로 QCM-D 실험은 표면 구조와 단백질에 금속의 영향에 관한 진술을 허용하지 않습니다. 다른 기술들이 이러한 정보를 얻기 위해 필요하다. 하나의 POS구조적 특성에 촬상을위한 바이오 나노 대한 접근성 및 취득 정보는 원자력 현미경 (AFM)이다. 제시된 연구의 목적은 L.의 특정 Slp1에서 ((0) -NPs을 금 (III) 및 금) S-층 단백질에 금의 흡착을 조사했다 스패 리 쿠스 JG-B53. ICP-MS를 사용하여 5.0 QCM-D를 사용하여 고정화 S-레이어 - 실험은 2.0의 pH 범위에서 배치 규모에 현탁 단백질로 이루어졌다. 또한, 격자의 안정성에 금속염 용액의 영향이 후속 AFM 연구하여 조사 하였다. 이러한 기술들의 조합은 특정 금속 친화 관한 전체 박테리아 세포에 대한 이벤트를 바인딩에 대해 더 학습하기위한 도구로서 시험관 금속 상호 작용 과정의 이해에 기여한다. 이 기술뿐만 아니라 환경 보호를위한 금속의 회수를위한 적용 가능한 필터 재료의 개발 및 재의 보존을위한 중요(49)뿐만 아니라, 다양한 애플리케이션을위한 고도의 기술 순서 금속 NP에 어레이의 개발을위한 소스.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="849">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">equiment and software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:97px;"></td>
			<td style="width:241px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="36">
			<td height="36" style="height:36px;width:293px;">Bioreactor, Steam In Place 70L Pilot System</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Applikon Biotechnology, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">Z6X</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Including dO2, pH sensors of Applikon Biotechnology and BioXpert software V2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Noninvasive Biomass Monitor BugEye 2100</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">BugLab, Concord (CA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">Z9X</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Spectrometer Ultrospec 1000</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Great Britain</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">80-2109-10</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Company now GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">MiniStar micro centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">VWR, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">521-2844</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For centrifugation of cultivation samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Research system microscope BX-61</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Olympus Germany LLC, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">037006</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Microscope in combination with imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Cell^P (version 3.1)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Olympus Soft Imaging Solutions LLC, M&#252;nster, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">---</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">together with microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Powerfuge Pilot Separation System Serie 9010-S</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Carr Centritech, Florida, USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">9010PLT</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For biomasse harvesting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">T18 basic Ultra Turrax</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">IKA Labortechnik, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">431-2601</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For flagella removal and sample homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Sorvall Evolution RC Superspeed Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">728411</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Used within protein isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Mobile high shear fluid processor, M-110EH-30 Pilot</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Microfluidics, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">M110EH30K</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Used for cell rupture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Alpha 1-4 LSC Freeze dryer</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Martin Christ Freeze dryers LLC, Osterode, Germany</td>
			<td>102041</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">UV-VIS spectrophotometry (NanoDrop 2000c)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">91-ND-2000C-L</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For determination of protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Mini-PROTEAN vertical electrophoresis chamber</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">165-3322</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For SDS-PAGE</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">VersaDoc Imaging System 3000</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH, Munich, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">1708030</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Used for imaging of SDS-PAGE gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">ICP-MS Elan 9000</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">PerkinElmer, Waltham (MA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">N8120536</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For determination of metal concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Zetasizer Nano ZS</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Malvern Instruments, Worcestershire United Kingdom</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">ZEN3600</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For determination of nanoparticle size</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Q-Sense E4 device&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Q-Sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:97px;">QS-E4</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:241px;">ordered via LOT quantum design (software included with E4 platform)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Q-Soft 401 (data recording)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Q-Sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Q-Tools 3 (data evaluation and modelling)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Q-Sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">QCM-D flow modules QFM&#160;401&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Q-Sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">QS-QFM401</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">ordered via LOT quantum design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">QSX&#160;303 SiO2 piezoelectric AT-cut quartz sensors</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Q-Sense AB, Gothenburg, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">QS-QSX303</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">ordered via LOT quantum design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Ozone cleaning chamber</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Bioforce Nanoscience, Ames (IA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">QS-ESA006</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">ordered via LOT quantum design</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Atomic Force Microscope MFP-3D Bio AFM</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Asylum Research, Santa Barbara (CA), USA</td>
			<td>MFP-3DBio</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">AFM measurements and imaging software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Asylum Research AFM Software AR Version 120804+1223</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Asylum Research, Santa Barbara (CA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">---</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">imaging software included in Cat. No. MFP-3DBio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Igor Version Pro 6.3.2.3 Software</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">WaveMetrics, Inc., USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">---</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">imaging software included in Cat. No. MFP-3DBio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">BioHeater</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Asylum Research, Santa Barbara (CA), USA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">Bioheater</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Sample heater for AFM measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Biolever mini cantilever,&#160; BL-AC40TS-C2</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Olympus Germany LLC, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">&#160;BL-AC40TS-C2</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Prefered cantilever for AFM measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">WSxM 5.0 Develop 6.5 (2013)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Nanotec Electronica S.L. , Spain</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">freeware</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Software for AFM analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">Detergents and other equiment</td>
			<td style="width:219px;"></td>
			<td style="width:97px;"></td>
			<td style="width:241px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">Calcium chloride Dihydrate (CaCl2 &#8729; 2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">1.02382</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:293px;">acidic acid, 100 %, p.A.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">3738.5</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger, flammable and corrosive liquid and vapour. Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Antifoam 204</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">A6426</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">For foam suppression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">bromophenol blue, sodium salt</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">B5525</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">Coomassie Brilliant Blue R (C45H44N3NaO7S2)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">3862.1</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Deoxyribonuclease II from porcine spleen</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">D4138</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Typ IV , 2,000-6,000&#160;Kunitz units/mg protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Ethanol, 95%</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">VWR, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">20827.467</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger, flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">glycerine, p.A.</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">3783.1</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">Gold(III) chloride trihydrate (HAuCl4 &#8729; 3H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">520918</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">0037.1</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Hellmanex III</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Hellma GmbH &#38; Co. KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">9-307-011-4-507</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:293px;">Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (37%)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">4625.2</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger; Corrosive, used for pH adjustment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Lysozyme from chicken egg white</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">L6876&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Lyophilized powder, protein =90 %, =40,000 units/mg protein (Sigma)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">Magnesium chloride Hexahydrate (MgCl2 &#8729; 6H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">1.05833</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Magnetic stirrer with heating,&#160; MR 3000K</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Heidolph Instruments GmbH &#38; Co.KG, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">504.10100.00</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Standard stirrer within experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">NB-Media DM180</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Mast Diagnostica GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">121800</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">Nitric acid (HNO3)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">HN50.1</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger; Oxidizing, Corrosing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">PageRuler Unstained Protein Ladder</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">ThermoScientific-Pierce</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">26614</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonat) (PSS)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">243051</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Average Mw ~70,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Polyethylenimine (PEI), branched</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">408727</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Warning; Harmful, Irritant, Dangerous for the environment; average Mw ~25,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:293px;">Potassium carbonate anhydrous (K2CO3)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">60108</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Warning; Harmful</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Ribonuclease A from bovine pancreas&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">R5503</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Type I-AS, 50-100 Kunitz units/mg protein&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Sodium azide (NaN3)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">106688</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger; very toxic and Dangerous for the environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Sodium chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">3957.2</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">L-5750</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger; toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">6771.1</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger; Corrosive, used for pH regulation within cultivation and pH adjustment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17">
			<td height="17" style="height:17px;width:293px;">Spectra/Por 6, Dialysis membrane, MWCO 50,000&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">1893.1</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">HN52.2</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger; Corrosive, used for pH regulation within cultivation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">Tannic acid (C76H52O46)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">16201</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">TRIS HCl (C4H11NO3HCl)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">9090.2</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">Tri-sodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7 &#8729; 2H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">3580.2</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:293px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">CARL ROTH GmbH+CO.KG</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">3051.3</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Warning; Harmful, Dangerous for the environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">VIVASPIN 500, 50.000 MWCO Ultrafiltration tubes</td>
			<td>Sartorius AG</td>
			<td>VS0132</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">---</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:293px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:219px;">Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td>
			<td style="width:97px;">M6250</td>
			<td style="width:241px;">Danger, toxic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

au-interaction of slp1 polymers and monolayer from lysinibacillus sphaericus jg-b53 - qcm-d, icp-ms and afm as tools for biomolecule-metal studies

In this publication the gold sorption behavior of surface layer (S-layer) proteins (Slp1) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 is described. These biomolecules arrange in paracrystalline two-dimensional arrays on surfaces, bind metals, and are thus interesting for several biotechnical applications, such as biosorptive materials for the removal or recovery of different elements from the environment and industrial processes. The deposition of Au(0) nanoparticles on S-layers, either by S-layer directed synthesis 1 or adsorption of nanoparticles, opens new possibilities for diverse sensory applications. Although numerous studies have described the biosorptive properties of S-layers 2-5, a deeper understanding of protein-protein and protein-metal interaction still remains challenging. In the following study, inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the detection of metal sorption by suspended S-layers. This was correlated to measurements of quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), which allows the online detection of proteinaceous monolayer formation and metal deposition, and thus, a more detailed understanding on metal binding.
The ICP-MS results indicated that the binding of Au(III) to the suspended S-layer polymers is pH dependent. The maximum binding of Au(III) was obtained at pH 4.0. The QCM-D investigations enabled the detection of Au(III) sorption as well as the deposition of Au(0)-NPs in real-time during the in situ experiments. Further, this method allowed studying the influence of metal binding on the protein lattice stability of Slp1. Structural properties and protein layer stability could be visualized directly after QCM-D experiment using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In conclusion, the combination of these different methods provides a deeper understanding of metal binding by bacterial S-layer proteins in suspension or as monolayers on either bacterial cells or recrystallized surfaces.

미생물과 Slp1 특성의 재배 박테리아의 성장의 기록 데이터는 약 5 시간의 지수 성장기의 끝을 나타낸다. 이전 조사는 Slp1 수확의이 점 (4.36 G / L 젖은 바이오 매스 (≈ 1.45 그램 / 리터 (BDW)) 최대 수율 (19)와 분리 될 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 정의 된 미디어 구성 요소 또는를 사용하여 재배...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies at JoVE.com

Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies

To obtain basic information on the sorption and recycling of gold from aqueous systems the interaction of Au(III) and Au(0) nanoparticles on S-layer proteins were investigated. The sorption of protein polymers was investigated by ICP-MS and that of proteinaceous monolayers by QCM-D. Subsequent AFM enables the imaging of the nanostructures.

Slp1 중합체 및 단층의 AU-상호 작용<em&gt; Lysinibacillus 스패 리 쿠스</em&gt; JG-B53 - QCM-D, 생체 분자 - 금속 연구 도구로서 ICP-MS와 AFM

In this publication the gold sorption behavior of surface layer (S-layer) proteins (Slp1) of Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 is described. These ...

au-interaction-slp1-polymers-monolayer-from-lysinibacillus-sphaericus

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies

11.3K 조회수.  Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf. To obtain basic information on the sorption and recycling of gold from aqueous systems the interaction of Au(III) and Au(0) nanoparticles on S-layer proteins were investigated. The sorption of protein polymers was investigated by ICP-MS and that of proteinaceous monolayers by QCM-D. Subsequent AFM enables the imaging of the nanostructures.

비디오: Au-Interaction of Slp1 Polymers and Monolayer from Lysinibacillus sphaericus JG-B53 - QCM-D, ICP-MS and AFM as Tools for Biomolecule-metal Studies

Covalent Binding of BMP-2 on Surfaces Using a Self-assembled Monolayer Approach

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell differentiation into osteoblasts, thus stimulating healing and de novo bone formation. The clinical use of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) in conjunction with scaffolds has raised recent controversies, based on the mode of presentation and the amount to be delivered. The protocol presented here provides a simple and efficient way to deliver BMP-2 for in vitro studies on cells. We describe how to form a self-assembled monolayer consisting of a heterobifunctional linker, and show the subsequent binding step to obtain covalent immobilization of rhBMP-2. With this approach it is possible to achieve a sustained presentation of BMP-2 while maintaining the biological activity of the protein. In fact, the surface immobilization of BMP-2 allows targeted investigations by preventing unspecific adsorption, while reducing the amount of growth factor and, most notably, hindering uncontrolled release from the surface. Both short- and long-term signaling events triggered by BMP-2 are taking place when cells are exposed to surfaces presenting covalently immobilized rhBMP-2, making this approach suitable for in vitro studies on cell responses to BMP-2 stimulation.

We describe a method for accomplishing efficient immobilization of BMP-2 on surfaces. Our approach is based on the formation of a self-assembled monolayer to achieve the covalent binding of BMP-2 via its free amine residues. This method is a useful tool to study signaling at the cell membrane.

공유 결합은 자기 조립 단분자막의 접근 방식을 사용하여 표면에 BMP-2의 결합

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a growth factor embedded in the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. BMP-2 acts as trigger of mesenchymal cell ...

연구

화학

Manufacturing of Three-dimensionally Microstructured Nanocomposites through Microfluidic Infiltration

Microstructured composite beams reinforced with complex three-dimensionally (3D) patterned nanocomposite microfilaments are fabricated via nanocomposite in&#64257;ltration of 3D interconnected microfluidic networks. The manufacturing of the reinforced beams begins with the fabrication of microfluidic networks, which involves layer-by-layer deposition of fugitive ink filaments using a dispensing robot, filling the empty space between filaments using a low viscosity resin, curing the resin and finally removing the ink.&#160;Self-supported 3D structures with other geometries and many layers (e.g.&#160;a few hundreds layers) could be built using this method. The resulting tubular micro&#64258;uidic networks are then infiltrated with thermosetting nanocomposite suspensions containing nanofillers (e.g.&#160;single-walled carbon nanotubes), and subsequently cured. The infiltration is done by applying a pressure gradient between two ends of the empty network (either by applying a vacuum or vacuum-assisted microinjection). Prior to the infiltration, the nanocomposite suspensions are prepared by dispersing nanofillers into polymer matrices using ultrasonication and three-roll mixing methods. The nanocomposites (i.e.&#160;materials infiltrated) are then solidified under UV exposure/heat cure, resulting in a 3D-reinforced composite structure. The technique presented here enables the design of functional nanocomposite macroscopic products for microengineering applications such as actuators and sensors.

Three-dimensional (3D) microstructured composite beams are fabricated through the directed and localized infiltration of nanocomposites into 3D porous microfluidic networks. The flexibility of this manufacturing method enables the utilization of different thermosetting materials and nanofillers in order to achieve a variety of functional 3D reinforced nanocomposite macroscopic products.

미세 유체 침투를 통해 세 가지 차원 미세 구조 나노 복합 재료의 제조

Microstructured composite beams reinforced with complex three-dimensionally (3D) patterned nanocomposite microfilaments are fabricated via nanocomposite ...

Standards for Quantitative Metalloproteomic Analysis Using Size Exclusion ICP-MS

Metals are essential for protein function as cofactors to catalyze chemical reactions. Disruption of metal homeostasis is implicated in a number of diseases including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, but the exact role these metals play is yet to be fully elucidated. Identification of metalloproteins encounters many challenges and difficulties. Here we report an approach that allows metalloproteins in complex samples to be quantified. This is achieved using size exclusion chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). Using six known metalloproteins, the size exclusion column can be calibrated and the respective trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine) can be used for quantification. SEC-ICP-MS traces of human brain and plasma are presented. The use of these metalloprotein standards provides the means to quantitatively compare metalloprotein abundances between biological samples. This technique is poised to help shed light on the role of metalloproteins in neurodegenerative disease as well as other diseases where imbalances in trace elements are implicated.

Size exclusion chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is a powerful tool to measure changes in the abundance of metalloproteins directly from biological samples. Here we describe a set of metalloprotein standards used to estimate molecular mass and the amount of metal associated with unknown proteins.

Metals are essential for protein function as cofactors to catalyze chemical reactions. Disruption of metal homeostasis is implicated in a number of ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST 바닐린-1의 합성에 대해 불균일 촉매로서

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Tool for Electrochemical Rate Constant Estimation

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). In the case of fast reversible electrochemical processes, current is predominantly affected by the rate of diffusion, which is the slowest and limiting stage. EIS is a powerful technique that allows separate analysis of stages of charge transfer that have different AC frequency response. The capability of the method was used to extract the value of charge transfer resistance, which characterizes the rate of charge exchange on the electrode-solution interface. The application of this technique is broad, from biochemistry up to organic electronics. In this work, we are presenting the method of analysis of organic compounds for optoelectronic applications.

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of species that undergo reversible oxidation or reduction in solution was used for determination of rate constants of oxidation or reduction.

전기 화학 임피던스 분 광 전기 화학 속도 상수 추정을 위한 도구로

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used for advanced characterization of organic electroactive compounds along with cyclic voltammetry (CV). ...

Raman and IR Spectroelectrochemical Methods as Tools to Analyze Conjugated Organic Compounds

In the presented work, two spectroelectrochemical techniques are discussed as tools for the analysis of the structural changes occurring in the molecule on the vibrational level of energy. Raman and IR spectroelectrochemistry can be used for advanced characterization of the structural changes in the organic electroactive compounds. Here, the step-by-step analysis by means of Raman and IR spectroelectrochemistry is shown. Raman and IR spectroelectrochemical techniques provide complementary information about structural changes occurring during an electrochemical process, i.e. allows for the investigation of redox processes and their products. The examples of IR and Raman spectroelectrochemical analysis are presented, in which the products of the redox reactions, both in solution and solid state, are identified.

A protocol of step-by-step Raman and IR spectroelectrochemical analysis is presented.

In the presented work, two spectroelectrochemical techniques are discussed as tools for the analysis of the structural changes occurring in the molecule ...

Using Cyclic Voltammetry, UV-Vis-NIR, and EPR Spectroelectrochemistry to Analyze Organic Compounds

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a technique used in the analysis of organic compounds. When this technique is combined with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) spectroscopies, we obtain useful information such as electron affinity, ionization potential, band-gap energies, the type of charge carriers, and degradation information that can be used to synthesize stable organic electronic devices. In this study, we present electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods to analyze the processes occurring in active layers of an organic device as well as the generated charge carriers.

In this article, we describe electrochemical, electron paramagnetic resonance, and ultraviolet-visible and near-infrared spectroelectrochemical methods to analyze organic compounds for application in organic electronics.

사용 하 여 순환 Voltammetry, UV-Vi-NIR, EPR Spectroelectrochemistry 유기 화합물 분석

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a technique used in the analysis of organic compounds. When this technique is combined with electron paramagnetic resonance ...

Preparation of Stable Bicyclic Aziridinium Ions and Their Ring-Opening for the Synthesis of Azaheterocycles

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the aziridine ring. The utility of bicyclic aziridinium ions, specifically 1-azoniabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane and 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate highlighted in the aziridine ring openings by the nucleophile with the release of the ring strain to yield the corresponding ring-expanded azaheterocycles such as pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane with diverse substituents on the ring in regio- and stereospecific manner. Herein, we report a simple and convenient method for the preparation of the stable 1-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate followed by selective ring opening via a nucleophilic attack either at the bridge or at the bridgehead carbon to yield piperidine and azepane rings, respectively. This synthetic strategy allowed us to prepare biologically active natural products containing piperidine and azepane motif including sedamine, allosedamine, fagomine and balanol in highly efficient manner.

Bicyclic aziridinium ions such as 1-azoniabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane tosylate were generated from 2-[4-tolenesulfonyloxybutyl]aziridine, which was utilized for the preparation of substituted piperidines and azepanes via regio- and stereospecific ring-expansion with various nucleophiles. This highly efficient protocol allowed us to prepare diverse azaheterocycles including natural products such as fagomine, febrifugine analogue and balanol.

Azaheterocycles의 합성에 대 한 안정적인 Bicyclic Aziridinium 이온과 그들의 반지 개통 준비

Bicyclic aziridinium ions were generated by the removal of an appropriate leaving group through internal nucleophilic attack by nitrogen atom in the ...

Stereolithographic 3D Printing with Renewable Acrylates

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. We demonstrate the rapid prototyping of sustainable resins using a stereolithographic 3D printer. Resin formulation takes place by straightforward mixing of biobased acrylate monomers and oligomers with a photoinitiatior and optical absorber. Resin viscosity is controlled by the monomer to oligomer ratio and is determined as a function of shear rate by a rheometer with parallel plate geometry. A stereolithographic apparatus charged with the biobased resins is employed to produce complex shaped prototypes with high accuracy. The products require a post-treatment, including alcohol rinsing and UV irradiation, to ensure complete curing. The high feature resolution and excellent surface finishing of the prototypes is revealed by scanning electron microscopy.

A protocol for additive manufacturing with renewable photopolymer resins on a stereolithography apparatus is presented.

재생 아크릴레이트와 Stereolithographic 3D 인쇄

The accessibility of cost-competitive renewable materials and their application in additive manufacturing is essential for an efficient biobased economy. ...

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic nanoparticles is developed. Guidelines for the replication of the reactor and its operation are provided in detail. Three different composite systems (Pt/graphene, Pt/TiO2, and Au/TiO2) with monodisperse and uniformly distributed particles are produced by this reactor, and the photodeposition mechanism, as well as the synthesis optimization strategy, are discussed. The synthesis methods and their technical aspects are described comprehensively. The role of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (in each excitation pulse) on the photodeposition process is investigated and the optimum values for each composite system are provided.

For a continuous and scalable synthesis of noble-metal-based nanocomposites, a novel photocatalytic reactor is developed and its structure, operation principles, and product quality optimization strategies are described.