이 작품은 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation) 부여 IOS-0817658에 의해 지원되었다.

이 프로토콜의 제브라 피쉬 절차는 버지니아 커먼 웰스 대학에서 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC)에 의해 승인되었습니다. 시약 1. 준비 <ol><li> 4 % PFA / PBS. 흄 후드에서 파라 포름 알데히드의 8g (PFA)를 달아. 여전히 흄 후드에서, ~ 80 ml를 50 ° C로 교반 및 가열 증류수 H 2 O를 건조 PFA를 용해하는 동안. PFA 완전히 용해되어 용액이 명확 할 때까지 신선한 1N NaOH를 10 방울 - 교반하면서, 3을 추가합니다. 열에서 제거하고 100 ml의 2 배 인산염 완충 식염수 (PBS)를 추가합니다. 증류수 H 2 O 200 ml의 부피를 가져와 실온으로 냉각하고 사용하기 전에 7.4의 산도를 확인합니다. 4 ° C에서 어둠에 보관하지만 1 주일 이내에 사용한다. </li><li> 어떤 보충없이 100 % 메탄올을 사용합니다. 어떤 보충없이 95 % 에탄올을 사용합니다. </li><li> 인산염 완충 트윈 (PBT)를 준비합니다. 0.1 % 트윈 -20으로 인산 완충 식염수 (PBS)를 보완. 0을 추가합니다.1X PBS 100 ㎖에 20 % 트윈 -20 스톡 용액 5 ㎖. 실온에서 보관하십시오. </li><li> 인산염 완충 트리톤-X (PBTx)를 준비합니다. 0.1 % 트리톤 X-100으로 PBS를 보충합니다. PBS 100 ㎖에 20 % 트리톤 X-100 주식의 0.5 ML을 추가합니다. 실온에서 보관하십시오. </li><li> 10 % NGS / PBTx를 준비합니다. 정상 염소 혈청 (NGS) 블록은 비 - 특이 적 결합 부위. -20 ° C에서 분취에 보관 NGS. 사용 9 ml의 PBTx 1 ml에 추가합니다. </li><li> 50 % 글리세롤 / PBS를 준비합니다. 배 PBS 100 % 글리세롤의 완전히 동일한 부분을 섞는다. 실온에서 보관하십시오. </li></ol> 2. 배아 고정 <ol><li> . (. 예를 들어, β - 굴지 : CAAX-GFP) 사육 구하는 야생형 (AB 및 WIK) 또는 형질 전환 자연 교배를 통해 배아. 원하는 경우 설명 된대로, 구조 또는 morpholinos와 배아를 주입. (15, 16) </li><li> . 배아 증액 배아 모아서 바와 같이 염색을 차단하기 위해 0.003 %, 1- 페닐 -2- 티오 우레아 (PTU)의 존재하에 28.5 ℃에서 배양한다. 17 </su<html> P&gt; </li><li> 배아가 원하는 발달 단계, 18에 도달하면. 수정, &#160; , MESAB를 이용하여 배아 마취 최대한 시스템의 물을 제거하고 신선한 3 4 % PFA / PBS를 추가 - RT에서 4 시간. 참고 : 20 시간 게시물 수정 (HPF)보다 적은 시간에, dechorionation하기 전에 수정합니다. HPF (20) 이후에 때때로, 해부 현미경 하에서 미세 점 두 쌍의 집게를 이용하여 고정하기 전에 dechorionate. </li><li> 솔루션을 변경. 넓은 구멍 피펫을 사용하여 배아로 이동 한 바와 같이.의 microcentrifuge 튜브 덮인 1.5 ml의 17 변경 솔루션, 단순히 배아가 원심 분리하지 않고 중력에 의해 정착 할 수 있도록하여. </li><li> 후 정착액 3 후 -. 4 시간, 최소 48 시간 동안 -20 ° C에서 100 % 메탄올 저장 교체, PFA / PBS를 제거합니다. 참고 : 최대 P-CaMK-II 면역를 들어, 일주일 총 메탄올 저장 시간을 제한 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol>&quot;&gt; 3. 면역 염색 항목의 태아 <ol><li> 출장 1.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에서 각 실험 조건 10 배아의 최소 배치하고 레이블을 붙입니다. </li><li> 배아가 정착하도록 허용합니다. 메탄올을 제거하고 폐기하고 다음 단계에서 나타낸 바와 같이, 에탄올의 농도를 감소 0.5ml를 함유 프로그레시브 세척하여 재수. 각 단계는 락과 5 분 세척입니다. </li><li> 점진적이 5 솔루션 재수 : 66 % 에탄올 / 33 % PBTx, 33 % 에탄올 / PBTx은 100 % PBTx 100 % PBTx (이 PBTx 첫 반복이다), 100 % PBTx (이 두 번째 반복 인 66 % PBTx). </li><li> 마지막 PBTx 세척을 제거합니다. 0.5 ml의 10 % NGS / PBTx를 추가합니다. 부드러운 락과 실온에서 적어도 1 시간 동안 품어 후 제거 솔루션을 폐기합니다. </li><li> 10 % NGS / PBTx에 희석 차 항체 솔루션을 준비합니다. 공동 면역 염색 경우, 먼저 높은 친 화성 항체를 사용합니다. 500 : 본 연구를 위해, 1 희석 마우스 항 아세틸 튜 불린 단클론 항체로 배양한다. exampl에 대한즉, 10 개의 샘플이 10 % NGS / PBTx 3 ml의 스톡 항체 용액 6 ㎕를 결합하고,이 각 튜브에 0.3 ㎖에 분산이있는 경우. </li><li> 모든 배아를 체험하기 위해 각 튜브에 희석 차 항체 0.5 ml의 - 0.2을 추가합니다. 실온에서 부드럽게 흔들 O / N로 품어. </li><li> 아침에 제거하고 항체 용액을 버린다. 초과 일차 항체를 씻어 0.5 ml의 2 % NGS / PBTx를 추가합니다. 부드럽게 5 분 동안 바위. 제거 및 솔루션을 폐기합니다. 두 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 머리 위의 조명을 어둡게하고 각 조건이 적어도 0.5 ml에 포함되도록 10 % NGS / PBTx에서 적절한 형광 접합 된 이차 항체를 희석. (500) 희석 : 마우스 항 - 아세틸 화 튜 불린 차 항체로, 1에서 녹색 형광 염료 염소 항 - 마우스 IgG를 사용합니다. </li><li> 부드러운 어둠 속에서 RT에서 흔들 4 시간 동안 차 항체를 품어. 희미하게 불빛 아래 어두운 용기에 배양 또는 알루미늄 호일에 포장하여 샘플 프로세스, 지금부터. </li><li>인큐베이션의 끝에, 제거 차 항체 용액을 버린다. 0.5 ml의 2 % NGS / PBTx 세탁에 추가. 부드럽게 5 분 동안 바위. 제거 및 솔루션을 폐기합니다. 두 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 공동 면역 경우 제 차 항체보다는 다른 종으로부터 제 차 항체를 얻었다. 이 연구에서 붉은 형광 염료 결합 염소 항 - 토끼 IgG를 이차 항체에 의해 토끼 항 - 포스 CaMK-II 항체를 따릅니다. </li><li> 토끼 항 - 포스 CaMK-II 항체 1:20 희석. 배아의 각 튜브를 들어, 다음, 0.3 ml의 10 % NGS / PBTx에 중단 주식 항체 용액 15 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 배아가 몰입과 조명이 희미하게되어 있는지 확인합니다. 어둠 속에서 실온에서 부드럽게 흔들 O / N로 품어. </li><li> 희미한 불빛 아래에서 아침에 제거하고 항체 용액을 버린다. 0.5 ml의 2 % NGS / PBTx를 추가합니다. 부드럽게 5 분 동안 바위. 제거 및 솔루션을 폐기합니다. 두 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 희미한 간접 조명을 유지하고 적절한 형광 conju 충분히 희석문이 이차 항체 있도록 각 조건은 적어도 0.5 ml에 포함되어 있습니다. 500 10 % NGS / PBTx : 본 연구에서는 붉은 형광 염료 결합 염소 항 - 토끼 IgG를 이차 항체 (적색 채널) 1을 희석. </li><li> 부드러운 어둠 속에서 RT에서 흔들 4 시간 동안 제 2의 2 차 항체를 품어. </li><li> 이 배양 희미한 조명 아래 끝에서 제거 차 항체 용액을 버린다. 0.5 ml의 PBTx을 추가합니다. 부드럽게 5 분 동안 바위. 제거 및 솔루션을 폐기합니다. 두 번 반복합니다. 쇼핑몰 PBTx 50 % 글리세롤 / PBS 하나로 촬상 절차에 따라. </li></ol> 4. 공 촛점 이미징 및 처리 <ol><li> 마운트 이미징 배아. 유리 슬라이드에 5 배아 - 1을 배치합니다. 메인 커버 슬립 및 챔버의 각각의 측면 상에 커버 슬립 단편을 사용하여 슬라이드 사이에 챔버를 만든다. 일반적으로, 네 # 1 커버 슬립은 밀봉하지 않고 이러한 스페이서 스택을 만드는 데 사용됩니다. 참고 : 설치 매체가 필요하지 않습니다. </li><li> 100X 기름 침지를 사용하여목적은 전송 된 빛을 사용하여 초점 단일 배아를 가지고 있습니다. 빛을 끕니다. 공 초점 현미경을 켭니다. 적절한 레이저 (녹색 및 / 또는 적색) 켜져 있고 원격 포커스 악세사리가 종사을 확인합니다. </li><li> 공 초점 프로그램을 켭니다. 에서 &quot;획득 바,&quot;적절한 목표를 선택합니다. &quot;XY 기본&quot;줄에 1,024 버튼을 클릭하여 1,024에 이미지 크기를 설정합니다. </li><li> &quot;레이저 및 감지기&quot;줄에서 각 채널에 대한 레이저 및 검출기를 켭 빨간색 488 상자와 녹색 568 상자를 클릭합니다. 매체에 핀홀 설정하고 시각화하는 각 채널의 &quot;게인&quot;줄의 게인을 조정합니다. </li><li> &quot;취득 설정&quot;줄에서 이미지를 획득 시작 &quot;라이브&quot;를 클릭합니다. &quot;보기 설정&quot;줄에서 &quot;라이브&quot;창에서 가운데​​로 &quot;일체형 줌을 강제로&quot;상자를 선택 취소합니다. </li><li> &quot;설정 획득&quot;줄에서 &quot;Z&quot;탭에서, 이미지의 레이어를 통해 단계. 뉴를 선택한 후광학 섹션의 mber, 이미지에 통합 Z-평면의 &quot;중심&quot;의 어느 시점으로 이동합니다. </li><li> &quot;Z&quot;탭에서 작은 빨간 &quot;참조&quot;상자를 클릭합니다. 이 &quot;중앙&quot;으로서 선택 시점 RFA 영점 것이다. &quot;스텝 크기&quot;라고 표시된 상자에 (이상적입니다 μm의 μm의 0.25 내지 2.0) 층의 두께를 선택합니다. &quot;파일 크기&quot;상자에 주목하고 1GB로 제한하려고합니다. 주 : 일반적으로 0.5 내지 40 부까지의 광학 - 1.0 μm의 수득되지만, 섹션들의 수는 실험적으로 결정될 수있다. </li><li> 이미지의 상단 극단적 인을 찾으려면 &quot;최고&quot;옆에있는 원을 클릭하고 Z 층을 통해 이동합니다. 이제 다음 &quot;바닥&quot;에 동그라미를 누르면 컴퓨터는 중심으로 층으로 다시 이미지를 취할 것입니다. 다시 이미지의 하단 극단적 인을 찾기 위해 레이어를 통해 이동합니다. </li><li> 레이저를 중지 상자 &quot;취득 설정&quot;에서 다시 &quot;라이브&quot;를 클릭취득. 이 패널에서 빨간 평균 표시 박스와 Z-스택을 클릭합니다. 이 상자는 녹색으로 바뀝니다. </li><li> &quot;취득 설정&quot;상자에서 이미지의 전체 시리즈를 취득하는 &quot;싱글&quot;을 클릭합니다. 이 두 채널에서 전체 Z - 스택을 통해 검색과 같이 진행 상황을 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 저장 볼륨 창을 클릭 클릭 &quot;다른 이름으로 저장&quot;및 파일 이름을 지정합니다. &quot;.ids&quot;파일로 저장합니다. 볼륨 Z-스택이 열려있는 동안, 파일을 렌더링 데이터 풀다운 메뉴에서 &quot;렌더링 볼륨&quot;을 클릭 선택합니다. TIFF 파일로 렌더링 된 파일을 저장합니다. 현재 문서는 인쇄물에 표시됩니다 투사 된 이미지입니다. </li></ol>

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+CaMK-II+genes+during+early+zebrafish+embryogenesis.">Differential expression of CaMK-II genes during early zebrafish embryogenesis.</a> Dev Dyn. 236, 295-305 (2007).</li><li>Francescatto, L., Rothschild, S. C., Myers, A. L., Tombes, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+activation+of+membrane+targeted+CaMK-II+in+the+zebrafish+Kupffer's+vesicle+is+required+for+left-right+asymmetry.">The activation of membrane targeted CaMK-II in the zebrafish Kupffer's vesicle is required for left-right asymmetry.</a> Development. 137, 2753-2762 (2010).</li><li>Rothschild, S. C., Francescatto, L., Drummond, I. A., Tombes, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CaMK-II+is+a+PKD2+target+that+promotes+pronephric+kidney+development+and+stabilizes+cilia.">CaMK-II is a PKD2 target that promotes pronephric kidney development and stabilizes cilia.</a> Development. 138, 3387-3397 (2011).</li><li>Rothschild, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CaMK-II+activation+is+essential+for+zebrafish+inner+ear+development+and+acts+through+Delta-Notch+signaling.">CaMK-II activation is essential for zebrafish inner ear development and acts through Delta-Notch signaling.</a> Dev Biol. 381, 179-188 (2013).</li><li>Yuan, S., Sun, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+of+mRNA+and+morpholino+antisense+oligonucleotides+in+zebrafish+embryos.">Microinjection of mRNA and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides in zebrafish embryos.</a> J Vis Exp. , e1113 (2009).</li><li>Rosen, J. N., Sweeney, M. F., Mably, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+of+zebrafish+embryos+to+analyze+gene+function.">Microinjection of zebrafish embryos to analyze gene function.</a> J Vis Exp. , e1115 (2009).</li><li>Westerfield, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Zebrafish Book: A guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). , (1993).</li><li>Kimmel, C. B., Ballard, W. W., Kimmel, S. R., Ullmann, B., Schilling, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stages+of+embryonic+development+of+the+zebrafish.">Stages of embryonic development of the zebrafish.</a> Dev. Dyn. 203, 253-310 (1995).</li><li>Obara, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polycystin-2+immunolocalization+and+function+in+zebrafish.">Polycystin-2 immunolocalization and function in zebrafish.</a> J Am Soc Nephrol. 17, 2706-2718 (2006).</li><li>Chitramuthu, B. P., Bennett, H. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+resolution+whole+mount+in+situ+hybridization+within+zebrafish+embryos+to+study+gene+expression+and+function.">High resolution whole mount in situ hybridization within zebrafish embryos to study gene expression and function.</a> J Vis Exp. , e50644 (2013).</li><li>Thisse, C., Thisse, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+in+situ+hybridization+to+whole-mount+zebrafish+embryos.">High-resolution in situ hybridization to whole-mount zebrafish embryos.</a> Nature. 3, 59-69 (2008).</li><li>Harris, P., Osborn, M., Weber, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distribution+of+tubulin-containing+structures+in+the+egg+of+the+sea+urchin+Strongylocentrotus+purpuratus+from+fertilization+through+first+cleavage.">Distribution of tubulin-containing structures in the egg of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus from fertilization through first cleavage.</a> J Cell Biol. 84, 668-679 (1980).</li></ol>

저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이해 관계가 없음을 선언합니다.

PFA / 메탄올 방법은 제브라 피쉬 개발하는 동안 포스-T 287 -CaMK-II 에피토프의의 면역을 최적화의 주요 목적이 실험실에서 개발되었다. 이 방법은 성공적으로 제브라 피쉬의 KV, 14, 특히 KV 단계에서 신장. (13),이 기술이 필요했다 (12) 내이 등 여러 기관 섬모의 형성 동안 P-CaMK-II를 현지화. 이러한 방법의 성공으로 인해자가 형광의) 최소화, 포스 CaMK-II 에피토프 b) 보존...

The techniques described here are the outcome of studies that have sought to define downstream targets of Ca2+ signals during events that occur during early development, including fertilization, gastrulation, somitogenesis and trunk, eye, brain and organ formation.1-3 The original discoveries of embryonic Ca2+ signaling were dependent on the use of natural and engineered Ca2+ indicators, such as aequorin4 and fura-2.5 Even with current technology, the detection of transient elevations of Ca2+ requires cumbersome analytical tools and does not reveal the targets of such Ca2+ signals. 
This laboratory investigates Ca2+ signals that act through the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent (multifunctional) protein kinase known as CaMK-II, an enzyme that is enriched in the central nervous system and originally identified as a regulator of long-term potentiation.6 CaMK-II is not brain-specific, is widely expressed and highly conserved throughout the entire lifespan and bodies of species throughout the animal kingdom, including invertebrates.7,8 CaMK-II has the unique capability of sustaining its own activity even after Ca2+ levels have diminished due to its ability to autophosphorylate at Thr287. In this autophosphorylated state, CaMK-II remains active in a Ca2+/CaM-independent manner, until dephosphorylated.6 Thus, the localization of phosphorylated CaMK-II (Thr287) can identify cells in which natural, relevant Ca2+ elevations have occurred. 
An antibody against autophosphorylated (P-Thr287) mammalian CaMK-II has been well-characterized and was initially used to localize activated CaMK-II in brain tissue.9 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have seven CaMK-II genes10,11 whose protein products contain a sequence of MHRQE[pT287]VECLK in this region.10,11 This sequence is very similar to the phosphopeptide antigen used to create this rabbit polyclonal antibody (MHRQE[pT]VDCLK; Upstate/Millipore) and therefore it was not a complete surprise that this antibody cross-reacted with zebrafish CaMK-II. This laboratory showed that this antibody reacts with zebrafish CaMK-II in proportion to autophosphorylation and Ca2+/CaM-independent activity.12 Additional pan-specific CaMK-II antibodies have also been shown to cross-react with zebrafish CaMK-II.13
This antibody has been used to demonstrate that zebrafish CaMK-II is preferentially activated in cells on one side of the zebrafish Kupffer's Vesicle (KV), the ciliated organ necessary for establishment of left/right asymmetry.12 This antibody was used to demonstrate that CaMK-II is transiently activated in four adjacent cells on the left side of the KV during the exact same developmental phase that organ positioning is determined.12 In addition to the Kupffer's Vesicle (KV), autophosphorylated (P-T287) was also located in specific intracellular sites in other ciliated tissues including the kidney, neuromasts, and inner ear.12,13 In the zebrafish kidney, P-T287-CaMK-II is enriched along the apical border of ciliated ductal cells and within cloacal cilia where it influences their assembly.13 Finally, in the developing inner ear, P-T287-CaMK-II is intensely concentrated at the base of cilia and influences cell differentiation through the Delta-Notch signal pathway.14 In summary, the detection of activated CaMK-II has pinpointed sites of intracellular Ca2+ release and illuminated potential new signaling pathways.
These discoveries were completely dependent on developing a sensitive and accurate method to localize activated (P-T287-autophosphorylated) CaMK-II. The methods to fix and immunostain the zebrafish KV, kidney and inner ear are described. The limitations of this technique are also described. These techniques should be useful to any investigator who seeks to obtain high-resolution images in two fluorescent channels of not just phospho-epitopes, but any epitope, during early vertebrate development.

<table><tbody><tr><td>1-phenyl-2-thiourea (PTU)</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P-7629</td><td>0.12% Stock solution. Dilute 1:40 in system water</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa488 anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11001</td><td>Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa488 anti-rabbit IgG</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11008</td><td>Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa488 phalloidin</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A12379</td><td>Preferentially binds to F-actin</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa568 anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11004</td><td>Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>Alexa568 anti-rabbit IgG</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>A11011</td><td>Goat polyclonal, use at 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>anti-acetylated &amp;#945;-tubulin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>T7451</td><td>Mouse monoclonal, use at 1:500</td></tr><tr><td>anti-phospho-T&lt;sup&gt;287&lt;/sup&gt; CaMK-II</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>06-881</td><td>Rabbit polyclonal, use at 1:20</td></tr><tr><td>anti-total CaMK-II</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>611292</td><td>Mouse monoclonal, use at 1:20</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S96857</td><td>Lab grade, 95% denatured</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11252-20</td><td>Dumont #5</td></tr><tr><td>Glass coverslips</td><td>VWR</td><td>16004-330</td><td>#1&amp;nbsp; thickness</td></tr><tr><td>Glass microscope slides</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12-550-15</td><td>Standard glass slides</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A411</td><td>Store in freezer</td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>20170-038</td><td>capped tubes, not sterile</td></tr><tr><td>Normal goat serum</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>16210-064</td><td>Aliquot 1 ml tubes, store in freezer</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P-6148</td><td>Reagent grade, crystalline</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Quality Biological</td><td>119-069-131</td><td>10x stock solution or made in lab</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma</td><td>BP-151</td><td>10% solution in water, store at RT</td></tr><tr><td>Tween-20</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>85113</td><td>10% solution in water, store at RT</td></tr><tr><td>Compound microscope</td><td>Nikon</td><td>E-600</td><td>Mount on vibration-free table</td></tr><tr><td>C1 Plus two-laser scanning confocal</td><td>Nikon</td><td>C1 Plus</td><td>Run by EZ-C1 program, but upgrades use &quot;Elements&quot;</td></tr></tbody></table>

immunostaining phospho-epitopes in ciliated organs of whole mount zebrafish embryos

세포의 급속한 확산, 유전자의 조직 - 특이 적 발현 및 시그널링 네트워크의 출현은 모든 척추 동물의 초기 배아 발달의 특성. 심지어 하나의 셀 내에서 - - 반응 속도 및 신호의 위치 배아의 중요한 발달 유전자의 식별을 보완합니다. 면역 염색 기술이 차 섬모 작게 구조의 세포 내 및 전체 동물 신호의 동역학을 정의하기 위해 도시되었다는 것을 설명한다. 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 복합 현미경을 사용하여 정착, 영상 및 이미지 처리 기술은 적은 36 시간 내에 완료 될 수있다. 제브라 피쉬 (다니오 레 리오)는 저렴하고 인간의 질병에 관련된 척추 동물 종에서 연구를 수행하고자 연구자를위한 바람직한 유기체이다. 유전자 녹아웃 또는 knockdowns는 실제 단백질 제품의 손실에 의해 확인되어야한다. 단백질 손실 이러한 확인여기에 설명 된 기술을 사용하여 달성 될 수있다. 신호 전달 경로에 대한 단서는 번역 후 인산화에 의해 변형 된 단백질과 반응하는 항체를 사용하여 해독 할 수 있습니다. 보존 및 에피토프의 인산화 상태를 최적화하는 것은이 결정하는 것이 중요하며,이 프로토콜에 의해 달성된다. 이 연구는 개발의 첫 72 시간 동안 배아를 해결하기 위해 기술을 설명 쿠퍼의 소포 (KV)의 섬모와 관련 항원의 다양한 신장과 내이 공동 현지화. 이러한 기술은 절개하지 않아도, 간단하고 비교적 짧은 시간에 완료 될 수있다. 하나의 이미지로 공 초점 이미지 스택을 투사하는 것은 이러한 데이터를 제시하는 유용한 수단이다.

포스 에피토프를 시각화하기위한 최적의 조건 제브라 피쉬 배아에서 단백질 항원 결정기의의 면역을 설명하는 방법은 현장 하이브리드의 mRNA를 통해 현지화에 대한에 비해 상대적으로 드문 드문 있었다. 제브라 피쉬 배아의 섬모 세포에서 단백질 에피토프를 로컬 라이즈에 사용되는 고정 제 4 % PFA / PBS 및...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immunostaining Phospho-epitopes in Ciliated Organs of Whole Mount Zebrafish Embryos at JoVE.com

Immunostaining Phospho-epitopes in Ciliated Organs of Whole Mount Zebrafish Embryos

기술은 전체 제브라 피쉬 배아에서 포스 항원을 발현 사이 다음 주 섬모와 같은 작은 세포 구조에서 두 색 형광 공 초점 현지화를 수행 할 수 있도록 서술되어있다. 고정 및 이미징 기술은 위치 특정 단백질의 모양이나 활성화 동력학을 정의 할 수있다.

전체 마운트 Zebrafish의 태아의 섬모 기관에서 면역 염색 포스 - 항원 결정기

The rapid proliferation of cells, the tissue-specific expression of genes and the emergence of signaling networks characterize early embryonic development ...

immunostaining-phospho-epitopes-ciliated-organs-whole-mount-zebrafish

Universidad San Sebastian

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

7.9K 조회수.  Virginia Commonwealth University.  기술은 전체 제브라 피쉬 배아에서 포스 항원을 발현 사이 다음 주 섬모와 같은 작은 세포 구조에서 두 색 형광 공 초점 현지화를 수행 할 수 있도록 서술되어있다. 고정 및 이미징 기술은 위치 특정 단백질의 모양이나 활성화 동력학을 정의 할 수있다. 

비디오: Immunostaining Phospho-epitopes in Ciliated Organs of Whole Mount Zebrafish Embryos

High Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurements Applied to Mouse Organs

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn and 70Zn) which are naturally fractionated between mouse organs. We first show how to dissolve the different organs in order to free the Zn atoms; this step is realized by a mixture of HNO3 and H2O2. We then purify the zinc atoms from all the other elements, in particular from isobaric interferences (e.g., Ni), by anion-exchange chromatography in a dilute HBr/HNO3 medium. These first two steps are performed in a clean laboratory using high purity chemicals. Finally, the isotope ratios are measured by using a multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometer, in low resolution. The samples are injected using a spray chamber and the isotopic fractionation induced by the mass-spectrometer is corrected by comparing the ratio of the samples to the ratio of a standard (standard bracketing technique).&#160;This full typical&#160;procedure produces an isotope ratio with a 50 ppm (2 s.d.) reproducibility.

We present the technique to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs.

마우스 기관에 적용 높은 정밀도 아연 동위 원소 측정

We present a procedure to measure with high precision zinc isotope ratios in mouse organs. Zinc is composed of 5 stable isotopes (64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn ...

연구

화학

Visualizing Multiciliated Cells in the Zebrafish Through a Combined Protocol of Whole Mount Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence

In recent years, the zebrafish embryo has emerged as a popular model to study developmental biology due to traits such as ex utero embryo development and optical transparency. In particular, the zebrafish embryo has become an important organism to study vertebrate kidney organogenesis as well as multiciliated cell (MCC) development. To visualize MCCs in the embryonic zebrafish kidney, we have developed a combined protocol of whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and whole mount immunofluorescence (IF) that enables high resolution imaging. This manuscript describes our technique for co-localizing RNA transcripts and protein as a tool to better understand the regulation of developmental programs through the expression of various lineage factors.

Visualizing Multiciliated Cells in the Zebrafish Through a Combined Protocol of Whole Mount Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization and Immunofluorescence

Cilia development is vital to proper organogenesis. This protocol describes an optimized method to label and visualize ciliated cells of the zebrafish.

Multiciliated 셀 전체 마운트 형광 제자리에서 교 잡 및 면역 형광의 결합 된 프로토콜을 통해 Zebrafish에 시각화

In recent years, the zebrafish embryo has emerged as a popular model to study developmental biology due to traits such as ex utero embryo development and ...

발생학

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Zebrafish 전체 마운트 고해상도 더블 형광등 현장에서 하이브 리다이 제이션

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

생물학

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of causing systemic disease in both fish and humans. A better understanding of S. iniae disease pathogenesis requires an appropriate model system. The genetic tractability and the optical transparency of the early developmental stages of zebrafish allow for the generation and non-invasive imaging of transgenic lines with fluorescently tagged immune cells. The adaptive immune system is not fully functional until several weeks post fertilization, but zebrafish larvae have a conserved vertebrate innate immune system with both neutrophils and macrophages. Thus, the generation of a larval infection model allows the study of the specific contribution of innate immunity in controlling S. iniae infection.
The site of microinjection will determine whether an infection is systemic or initially localized. Here, we present our protocols for otic vesicle injection of zebrafish aged 2-3 days post fertilization as well as our techniques for fluorescent confocal imaging of infection. A localized infection site allows observation of initial microbe invasion, recruitment of host cells and dissemination of infection. Our findings using the zebrafish larval model of S. iniae infection indicate that zebrafish can be used to examine the differing contributions of host neutrophils and macrophages in localized bacterial infections. In addition, we describe how photolabeling of immune cells can be used to track individual host cell fate during the course of infection.

Non-invasive Imaging of the Innate Immune Response in a Zebrafish Larval Model of Streptococcus iniae Infection

Here, we present a protocol for the generation and imaging of a localized bacterial infection in the zebrafish otic vesicle.

의 Zebrafish의 애벌레 모델의 선천성 면역 반응의 비 침습적 영상<em&gt; 연쇄상 구균 iniae</em&gt; 감염

The aquatic pathogen, Streptococcus iniae, is responsible for over 100 million dollars in annual losses for the aquaculture industry and is capable of ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Whole Mount Immunohistochemistry in Zebrafish Embryos and Larvae

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. Although many immunohistochemistry protocols have been optimized for mammalian tissue and tissue sections, these protocols often require modification and optimization for non-mammalian model organisms. Zebrafish are increasingly used as a model system in basic, biomedical, and translational research to investigate the molecular, genetic, and cell biological mechanisms of developmental processes. Zebrafish offer many advantages as a model system but also require modified techniques for optimal protein detection. Here, we provide our protocol for whole-mount fluorescence immunohistochemistry in zebrafish embryos and larvae. This protocol additionally describes several different mounting strategies that can be employed and an overview of the advantages and disadvantages each strategy provides. We also describe modifications to this protocol to allow detection of chromogenic substrates in whole mount tissue and fluorescence detection in sectioned larval tissue. This protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many developmental stages and embryonic structures.

Here, we present a protocol for fluorescent antibody-mediated detection of proteins in whole preparations of zebrafish embryos and larvae.

제브라피시 배아와 애벌레의 전체 마운트 면역항암화학

Immunohistochemistry is a widely used technique to explore protein expression and localization during both normal developmental and disease states. ...

Single Cell Fate Mapping in Zebrafish

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, lymphatic, and blood vessel lineages arise in developing embryos requires fate mapping and lineage tracing of undifferentiated precursor cells. Recently, photoactivatable proteins which include: Eos1, 2, PAmCherry3, Kaede4-7, pKindling8, and KikGR9, 10 have received wide interest as cell tracing probes. The fluorescence spectrum of these photosensitive proteins can be easily converted with UV excitation, allowing a population of cells to be distinguished from adjacent ones. However, the photoefficiency of the activated protein may limit long-term cell tracking11. As an alternative to photoactivatable proteins, caged fluorescein-dextran has been widely used in embryo model systems7, 12-14. Traditionally, to uncage fluorescein-dextran, UV excitation from a fluorescence lamp house or a single photon UV laser has been used; however, such sources limit the spatial resolution of photoactivation. Here we report a protocol to fate map, lineage trace, and detect single labeled cells. Single cells in embryos injected with caged fluorescein-dextran are photoactivated with near-infrared laser pulses produced from a titanium sapphire femtosecond laser. This laser is customary in all two-photon confocal microscopes such as the LSM 510 META NLO microscope used in this paper. Since biological tissue is transparent to near-infrared irradiation15, the laser pulses can be focused deep within the embryo without uncaging cells above or below the selected focal plane. Therefore, non-linear two-photon absorption is induced only at the geometric focus to uncage fluorescein-dextran in a single cell. To detect the cell containing uncaged fluorescein-dextran, we describe a simple immunohistochemistry protocol16 to rapidly visualize the activated cell. The activation and detection protocol presented in this paper is versatile and can be applied to any model system. 
Note: The reagents used in this protocol can be found in the table appended at the end of the article.

A method is described to photoactivate single cells containing a caged fluorescent protein using two-photon absorption from a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser oscillator. To fate map the photoactivated cell, immunohistochemistry is used. This technique can be applied to any cell type.

Zebrafish의 단세포 운명 매핑

The ability to differentially label single cells has important implications in developmental biology. For instance, determining how hematopoietic, ...

Immunostaining of Dissected Zebrafish Embryonic Heart

Zebrafish embryo becomes a popular in vivo vertebrate model for studying cardiac development and human heart diseases due to its advantageous embryology and genetics 1,2. About 100-200 embryos are readily available every week from a single pair of adult fish. The transparent embryos that develop ex utero make them ideal for assessing cardiac defects 3. The expression of any gene can be manipulated via morpholino technology or RNA injection 4. Moreover, forward genetic screens have already generated a list of mutants that affect different perspectives of cardiogenesis 5. 
Whole mount immunostaining is an important technique in this animal model to reveal the expression pattern of the targeted protein to a particular tissue 6. However, high resolution images that can reveal cellular or subcellular structures have been difficult, mainly due to the physical location of the heart and the poor penetration of the antibodies. 
 Here, we present a method to address these bottlenecks by dissecting heart first and then conducting the staining process on the surface of a microscope slide. To prevent the loss of small heart samples and to facilitate solution handling, we restricted the heart samples within a circle on the surface of the microscope slides drawn by an immEdge pen. After the staining, the fluorescence signals can be directly observed by a compound microscope. 
Our new method significantly improves the penetration for antibodies, since a heart from an embryonic fish only consists of few cell layers. High quality images from intact hearts can be obtained within a much reduced procession time for zebrafish embryos aged from day 2 to day 6. Our method can be potentially extended to stain other organs dissected from either zebrafish or other small animals.

A rapid way to conduct immunostaining of zebrafish embryonic heart is described. Compared to the whole mount immunostaining approach, this method dramatically increases the penetration of the antibodies, which allows obtaining high resolution images that reveal cellular/subcellular structures in the heart within a much reduced processing time.

해부 Zebrafish 배아 심장의 Immunostaining

Zebrafish embryo becomes a popular in vivo vertebrate model for studying cardiac development and human heart diseases due to its advantageous embryology ...

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model congenital abnormalities. During the first day of life, the zebrafish embryo progresses through many developmental stages including fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, segmentation, and the organogenesis of structures such as the kidney, heart, and central nervous system. The anatomy of a young zebrafish embryo presents several challenges for the visualization and analysis of the tissues involved in many of these events because the embryo develops in association with a round yolk mass. Thus, for accurate analysis and imaging of experimental phenotypes in fixed embryonic specimens between the tailbud and 20 somite stage (10 and 19 hours post fertilization (hpf), respectively), such as those stained using whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), it is often desirable to remove the embryo from the yolk ball and to position it flat on a glass slide. However, performing a flat mount procedure can be tedious. Therefore, successful and efficient flat mount preparation is greatly facilitated through the visual demonstration of the dissection technique, and also helped by using reagents that assist in optimal tissue handling. Here, we provide our WISH protocol for one or two-color detection of gene expression in the zebrafish embryo, and demonstrate how the flat mounting procedure can be performed on this example of a stained fixed specimen. This flat mounting protocol is broadly applicable to the study of many embryonic structures that emerge during early zebrafish development, and can be implemented in conjunction with other staining methods performed on fixed embryo samples.

Flat Mount Preparation for Observation and Analysis of Zebrafish Embryo Specimens Stained by Whole Mount In situ Hybridization

The zebrafish embryo is an excellent model for developmental biology research. During embryogenesis, zebrafish develop with a yolk mass, which presents three-dimensional challenges for sample observation and analysis. This protocol describes how to create two-dimensional flat mount preparations of whole mount in situ (WISH) stained zebrafish embryo specimens.

전체 마운트하여 제브라 피쉬 배아 시편 스테인드 관찰 및 분석을위한 평면 마운트 준비<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 하이브리드

The zebrafish embryo is now commonly used for basic and biomedical research to investigate the genetic control of developmental processes and to model ...

In Situ Hybridization Combined with Immunohistochemistry in Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos

As a vertebrate, the zebrafish has been widely used in biological studies. Zebrafish and humans share high genetic homology, which allows its use as a model for human diseases. Gene function study is based on the detection of gene expression patterns. Although immunohistochemistry offers a powerful way to assay protein expression, the limited number of commercially available antibodies in zebrafish restricts the application of costaining. In situ hybridization is widely used in zebrafish embryos to detect mRNA expression. This protocol describes how to obtain images by combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for zebrafish embryo sections. In situ hybridization was performed prior to cryosectioning, followed by antibody staining. Immunohistochemistry and the imaging of a single cryosection were performed after in situ hybridization. The protocol is helpful to unravel the expression pattern of two genes, first by in situ transcript detection and then by immunohistochemistry against a protein in the same section.

In Situ Hybridization Combined with Immunohistochemistry in Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos

This protocol describes how to obtain images by combining in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of zebrafish embryonic sections. In situ hybridization was performed prior to cryosectioning, followed by antibody staining. It is useful to detect the expression patterns of two genes in zebrafish if there is a paucity of antibodies.

현장 Cryosectioned Zebrafish 배아에서 면역조직화학과 결합된 혼성화

As a vertebrate, the zebrafish has been widely used in biological studies. Zebrafish and humans share high genetic homology, which allows its use as a ...

신경과학

Sequential Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry on Cryosectioned Zebrafish Embryos

Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish embryo is an excellent tool for examining such interactions with an in vivo model. Whole-mount immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence assays are frequently applied in zebrafish embryos to assess protein expression. However, it can be difficult to achieve accurate mapping of co-localized proteins in three-dimensional space. In addition, some studies may require the use of two antibodies that are not compatible with the same technique (e.g., antibody 1 is only suitable for immunohistochemistry and antibody 2 is only suitable for immunofluorescence). The purpose of the method described herein is to perform sequential immunofluorescence and/or immunohistochemistry on individual cryosections derived from early-stage zebrafish embryos. Here we describe the use of sequential rounds of immunofluorescence, imaging, immunohistochemistry, imaging for a single cryosection in order to achieve precise identification of protein expression at the single-cell level. This methodology is suitable for any study in early-stage zebrafish embryos that requires accurate identification of multiple protein targets in individual cells.

This protocol demonstrates sequential immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry on cryosections from early-stage zebrafish embryos enabling precise colocalization analyses in specific cell populations.

냉동 제브라피시 배아의 순차적 면역형광 및 면역성화학

Investigation of intercellular interactions often requires discrete labeling of specific cell populations and precise protein localization. The zebrafish ...

전체 마운트 Zebrafish의 태아의 섬모 기관에서 면역 염색 포스 - 항원 결정기

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