Name: optical clearing of the mouse central nervous system using passive clarity
Uploaded: 2016-06-30T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 28 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY at JoVE.com

이 작품은 넉넉한 신경 질환 및 뇌졸중 (NIH / NINDS) 부여 1R01NS086981과 콘래드 N. 힐튼 재단의 보건 / 국립 연구소의 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다. 우리는 공 초점 현미경과의 귀중한 도움 박사 로랑 Bentolila 박사 마태 복음 Schibler 감사합니다. 우리는 CLARITY 포럼 (http://forum.claritytechniques.org)에 기여한 것들 감사합니다. 우리는 특히이 매혹적인 기술을 가르치는 그의 연구실을 개방 박사 칼 Deisseroth 감사합니다. 저자는 뇌 매핑 의료 연구 조직, 뇌 매핑 지원 재단, 피어슨 - 난봉꾼 재단, Ahmanson 재단, 캐피탈 그룹 회사 자선 재단, 윌리엄 M. 린다 R. Dietel 자선 기금, 그리고 노스 스타 펀드의 관대 한 지원에 감사 . 이 책에서보고 된 연구는 부분적으로 연구 자원을위한 국립 센터와 국가의 이사의 사무실에 의해 지원되었다보너스 번호 C06RR012169, C06RR015431 및 S10OD011939에서 건강의 알 연구소. 내용은 전적으로 저자의 책임이며 반드시 국립 보건원의 공식 견해를 대변하지 않습니다.

모든 실험은 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회 (IACUC) 지침에 따라 수행되었다. THY1-YFP, PLP-EGFP와 PV-TdTomato 마우스를 실험에 이용했지만, 형광 단백질을 발현하는 마우스를 성공적으로 삭제되고 묘화 될 수있다. 1. 조직 준비 주의 : 파라 포름 알데히드 (PFA) 및 아크릴 아미드는 독성 및 자극한다. 흄 후드와 적절한 개인 보호 장비 (실험실 코트, 장갑, 눈 보호) 이러한 시약을 이용하여 실험을 수행합니다. <ol><li> (- 3 분 ~ 2) 호흡이 중단 될 때까지 이소 플루 란의 ~ 1 ml의 안락사 챔버에서 동물을 희생. </li><li> (- 10 분 5) 혈액이 조직에서 제거 될 때까지 ~ ​​5ml를 설정 연동 펌프를 사용하여 / 분 intracardially 4 ° C에서 관류 액 (표 1)와 마우스를 관류한다. </li><li> 정착액 솔루션에 관류 변경 (표 1)(- 10 분 5) 4 ° C에서 목과 꼬리는 크게 보강 할 때까지. </li><li> 관류를 종료하고 동물 목을 벨. 조심스럽게 제 두개골 주변 결합 조직을 제거한 후, 두개골의 복부 표면으로부터 뼈를 분리 및 20에 기재된 바와 같이, (도 1a)에 뇌를 올려 두개골로부터 뇌를 절개. 참고 : 소뇌의 flocculonodular 로브와 후각 전구를 둘러싼 뼈의 제거에 특별한주의를주십시오. <ol><li> 조심스럽게 척추 및 척추 사이에 미세, 예리한 가위의 선단을 삽입 (21)에 기술 된 바와 같이, 거리 개별 척주 세그먼트를 절단함으로써 척추의 척추 해부. </li></ol></li><li> 플라스틱 마우스 뇌 매트릭스에 배치하고 매트릭스 블레이드와 중간 선을 따라 절단하여 뇌 Hemisect. </li><li> 원심 분리 욕조 50 ㎖를 분리하는 각각의 반구와 척수 추가함께 ES ~ 겔 용액 (표 1) 40ml를. 이 시점 앞으로 커버에서 알루미늄 호일로 튜브는 이후의 모든 단계 동안 형광을 보호 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 부드러운 7 일 (~ 30 회전)을 진탕 4 ° C에서 하이드로 겔의 샘플이 들어있는 튜브를 품어. </li></ol> 2. 중합 <ol><li> 원심 분리 튜브 하이드로 ~ 25 mL의 시료를 보존하고, ~ 25 ㎖의 하이드로 겔을 버린다. </li><li> 뚜껑을 제거하고 건조기 항아리 원심 튜브를 배치하고, 진공 용기에 접속하여 샘플을 탈산 소화. 솔루션 및 양식 거품 나오는 용해 가스를 허용하기 위해 적어도 10 분 동안 진공을 적용합니다. 부드럽게 거품을 제거 흔들어. </li><li> 3 분 - 2 이상 100 % 질소 가스로 데시 케이 터 항아리에 진공을 교체합니다. 압력 (데시 케이 병의 상부가 개방 될 수있을 경우에) 등화 후 신속 산소의 재 도입을 방지하기위한 튜브 캡. </li><li> 중합체중합이 완료 될 때까지 3 시간 동안 37 ° C의 물 배스에서 샘플 튜브를 배치하여 하이드로 겔이지는. 중합 하이드로 겔은 겔 일관성 (그림 1b)에 걸립니다. 주 : 상단 미 중합 겔 소량 좋다. </li><li> 다음, 원심 분리기 튜브에서 중합 된 샘플을 제거 샘플에서 과량의 하이드로 겔을 절단하기 위해 주걱을 사용합니다. </li><li> 무료 닦아 보풀에 샘플을 배치하고 부드럽게 샘플에 중합 된 하이드로 겔의 얇은 층 뒤에 남겨두고, 마찰과의 조직을 압연하여 나머지 하이드로 겔을 제거합니다. </li></ol> 3. 지질 제거 참고 : 지질 삭제 조직이 취약, 취급에주의. 튜브를 배출 할 때 샘플 손실을 방지하기 위해 셀 스트레이너를 사용합니다. 또한, 샘플은 굴절률 매칭 프로세스 동안 반전 될 수 팽윤성 그러나, 소거 과정을 통해 팽창한다. 주의 : 소디음 도데 실 설페이트 (SDS)와 붕산을 자극한다. 흄 후드와 적절한 개인 보호 장비 (실험실 코트, 장갑과 눈 보호)로를 이용하여 실험을 수행합니다. <ol><li> 깨끗한 50 ㎖ 원심 분리 튜브에 중합 샘플을 전송하고 버퍼 (표 1) 삭제의 45 ml에 추가 할 수 있습니다. 부드러운 흔들림 45 ° C (~ 30 RPM)에 품어. 화학 폐기물에 사용 청산 버퍼를 붓는 신선한 청산 버퍼 ~ 45 ml에 추가하여 초기 7 일간 매일 버퍼를 변경합니다. 형광 물질을 보호하기 위해 알루미늄 호일로 덮여 샘플을 함유하는 원심 분리기 튜브를 유지한다. </li><li> 삼일 - 초기 7 일 후, 매 2 ~ 40 ° C 및 교환 청산 버퍼에서 샘플을 품어. 모든 지질을 용해하고 조직 투명성 (그림 1C)에 도달 할 때까지 청소를 계속합니다. 마우스 뇌 반구 6 주에서 2 - - 척수에 대한 사주이 4됩니다. </li><li> 조직이 삭제되면, 전송새로운 50 ML의 원심 분리 관에 시료 잔류 SDS를 제거하기 위해 24 시간 동안 부드러운 진동 (~ 30 RPM)와 40 ° C에서 PBST (표 1)에서 4 번 씻는다. </li></ol> 4. 분자 염색 주의 : 4 &#39;, 6-Diamidino -2- 페닐 인돌 다이 하이드로 클로라이드 (DAPI)의 자극과는 흄 후드와 적절한 개인 보호 장비 (실험실 코트, 장갑, 눈 보호)을 수행해야합니다 사용하는 실험이다. <ol><li> 깨끗한 15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브에 샘플을 전송하고 1X PBST 1 μg의 / ㎖ DAPI, pH를 7.5로 입력합니다. 24 시간 동안 실온 (RT)에서 인큐베이션. 형광 물질을 보호하기 위해 알루미늄 호일로 덮여 샘플을 함유하는 원심 분리기 튜브를 유지한다. </li><li> 적어도 6 시간 / 세탁 동안 실온에서 PBST 3 회 반복한다. </li></ol> 5. 굴절률 매칭 주의 : 쉬 2,2&#39;- 티 오디 에탄올 (TDE)는 자극이고 어떤 실험을 이용하여흄 후드와 적절한 개인 보호 장비 (실험실 코트, 장갑, 눈 보호)을 수행 할 수 울드. <ol><li> 깨끗한 15 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브에 샘플을 전송하고 30 % 1X PBS에서 (v / v)의 TDE, pH를 7.5로 입력합니다. 24 시간 동안 부드러운 흔들림 40 ° C (~ 30 RPM)에 품어. </li><li> 1X PBS, pH가 7.5에서 63 % (v / v)의 TDE와 교환 30 % TDE. 부드러운 24 시간 동안 진탕 40 ° C에서 품어. 참고 :이 샘플은 약 원래 크기로 다시 축소됩니다. </li><li> 편평하고 청결한 표면에 시료의 두께보다 단지 약간 큰 균일 한 직경을 갖는 실린더에 재사용 가능한 접착제의 일부를 롤. </li><li> 개방형 원으로 재사용 접착제 실린더를 마련 (~ 상단에 작은 구멍에 25mm 내경)는 40mm의 유리 바닥 접시에. 교정이 이루어질 필요하면 유리 실린더를 제거하고 면도날로 절단. </li><li> 하여 재사용 가능한 접착제와 유리 사이의 밀봉을 생성하기 위해 P1000 피펫 팁을 사용하여실린더의 외주 주위 압연. </li><li> 장소 ~ 100 ㎕의 63 % 유리 접시 상 TDE 재사용 가능한 접착제의 원 내에있는 유리 표면을 덮도록 주위에 전파. </li><li> 주걱을 사용하여 조심스럽게 기포를 형성하지 않도록주의하면서, 원의 중간 샘플을 놓는다. </li><li> 즉시 재사용 접착제를 통해 40mm 원형 커버 유리를 배치, 직접 샘플에 63 % TDE의 또 다른 100 μl를 피펫. </li><li> 커버 유리 샘플과 연락을 할 때까지 인덱스, 중간, 양손의 약지를 사용하여 조심스럽게 원의 둘레를 누릅니다. </li><li> 천천히, 표면에 휴식 수직 위치로 유리 바닥 접시를 가져 오는 솔루션은 상단에있는 작은 구멍에 도달 할 때까지 다음 피펫 63 % TDE를 추가합니다. 무료 솔루션이 유리에 떨어지지 않도록 피펫 팁을 건조 닦아 보풀을 사용합니다. 챔버에서 거품을 방지하기 위해, 피펫을 완전히 비울 수 없습니다. </li><li> 에작은 구멍은 원형을 넣고 밀폐 된 챔버를 만들기 위해 실리콘 엘라스토머를 추가합니다. 이 영상 전에 건조를 위해 5 분을 기다립니다. </li></ol> 6. 현미경 주의 : 공 초점, 단일 평면 조명과 빛 시트 현미경에 사용되는 레이저는 매우 강력하고 실명의 원인이 될 수 있습니다. 레이저를 이용한 모든 실험은 광범위한 훈련 후 큰주의와 적절한 눈 보호를 수행해야합니다. <ol><li> 레이저 스캐닝 공 초점 현미경의 무대에 내부의 샘플 이미징 챔버를 놓습니다. </li><li> 이미징 소프트웨어를 엽니 다 (재료의 표 참조). 아르곤 여기 레이저를 켜려면, 다음 프로그램 레이저 아이콘의 상단에있는 설정 탭을 클릭합니다. 레이저에 전력을 30 %로 슬라이드 규모를 이동 아르곤 옆의 확인란을 선택합니다. 포인터가 천천히 선택한 위치로 워밍업 관찰한다. <ol><li> 상단의 획득 탭​​으로 돌아갑니다. 큰 상자에서 &quot;빔 경로 설정 및# 34; / 부하로 이동 상자를 설정 저장 및 이미지 YFP (527 ㎚)에 대한 적절한 파장 채널을 선택 드롭 다운 메뉴를 선택합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 채널 설정 상자에서 &quot;현재 객체 목표&quot;라고 표시된 빨간색 하이퍼 링크를 배치함으로써 이미징을위한 적절한 목표를 선택합니다. 탭을 클릭하면 사용 가능한 모든 목표를 열고 선택은 터렛을 자동으로 회전합니다. <ol><li> 사용 목적 (예., 10X)이 큰 작동 거리 (조직의 두께보다 더는 묘화 될 예를 들면, 11mm)과 큰 개구 수 (예. 0.3)을 평면 이미지 해상도를 극대화하고 최소화 할 광학 부 두께. </li></ol></li><li> 1,024 X 1,024에 &quot;형식&quot;이라고 인수 행렬을 설정하는 창 또는 목표의 측면​​ 분해능 한계에 적절한 값 : &quot;해결 XY&quot;를 열고 메뉴를 드롭 다운의 왼쪽 열에서. (가능한 한 낮게 줌 배율을 예. 10.7). </li><li> 같은 창에서 따라 개별적으로 표시된 메뉴를 드롭하여 8 라인 평균 1 프레임 평균 매개 변수를 설정합니다. 신속한 취득이 높은 신호 대 잡음비와 작은 값의 큰 값을 사용한다. 주 : 8 라인 평균 1 프레임의 평균은 약 4 시간에서 마우스 뇌 반구의 고품질 이미지를 획득한다. </li><li> 무대 컨트롤을 사용하여 샘​​플을 찾습니다. 대표적인 필드가 표시되면, 이득 및 오프셋을 설정합니다. 이득 및 조직 유형, 형광에 따라 크게 변화 오프셋 (offset), 및 / 또는 해부학 적 기능을 이미지화되는 참고. YFP를 들어, 이득 780-760로부터 -1.0에서 오프셋을위한 -1.5 값을 설정합니다. </li><li> &quot;타일 스캔&quot;을 선택하고 관심 영역의 경계를 선택합니다. 는 z 스택의 설정 상한과 하한 취득합니다. 목적의 광학 부재의 분해능 한계에 기초하여 상기 광학 부재의 두께를 설정한다. 참고 : 목적의광학 부재의 분해능 한계는 주로 그 개구에 의해 규정된다. 자동 목표 값을 적절한 계산할 대부분 현미경 제어 소프트웨어가 사용된다. 0.3의 개구 수와 10X 대물 렌즈의 경우 즉, 약 11 μm의 것이다. </li><li> 인수를 시작합니다. 참고 :이 여러 시간이 걸릴 수 있습니다. </li><li> 관심의 특정 지역에서 높은 배율 목표를 사용하여 높은 해상도의 이미지를 수집합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Micheva, K. D., Smith, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Array+tomography:+a+new+tool+for+imaging+the+molecular+architecture+and+ultrastructure+of+neural+circuits.">Array tomography: a new tool for imaging the molecular architecture and ultrastructure of neural circuits.</a> Neuron. 55, 25-36 (2007).</li><li>Kleinfeld, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+automated+histology+in+the+pursuit+of+connectomes.">Large-scale automated histology in the pursuit of connectomes.</a> J Neurosci. 31, 16125-16138 (2011).</li><li>MacKenzie-Graham, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+multimodal,+multidimensional+atlas+of+the+C57BL/6J+mouse+brain.">A multimodal, multidimensional atlas of the C57BL/6J mouse brain.</a> J Anat. 204, 93-102 (2004).</li><li>Denk, W., Svoboda, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photon+upmanship:+why+multiphoton+imaging+is+more+than+a+gimmick.">Photon upmanship: why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick.</a> Neuron. 18, 351-357 (1997).</li><li>Denk, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anatomical+and+functional+imaging+of+neurons+using+2-photon+laser+scanning+microscopy.">Anatomical and functional imaging of neurons using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 54, 151-162 (1994).</li><li>Zipfel, W. R., Williams, R. M., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+magic:+multiphoton+microscopy+in+the+biosciences.">Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the biosciences.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 21, 1369-1377 (2003).</li><li>Helmchen, F., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+tissue+two-photon+microscopy.">Deep tissue two-photon microscopy.</a> Nat Methods. 2, 932-940 (2005).</li><li>Theer, P., Denk, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+fundamental+imaging-depth+limit+in+two-photon+microscopy.">On the fundamental imaging-depth limit in two-photon microscopy.</a> J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci. Vis. 23, 3139-3149 (2006).</li><li>Dodt, H. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultramicroscopy:+three-dimensional+visualization+of+neuronal+networks+in+the+whole+mouse+brain.">Ultramicroscopy: three-dimensional visualization of neuronal networks in the whole mouse brain.</a> Nat Methods. 4, 331-336 (2007).</li><li>Erturk, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+imaging+of+solvent-cleared+organs+using+3DISCO.">Three-dimensional imaging of solvent-cleared organs using 3DISCO.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 1983-1995 (2012).</li><li>Hama, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scale:+a+chemical+approach+for+fluorescence+imaging+and+reconstruction+of+transparent+mouse+brain.">Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain.</a> Nat Neurosci. 14, 1481-1488 (2011).</li><li>Ke, M. T., Fujimoto, S., Imai, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SeeDB:+a+simple+and+morphology-preserving+optical+clearing+agent+for+neuronal+circuit+reconstruction.">SeeDB: a simple and morphology-preserving optical clearing agent for neuronal circuit reconstruction.</a> Nat Neurosci. 16, 1154-1161 (2013).</li><li>Susaki, E. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+imaging+with+single-cell+resolution+using+chemical+cocktails+and+computational+analysis.">Whole-brain imaging with single-cell resolution using chemical cocktails and computational analysis.</a> Cell. 157, 726-739 (2014).</li><li>Chung, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+molecular+interrogation+of+intact+biological+systems.">Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems.</a> Nature. 497, 332-337 (2013).</li><li>Spence, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bringing+CLARITY+to+gray+matter+atrophy.">Bringing CLARITY to gray matter atrophy.</a> Neuroimage. 101, 625-632 (2014).</li><li>Tomer, R., Ye, L., Hsueh, B., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advanced+CLARITY+for+rapid+and+high-resolution+imaging+of+intact+tissues.">Advanced CLARITY for rapid and high-resolution imaging of intact tissues.</a> Nat Protoc. 9, 1682-1697 (2014).</li><li>Yang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-cell+phenotyping+within+transparent+intact+tissue+through+whole-body+clearing.">Single-cell phenotyping within transparent intact tissue through whole-body clearing.</a> Cell. 158, 945-958 (2014).</li><li>Costantini, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+clearing+agent+for+multi-modal+brain+imaging.">A versatile clearing agent for multi-modal brain imaging.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 9808 (2015).</li><li>Zheng, H., Rinaman, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+CLARITY+for+visualizing+immunofluorescence+labeling+in+the+developing+rat+brain.">Simplified CLARITY for visualizing immunofluorescence labeling in the developing rat brain.</a> Brain Struct Funct. , (2015).</li><li>Parra, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiphoton+microscopy+of+cleared+mouse+brain+expressing+YFP.">Multiphoton microscopy of cleared mouse brain expressing YFP.</a> J Vis Exp. (67), e3848 (2012).</li><li>Weinger, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-photon+imaging+of+cellular+dynamics+in+the+mouse+spinal+cord.">Two-photon imaging of cellular dynamics in the mouse spinal cord.</a> J Viz Exp. (96), e52580 (2015).</li><li>Hama, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ScaleS:+an+optical+clearing+palette+for+biological+imaging.">ScaleS: an optical clearing palette for biological imaging.</a> Nat Neurosci. 18, 1518-1529 (2015).</li><li>Treweek, J. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-body+tissue+stabilization+and+selective+extractions+via+tissue-hydrogel+hybrids+for+high-resolution+intact+circuit+mapping+and+phenotyping.">Whole-body tissue stabilization and selective extractions via tissue-hydrogel hybrids for high-resolution intact circuit mapping and phenotyping.</a> Nat Protoc. 10, 1860-1896 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

하이드로 겔 포함 된 조직 (수동 CLARITY)의 수동 청소 조직의 큰 조각을 삭제하기위한 간단하고 저렴한 방법이다. 이러한 접근 방식은 전용 설비를 필요로하지 않고, 용이하게 온도 제어 진탕 기에서 수행 될 수있다. 몇 주의 기간 동안, 같은 전체 뇌 또는 척수로도 큰, 매우 유수 조직, 투명하고 현미경에 적합하게 될 것이다. 이 보고서는 CNS 조직의 청산에 초점을 맞추고있다하더라도, 수동 CLARITY ?...

The ability to image complete neuroanatomical structures is immensely valuable for understanding the brain in health and disease. Traditionally, 3D imaging has required tissue sectioning to provide the axial resolution and to visualize deep anatomical structures. This approach can produce high-resolution data sets, but requires sophisticated image reconstruction techniques and is very labor intensive. As a result, it has been limited to the imaging of small volumes of tissue1-3. Optical sectioning, on the other hand, is well suited for the creation of high-resolution 3D images of fluorescently labeled tissues. Since optical sectioning is inherently three dimensional, it does not require extensive computation to produce a 3D image volume. However, light scattering and tissue opacity limit the depth at which tissues can be optically sectioned. The depth of imaging is limited to about 150 &#181;m in laser scanning confocal microscopy and to less than 800 &#181;m using two-photon excitation microscopy4-8.
In order to overcome these limitations, several optical clearing techniques have been recently developed and then further refined to permit the deep microscopic imaging of intact tissues. The use of benzyl alcohol and benzyl benzoate (BABB) to render fixed tissues transparent was among one of the earliest approaches9. However, this approach was limited by the quenching of fluorescence in the samples and incomplete clearing of highly myelinated structures10. Refinements of this technique, such as 3D Imaging of Solvent Cleared Organs (3DISCO), have led to very rapid and complete tissue clearing, but still suffer from rapid loss of fluorescent signals, especially yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)10. Water-based clearing solutions, such as Sca/e11 and SeeDB12, preserve fluorescent signals, but do not completely clear highly myelinated tissues. Clear, Unobstructed Brain Imaging Cocktails and Computational analysis (CUBIC) is a promising new optical clearing technology that appears to overcome the limitations of previously developed water-based clearing solutions13. In contrast with other optical clearing techniques, Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY)14 embeds the brain in a porous matrix that provides structural integrity to proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules, while leaving lipids unbound. The lipids are then removed electrophoretically, culminating in an optically cleared brain that can be easily visualized and equally easily probed using commonly available techniques.
Electrophoretic tissue clearing (ETC) is used to remove lipids from hydrogel embedded tissues in CLARITY, however, ETC can be difficult to implement consistently and tissues subject to electrophoresis can exhibit tissue distortion, browning, loss of fluorescence and antibody reactivity. Passive lipid clearing avoids these limitations, but requires increased clearing times15-17. Passive clearing also permits the clearing of large numbers of samples in parallel, since it is not limited by the number of ETC apparatuses available. Decreasing the concentration of paraformaldehyde and excluding bis-acrylamide from the hydrogel have led to great increases in the speed of clearing at the expense of greater tissue expansion16. Less expensive alternatives to the refractive index matching solution used in the original CLARITY technique have been developed17-19. 2,2'-thiodiethanol (TDE) is an inexpensive and rapid brain clearing agent that reverses some of the tissue expansion that occurs during lipid removal18. This report incorporates passive clearing of hydrogel embedded tissue and the use of TDE as a refractive index matching solution to the original CLARITY technique to produce a highly reproducible and inexpensive protocol for the optical clearing of the mouse central nervous system.

<table><tbody><tr><td>10x phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP399-1</td><td>buffers</td></tr><tr><td>32% paraformaldehyde (PFA)</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15714-5</td><td>perfusion and hydrogel</td></tr><tr><td>2,2&#039;-thiodiethanol (TDE)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>166782-500G</td><td>refractive index matching solution</td></tr><tr><td>40% acrylamide</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0140</td><td>hydrogel</td></tr><tr><td>2% bis-acrylamide</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0142</td><td>hydrogel</td></tr><tr><td>VA-044 initiator</td><td>Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.</td><td>VA044</td><td>hydrogel</td></tr><tr><td>Boric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>B7901</td><td>clearing buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP166-5</td><td>clearing buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>55255-1</td><td>buffers</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>52002-100G</td><td>preservative</td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>X100-500G</td><td>buffers</td></tr><tr><td>Heparin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3393-50KU</td><td>perfusion</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium nitrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP360-500</td><td>perfusion</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>D1306</td><td>nuclear stain</td></tr><tr><td>99.9% isoflurane</td><td>Phoenix</td><td>57319-559-06</td><td>anesthetic</td></tr><tr><td>Hydrocholoric acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A1445-500</td><td>buffers</td></tr><tr><td>Glass bottom dish</td><td>Willco</td><td>HBSB-5040</td><td>Willco dishes</td></tr><tr><td>Reusable adhesive</td><td>Bostick</td><td>371351</td><td>Blu-Tack</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon elastomer</td><td>World Precision Instruments</td><td>KWIK-CAST</td><td>Kwik-Cast</td></tr><tr><td>Lint-free wipe</td><td>Kimberly-Clark</td><td>34120</td><td>KimWipe</td></tr><tr><td>Mouse brain matrix</td><td>Roboz</td><td>SA-2175</td><td>sectioning tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Matrix blades</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-9887</td><td>sectioning tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Peristaltic pump</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>77122-24</td><td>pefusion</td></tr><tr><td>Laser scanning confocal microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>SP5</td><td>microscopy</td></tr><tr><td>Imaging software</td><td>Leica</td><td>LAS AF</td><td>microscopy</td></tr></tbody></table>

optical clearing of the mouse central nervous system using passive clarity

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique non-linear deformations, dramatically hampering one's ability to evaluate cellular morphology, distribution and connectivity in the central nervous system (CNS). However, optical clearing techniques are changing the way tissues are visualized. These approaches permit one to probe deeply into intact organ preparations, providing tremendous insight into the structural organization of tissues in health and disease. Techniques such as Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) achieve this goal by providing a matrix that binds important biomolecules while permitting light-scattering lipids to freely diffuse out. Lipid removal, followed by refractive index matching, renders the tissue transparent and readily imaged in 3 dimensions (3D). Nevertheless, the electrophoretic tissue clearing (ETC) used in the original CLARITY protocol can be challenging to implement successfully and the use of a proprietary refraction index matching solution makes it expensive to use the technique routinely. This report demonstrates the implementation of a simple and inexpensive optical clearing protocol that combines passive CLARITY for improved tissue integrity and 2,2&#8242;-thiodiethanol (TDE), a previously described refractive index matching solution.

뇌의 구조적 조직을 시각화하는 형태와 연결이 건강과 질병에서 뇌 기능에 미치는 영향을 이해하는 데 중요합니다. 광학 청소 기술은 우리가 응집력 형태와 연결을 연구 할 수 있도록, 손상 조직의 3 차원 이미지 세포 인구에 가능합니다. 세포가 뇌의 신경 연결의 복잡한 패턴을 떨어져 애타게 하나를 허용의 하위 집단에 대?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY at JoVE.com

Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY

Optical clearing techniques are revolutionizing the way tissues are visualized. In this report we describe modifications of the original Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) protocol that yields more consistent and less expensive results.

수동 CLARITY를 사용하여 마우스 중추 신경계의 광학 지우기

Traditionally, tissue visualization has required that the tissue of interest be serially sectioned and imaged, subjecting each tissue section to unique ...

optical-clearing-mouse-central-nervous-system-using-passive

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.4K 조회수.  University of California, Los Angeles. Optical clearing techniques are revolutionizing the way tissues are visualized. In this report we describe modifications of the original Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging-compatible Tissue-hYdrogel (CLARITY) protocol that yields more consistent and less expensive results.

비디오: Optical Clearing of the Mouse Central Nervous System Using Passive CLARITY

Multiphoton Microscopy of Cleared Mouse Brain Expressing YFP

Multiphoton microscopy of intrinsic fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) of whole mouse organs is made possible by optically clearing the organ before imaging.1,2 However, for organs that contain fluorescent proteins such as GFP and YFP, optical clearing protocols that use methanol dehydration and clear using benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate (BABB) while unprotected from light3 do not preserve the fluorescent signal. The protocol presented here is a novel way in which to perform whole organ optical clearing on mouse brain while preserving the fluorescence signal of YFP expressed in neurons. Altering the optical clearing protocol such that the organ is dehydrated using an ethanol graded series has been found to reduce the damage to the fluorescent proteins and preserve their fluorescent signal for multiphoton imaging.4 Using an optimized method of optical clearing with ethanol-based dehydration and clearing by BABB while shielded from light, we show high-resolution multiphoton images of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) expression in the neurons of a mouse brain more than 2 mm beneath the tissue surface.

Multiphoton microscopy of whole mouse organs is possible by optically clearing the organ before imaging, but not all protocols preserve the fluorescent signal of fluorescent proteins. Using an optical clearing method with ethanol-based dehydration and benzyl alcohol:benzyl benzoate clearing, we show high-resolution multiphoton images of whole mouse brain expressing YFP.

YFP를 표현 잡습니다 마우스 뇌의 Multiphoton 현미경

Multiphoton microscopy of intrinsic fluorescence and second harmonic generation (SHG) of whole mouse organs is made possible by optically clearing the ...

연구

신경과학

Micron-scale Resolution Optical Tomography of Entire Mouse Brains with Confocal Light Sheet Microscopy

Understanding the architecture of mammalian brain at single-cell resolution is one of the key issues of neuroscience. However, mapping neuronal soma and projections throughout the whole brain is still challenging for imaging and data management technologies. Indeed, macroscopic volumes need to be reconstructed with high resolution and contrast in a reasonable time, producing datasets in the TeraByte range. We recently demonstrated an optical method (confocal light sheet microscopy, CLSM) capable of obtaining micron-scale reconstruction of entire mouse brains labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Combining light sheet illumination and confocal detection, CLSM allows deep imaging inside macroscopic cleared specimens with high contrast and speed. Here we describe the complete experimental pipeline to obtain comprehensive and human-readable images of entire mouse brains labeled with fluorescent proteins. The clearing and the mounting procedures are described, together with the steps to perform an optical tomography on its whole volume by acquiring many parallel adjacent stacks. We showed the usage of open-source custom-made software tools enabling stitching of the multiple stacks and multi-resolution data navigation. Finally, we illustrated some example of brain maps: the cerebellum from an L7-GFP transgenic mouse, in which all Purkinje cells are selectively labeled, and the whole brain from a thy1-GFP-M mouse, characterized by a random sparse neuronal labeling.

In this article we describe the full experimental procedure to reconstruct, with high resolution, the fine brain anatomy of fluorescently labeled mouse brains. The described protocol includes sample preparation and clearing, specimen mounting for imaging, data post-processing and multi-scale visualization.

공 초점 빛 시트 현미경 전체 마우스 두뇌의 마이크론 규모의 해상도 광학 단층 촬영

Understanding the architecture of mammalian  brain at single-cell resolution is one of the key issues of neuroscience.  However, mapping neuronal soma and ...

Imaging Serotonergic Fibers in the Mouse Spinal Cord Using the CLARITY/CUBIC Technique

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord of the majority of these fiber systems have not been thoroughly investigated in any species. Serotonergic fibers, which project to the spinal cord, have been studied in rats and opossums on histological sections and their functional significance has been deduced based on their fiber termination pattern in the spinal cord. With the development of CLARITY and CUBIC techniques, it is possible to investigate this fiber system and its distribution in the spinal cord, which is likely to reveal previously unknown features of serotonergic supraspinal pathways. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for imaging the serotonergic fibers in the mouse spinal cord using the combined CLARITY and CUBIC techniques. The method involves perfusion of a mouse with a hydrogel solution and clarification of the tissue with a combination of clearing reagents. Spinal cord tissue was cleared in just under two weeks, and the subsequent immunofluorescent staining against serotonin was completed in less than ten days. With a multi-photon fluorescent microscope, the tissue was scanned and a 3D image was reconstructed using Osirix software.

Supraspinal projections are important for pain perception and other behaviors, and serotonergic fibers are one of these fiber systems. The present study focused on the application of the combined CLARITY/CUBIC protocol to the mouse spinal cord in order to investigate the termination of these serotonergic fibers.

CLARITY를 사용하여 마우스 척수에서 세로토닌 섬유 이미징 / CUBIC 기술

Long descending fibers to the spinal cord are essential for locomotion, pain perception, and other behaviors. The fiber termination pattern in the spinal ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disease, creation of an AQP4-targeted model with both clinical and histologic manifestations of CNS autoimmunity has proven challenging. Immunization of wild-type (WT) mice with AQP4 peptides elicited T cell proliferation, although those T cells could not transfer disease to na&#239;ve recipient mice. Recently, two novel AQP4 T cell epitopes, peptide (p) 135-153 and p201-220, were identified when studying immune responses to AQP4 in AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice, suggesting T cell reactivity to these epitopes is normally controlled by thymic negative selection. AQP4-/- Th17 polarized T cells primed to either p135-153 or p201-220 induced paralysis in recipient WT mice, that was associated with predominantly leptomeningeal inflammation of the spinal cord and optic nerves. Inflammation surrounding optic nerves and involvement of the inner retinal layers (IRL) were manifested by changes in serial optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, we illustrate the approaches used to create this new in vivo model of AQP4-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA), which can now be employed to study mechanisms that permit development of pathogenic AQP4-specific T cells and how they may cooperate with B cells in NMO pathogenesis.

Here, we present a protocol to induce paralysis and opticospinal inflammation by transfer of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells from AQP4-/- mice into WT mice. In addition, we demonstrate how to use serial optical coherence tomography to monitor visual system dysfunction.

마비 및 비주얼 시스템 부상 Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4에 대 한 T 세포 관련 하 여 쥐에서의 유도

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Novel Passive Clearing Methods for the Rapid Production of Optical Transparency in Whole CNS Tissue

Since the development of CLARITY, a bioelectrochemical clearing technique that allows for three-dimensional phenotype mapping within transparent tissues, a multitude of novel clearing methodologies including CUBIC (clear, unobstructed brain imaging cocktails and computational analysis), SWITCH (system-wide control of interaction time and kinetics of chemicals), MAP (magnified analysis of the proteome), and PACT (passive clarity technique), have been established to further expand the existing toolkit for the microscopic analysis of biological tissues. The present study aims to improve upon and optimize the original PACT procedure for an array of intact rodent tissues, including the whole central nervous system (CNS), kidneys, spleen, and whole mouse embryos. Termed psPACT (process-separate PACT) and mPACT (modified PACT), these novel techniques provide highly efficacious means of mapping cell circuitry and visualizing subcellular structures in intact normal and pathological tissues. In the following protocol, we provide a detailed, step-by-step outline on how to achieve maximal tissue clearance with minimal invasion of their structural integrity via psPACT and mPACT.

Here, we present two novel methodologies, psPACT and mPACT, for achieving maximal optical transparency and subsequent microscopic analysis of tissue vasculature in the intact rodent whole CNS.

소설 수동 전체 CNS 조직에 광학 투명도의 급속 한 생산을 위한 방법 삭제

Since the development of CLARITY, a bioelectrochemical clearing technique that allows for three-dimensional phenotype mapping within transparent tissues, ...

Immunostaining of Whole-Mount Retinas with the CLARITY Tissue Clearing Method

The tissue hydrogel delipidation method (CLARITY), originally developed by the Deisseroth laboratory, has been modified and widely used for immunostaining and imaging of thick brain samples. However, this advanced technology has not yet been used for whole-mount retinas. Although the retina is partially transparent, its thickness of approximately 200 &#181;m (in mice) still limits the penetration of antibodies into the deep tissue as well as reducing light penetration for high-resolution imaging. Here, we adapted the CLARITY method for whole-mount mouse retinas by polymerizing them with an acrylamide monomer to form a nanoporous hydrogel and then clearing them in sodium dodecyl sulfate to minimize protein loss and avoid tissue damage. CLARITY-processed retinas were immunostained with antibodies for retinal neurons, glial cells, and synaptic proteins, mounted in a refractive index matching solution, and imaged. Our data demonstrate that CLARITY&#160;can improve the quality of standard immunohistochemical staining and imaging for retinal neurons and glial cells in whole-mount preparation. For instance, 3D resolution of fine axon-like and dendritic structures of dopaminergic amacrine cells were much improved by CLARITY. Compared to non-processed whole-mount retinas, CLARITY can reveal immunostaining for synaptic proteins such as postsynaptic density protein 95. Our results show that CLARITY renders the retina more optically transparent after the removal of lipids and preserves fine structures of retinal neurons and their proteins, which can be routinely used for obtaining high-resolution imaging of retinal neurons and their subcellular structures in whole-mount preparation.

Here we present a protocol to adapt the CLARITY method of the brain tissues for whole-mount retinas to improve the quality of standard immunohistochemical staining and high-resolution imaging of retinal neurons and their subcellular structures.

선명도 조직 클리어링 방법으로 전산 망막의 면역 염색

The tissue hydrogel delipidation method (CLARITY), originally developed by the Deisseroth laboratory, has been modified and widely used for immunostaining ...

Imaging and Quantification of Intact Neuronal Dendrites via CLARITY Tissue Clearing

Brain activity, the electrochemical signals passed between neurons, is determined by the connectivity patterns of neuronal networks, and from the morphology of processes and substructures within these neurons. As such, much of what is known about brain function has arisen alongside developments in imaging technologies that allow further insight into how neurons are organized and connected in the brain. Improvements in tissue clearing have allowed for high-resolution imaging of thick brain slices, facilitating morphological reconstruction and analyses of neuronal substructures, such as dendritic arbors and spines. In tandem, advances in image processing software provide methods of quickly analyzing large imaging datasets. This work presents a relatively rapid method of processing, visualizing, and analyzing thick slices of labeled neural tissue at high-resolution using CLARITY tissue clearing, confocal microscopy, and image analysis. This protocol will facilitate efforts toward understanding the connectivity patterns and neuronal morphologies that characterize healthy brains, and the changes in these characteristics that arise in diseased brain states.

Neuronal dendritic morphology often underlies function. Indeed, many disease processes that affect the development of neurons manifest with a morphological phenotype. This protocol describes a simple and powerful method for analyzing intact dendritic arbors and their associated spines.

선명도 조직 클리어링을 통한 손상되지 않은 뉴런 덴라이트의 이미징 및 정량화

Brain activity, the electrochemical signals passed between neurons, is determined by the connectivity patterns of neuronal networks, and from the ...

A Tissue Clearing Method for Neuronal Imaging from Mesoscopic to Microscopic Scales

A detailed protocol is provided here to visualize neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels in brain tissues. Neuronal structures ranging from neural circuits to subcellular neuronal structures are visualized in mouse brain slices optically cleared with ScaleSF. This clearing method is a modified version of ScaleS and is a hydrophilic tissue clearing method for tissue slices that achieves potent clearing capability as well as a high-level of preservation of fluorescence signals and structural integrity. A customizable three dimensional (3D)-printed imaging chamber is designed for reliable mounting of cleared brain tissues. Mouse brains injected with an adeno-associated virus vector carrying enhanced green fluorescent protein gene were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and cut into slices of 1-mm thickness with a vibrating tissue slicer. The brain slices were cleared by following the clearing protocol, which include sequential incubations in three solutions, namely, ScaleS0 solution, phosphate buffer saline (&#8211;), and ScaleS4 solution, for a total of 10.5&#8211;14.5 h. The cleared brain slices were mounted on the imaging chamber and embedded in 1.5% agarose gel dissolved in ScaleS4D25(0) solution. The 3D image acquisition of the slices was carried out using a confocal laser scanning microscope equipped with a multi-immersion objective lens of a long working distance. Beginning with mesoscopic neuronal imaging, we succeeded in visualizing fine subcellular neuronal structures, such as dendritic spines and axonal boutons, in the optically cleared brain slices. This protocol would facilitate understanding of neuronal structures from circuit to subcellular component scales.

The protocol provides a detailed method of neuronal imaging in brain slice using a tissue clearing method, ScaleSF. The protocol includes brain tissue preparation, tissue clarification, handling of cleared slices and confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging of neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels.

중시경에서 현미경 비늘에 이르기까지 신경 세포 이미징을위한 조직 제거 방법

A detailed protocol is provided here to visualize neuronal structures from mesoscopic to microscopic levels in brain tissues. Neuronal structures ranging ...

Three-dimensional Reconstruction of the Vascular Architecture of the Passive CLARITY-cleared Mouse Ovary

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine system, but the complex structural relationships and three-dimensional (3D) vasculature architectures of the ovary are not well described. In order to visualize the 3D connections and architecture of blood vessels in the intact ovary, the first important step is to make the ovary optically clear. In order to avoid tissue shrinkage, we used the hydrogel fixation-based passive CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging/ Immunostaining/In situ-hybridization-compatible Tissue Hydrogel) protocol method to clear an intact ovary. Immunostaining, advanced multiphoton confocal microscopy, and 3D image-reconstructions were then used for the visualization of ovarian vessels and follicular capillaries. Using this approach, we showed a significant positive correlation (P &#60;0.01) between the length of the follicular capillaries and volume of the follicular wall.

Here we present an adaptation of the passive CLARITY and 3D reconstruction method for visualization of the ovarian vasculature and follicular capillaries in intact mouse ovaries.

수동 선명도 삭제 마우스 난소의 혈관 구조의 3 차원 재구성

The ovary is the main organ of the female reproductive system and is essential for the production of female gametes and for controlling the endocrine ...

생물학

Imaging the Gut with "CLARITY"

CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging compatible Tissue hYdrogel) has recently evolved as a valuable technique involving acrylamide embedding to delipidate tissue (without sectioning) and to preserve the 3-D tissue structure for immunostaining. The technique is highly relevant in imaging the dynamic gut environment where different cell types interact during homeostasis and disease states. This method optimized for the mouse gut is described here, which helps to trace cell types like epithelia, enteroendocrine, neurons, glia, and the neuronal projections into the epithelia or enteroendocrine cells that mediate microbial sensing or nutrient chemo sensing respectively. The gut tissue (1-1.5 cm) is fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 4 &#176;C overnight on day 1. On day 2, PFA is discarded, and the tissue is washed thrice with PBS. The tissue is hydrogel embedded to preserve its integrity by incubation in 4% hydrogel (acrylamide) solution in PBS (diluted from 30% ProtoGel) overnight at 4 &#176;C. On day 3, the tissue-hydrogel solution is incubated at 37&#160;&#176;C for 1 h to allow hydrogel polymerization. Tissue is then washed thrice gently with PBS to remove excess hydrogel. The subsequent step of delipidation (clearing) involves tissue incubation in sodium dodecyl sulfate (8% SDS in PBS) at 37 &#176;C for 2 days (days 4 &#38; 5) on a shaker at room temperature (RT). On day 6, the cleared tissue is thoroughly washed with PBS to remove SDS. Tissue can be immunostained by incubation in primary antibodies (diluted in 0.5% normal donkey serum in PBS containing 0.3% Triton X-100), overnight at 4&#176;C, and subsequent incubation in appropriate secondary Alexa Fluor antibodies for 1.5 h at RT, and nuclear staining with DAPI (1: 10000). The tissue is transferred onto a clean glass slide and mounted using VectaShield for confocal imaging.

We describe the protocol for passive CLARITY (PACT) staining of mouse intestine to enable visualization of subepithelial tissues, including neurons, glia and enteroendocrine cells (EEC) without tissue sectioning. The protocol involves hydrogel embedding of formaldehyde-fixed tissue, and subsequent delipidation using an anionic detergent to "clear" the tissue.

CLARITY (Clear Lipid-exchanged Acrylamide-hybridized Rigid Imaging compatible Tissue hYdrogel) has recently evolved as a valuable technique involving ...