우리는 T.를 제공하는 존 켈리 마틴 테일러 (위생 및 열대 의학의 런던 학교) 감사합니다 비. brucei GVR35-VSL-2 및 생체 내 이미징에 대한 조언 박사 안드레아 Zelmer (LSHTM). 이 작품은 빌과 멜린다 게이츠 재단 글로벌 건강 프로그램 (허가 번호 OPPGH5337)에 의해 지원되었다.

윤리학 모든 작업은 영국 홈 오피스 동물의 승인 (과학적인 절차) 법 1986 위생 및 열대 의학 동물 복지와 윤리 심의위원회의 런던 학교에서 실시 하였다. 가이드 라인에 도착하는이 보고서에 따른다. 발광 생물 트리파노소마 (Trypanosoma) brucei brucei의 생체 항로 1. <ol><li> T.의 냉동 보관 재고 (라고 stabilate)를 제거 비. brucei 변형 액체 질소에서 9 (MTA를 통해 위생 및 열대 의학의 런던 학교 교수 존 켈리에서 구입 가능) GVR35-VSL-2 및 실온에 평형 수 있습니다. 멸균 인산 완충 포도당 식염수 (PBS-G)의 pH 8.0 (1 L PBS + 15g 포도당) (10)에 2 × 10 4 트리 파노 솜 / ㎖로 stabilate을 희석. 참고 : T.를 비. brucei GVR35-VSL-2는 인간에게 비 감염성이며 SAPO 실험을 수행 할 시설 허가가 필요합니다. </li><li> INJ요법 25 G 바늘로 복강 내 경로 (IP)를 통해 trypanosomes에 희석 0.2 ml의와 20-25g 여성 CD1 마우스입니다. 이것은 &quot;기증자 마우스&quot;입니다. 특정 병원체 무료 (SPF) -cage 및 사료 광고 임의로에 감염된 마우스를 놓습니다. 참고 : CD1 마우스는 이계 변형 및 T. 있습니다 비. brucei GVR35 감염이 변형에 잘 특징이다. 그러나이 프로토콜은 근친 또는 유전자 변형 계통에 적용 가능하지만, 촬상 -6,9-의 민감도에 영향을 미칠 수 털 색깔 중요하다. </li><li> 혈액 샘플링에 의해 주변 기생충을 모니터링합니다. 플라스틱 제한 수단에 마우스를 놓고 21 G 바늘이나 사혈와 venepuncture에 의해 꼬리에서 혈액의 5 μl를 타고 붉은 혈액 세포를 용균 쉽게 계산 할 수 있도록 0.85 % 멸균 염화 암모늄 1/10 섞는다. </li><li> 노이 바 우어 혈구에서 희석 된 혈액을 계산합니다. <ol><li> 두 챔버로 희석 된 혈액을로드합니다. 전체 중앙 GR 카운트하나의 챔버의 ID는 n 개의 트리 파노 솜을 얻었다. 혈액 = N × 104 트리 파노 솜 / ㎖에서 트리 파노 솜의 농도는 모든 희석 계수를 조정하고 두 챔버들의 평균을 계산한다. 주 : 후 약 5~7일 후 감염, 기생충 주연 2 × 104 트리 파노 솜 / ml의 농도로 감염을 수행하기에 충분히 상승한다. </li></ol></li><li> 트리파노소마 수준은 1.6 단계로 이동 필요한 생쥐의 수만큼 높은 경우. 하나의 공여 마우스 6 × 104 트리파노소마 / ml의 기생충 레벨 10 마우스 악성 충분하다. 참고 : 통계적으로 유의 한 그룹 크기를 들어, N = 6 마우스의 각 치료 그룹 8 필요하다. 감염의 다른 모델의 경우, 파워 계산은 해당 그룹의 크기를 결정하기 위해인가 될 필요가있을 것이다. </li><li> (약 5 ~ 10 분 동안 28 ~ 30 ℃에서) 열 상자에 장소 마우스는 꼬리 정맥이 팽창 할 수 있도록합니다.터미널 마취 유도 20 밀리그램 / 25 G 바늘 kg 펜토 바르 비탈 정맥을 관리합니다. 확인 마우스 부드럽게 움츠림 반사가 없는지 확인하는 발바닥을 눌러 마취. </li><li> 비쥬 튜브에 5000 USP 단위 / ㎖의 헤파린을 5 ㎖ 분취하고 및 1 mL의 주사기에 부착 된 바늘로부터 회 흡인하여 21 G 바늘을 Heparinize. </li><li> 헤파린 21 G 바늘과 1 ML의 주사기를 가지고 가고, 흉곽 아래 중앙에 바늘을 삽입하여 마취 통로 마우스의 심장 천자를 수행 (혈액의 비드 바늘의베이스에 풀 것) 부드럽게 플런저를 철수 그래서 같은 마음의 실을 축소 할 수 없습니다. 혈액의 0.7 ML의 최소를 수집합니다. </li><li> 위의 단계 1.1로 PBS-G의 pH 8.0에서 2 × 10 4 트리 파노 솜 / ㎖의 접종을 생성하기 위해 감염된 혈액을 희석. 주 :이 시점에서 남아있는 혈액을 8 % 글리세롤, 20 % 열 - 불 활성화 된 태아 (CA)와 혼합하여 stabilate 생산​​ 동결 보존 할 수있다LF 혈청 (하이 - FCS)와 72 % 감염된 혈액. 천천히 액체 질소로 전송하기 전에, C / 분 ° -1 냉각 속도를 달성하기 위해 컨테이너를 동결 느린 동결을 사용하여 -80 ℃에서 동결. </li></ol> 실험 쥐의 2. 감염 <ol><li> 부드럽게 따뜻한 정맥을 팽창하기 위해 가열 상자에 CD1에게 여성 마우스 (~ 21-25g)을 놓습니다. 플라스틱 구속으로 가온 마우스를 넣고, 마우스 당 4,000 트리파노소마 동등한 꼬리 정맥 내로 25 G 바늘 정맥 0.2ml의 접종 물을 희석하여 주입. 출혈을 막기 위해 후 주사 부위에 압력을 넣습니다. 복강 내 감염은 감염의 유효한 경로이며, 이전의 연구 (10)에 사용되어왔다, 그러나 우리는 정맥 경로보다이 덜 재현 발견 :합니다. </li><li> SPF-배출 케이지 3 그룹에 감염된 마우스와 케이지를 무작위로. 대조군으로서, 야생형 비 생물 발광 기생충, T.와 CD1 암컷 마우스를 주입 비. brucei GVR35 (N =삼). </li><li> 혈액 영화 현미경을 통해 감염을 모니터링 <ol><li> 스팟 5 μL의 유리 슬라이드 상 venepuncture 또는 사혈에서 혈액 (부드럽게 박막을 생성하기 위해 상기 슬라이드를 통해 혈액의 방울을 밀어 제 유리 슬라이드를 이용) 혈액 도말 표본을 수행한다. 공기 건조에 슬라이드를 허용합니다. </li><li> DH 2 O로 세척하기 전에 10 분 동안 김사 100 % 메탄올 및 얼룩과 혈액 도말 표본을 수정하고 공기 건조를 할 수 있습니다. 100X 목적에서보기 (FOV)의 10 분야에서 트리 파노 솜의 수를 계산합니다. 주 : 혈액 촬영이 일찍 일일 감염 후 같은 전체 동물의 비 침습적 영상과 함께 실시된다. 동물들을 처리 할 때 샘플을 실온에서 저장하고 나중에 계산 될 수 있으므로, 트리파노소마 정량이 방법은 혈구 계수보다 선호된다. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. 생물 발광 이미징 감염을 추적하는 참고 : 감염을 모니터링하려면 전체 ANIM알 비파괴 이미징을 이용할 수있다. <ol><li> 30 ㎎ / ㎖에서 둘 베코 인산염 완충 생리 식염수 (DPBS)에서 D-루시페린, 반딧불 루시 페라 기판의 재고 솔루션을 준비합니다. 필터 소독 및 -20 ° C에서 분량 씩 냉동. 참고 : D-루시페린 민감한 빛 때문에 호일에 분량 씩 포장하여 빛으로부터 보호. 이 활동 11에 영향을 미칠 수있는 반복 루시페린 - 해동 냉동하지 마십시오. </li><li> 실온 D-루시페린의 나누어지는을 따뜻하게. (nonbioluminescent 야생 형 기생충 균주에 감염 제어 마우스 포함) 케이지에서 각 마우스를 제거하고 복강 25 G 바늘과 150 밀리그램 / (DPBS에 희석) 가온 D-루시페린의 kg을 주입. / 분 2.5 L에서 2 % 이소 플루오 란 / O 2 믹스 마취를 유도하기 위해 약 5 분 동안 이소 플루오 란 챔버에 마우스를 놓습니다. 참고 : 그들이 마취 할 때 마우스가 움직이지된다. 여기에 사용되는, 이미 저를 들어, 마우스 3 번에 처리 될 수있다. 마우스는 anesthet 경우이상 30 분 동안화된 안과 인공 눈물 연고 마르지 마우스의 눈을 방지하기 위해 적용될 수있다. </li><li> 여기에 설명 된 이미 저를 들어, 소프트웨어를 열고 제조업체의 지침에 따라 소프트웨어를 사용하여 시스템을 초기화합니다. 카메라 가열 플레이트가 온도에 도달 한 후에는 이미지를 획득. 참고 :이 장비는 보통 하룻밤 배경 교정을 수행하는 시스템을 가능하게 꺼져되지 않습니다. 그것은 다시 시작해야하는 경우, 먼저 교정 검사를 실행해야합니다. </li><li> (3.5 참조) 이미 저에 마취 마우스를 놓습니다. 어떤 밝은 생물 발광 신호를 통해 출혈을 최소화하기 위해 마우스 사이에 큰 검은 분리기를 사용합니다. 노출 시간의 세트를 이용하여, 화상을 마우스; 뷰 E 매체 비닝 1 F / 정지 개방 필터 및 필드 1, 3, 10, 30, 60 및 180 초 (12.5 X 12.5 cm 2). 참고 : 야생형 nonbioluminescent GVR35 기생충에 감염 제어 마우스가, 배경을 제공운드, 생물 발광 값입니다. 이 모델과 함께 루시페린의 반응 속도 실험 (그림 6)에서, 우리는 10 분에서 생물 발광 신호 피크 관리를 게시하고 영상은 약 3 마우스 5 분 걸리는 것으로 나타났습니다. 마취와 쥐를 이미징 할 때 고려 사항으로이 척도를 가져 가라. </li><li> 쥐의 철저한 영상을 보장하기 위해, 복부, 지느러미와 측면보기를 얻기 위해 회전합니다. 순차적 동물 사이의 이미징을위한 방향의 순서로 일관성을 유지한다. </li><li> 촬영 후, 마우스는 SPF-케이지에 반환하기 전에 관찰하에 마취에서 회복 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 21 일 후 감염 될 때까지 매 7 일마다 마우스 이미징 계속합니다. 전체 동물을 통해 생물 발광 신호의 꾸준한 증가가 있어야합니다. </li><li> D21, 이미지와 혈액 필름 / kg diminazene aceturate 복강 40 mg을 가진 쥐를 상기하고, 선량으로 쥐에서. 이 약은 주변 기생충을 취소되지만 혈액 꼰 로프 코를 교차하지 않습니다N 장벽, 따라서 CNS 감염 나은 시각화를 가능하게한다. 참고 Diminazene aceturate의 초기 단계 동물 트리파노소마 증을 치료하기 위해 사용하는 잘 확립 된 약물이다. </li><li> D28과 D35에서 이미징 및 모니터링을 계속합니다. </li></ol> 4. CNS 감염을 확인 <ol><li> D35에서, 위에서 설명한 바와 같이 이미지 마우스 (3.1-3.4 단계). </li><li> 촬영 후, 추가 분석을 위해 혈액을 수집, 단계 1.6-1.8에 설명 된대로 마우스는 마취에게서 피를 뽑다 마우스를 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 심장 천자 후, 20 ml의 PBS와 마우스를 관류 (옵션 : 3 밀리그램 / 관류 액에 루시페린 ml의 추가) 기관에서 혈액을 취소하고 시간 간격 뇌 영역에서 삭제했을 수 있습니다 루시페​​린 레이블을 재 도입하는 마음을 통해 단계 4.1. </li><li> 부드럽게 뇌 있도록, 만곡 가위를 이용하여 두개골의 원주 둘레베이스로부터 절단하고, 두개골 상부를 올려 뇌를 제거부드럽게 곡선 집게 함께 해제된다. </li><li> 적절한 루시페린이 절제 뇌에 추가 된 보장하기 위해, 검은 색 플라스틱 피펫 이전 이미지로 기관을 통해 15 ㎎ / ㎖ 루시페린의 50 μL의 한 부분에 절제된 뇌를 놓습니다. 위와 같이 설정을 사용하여 이미지. 이것은 뇌 반구에 감염의 지역화를 시연 할 예정이다. 주 : 앞서 8 바와 같이 절제 뇌 기생충의 하류 정량화 qPCR에 의해 수행 될 수있다. 다른 대안 다운 스트림 응용 프로그램은 고정 다음 뇌 조직에 기생충을 식별하기 위해 조직 학적 또는 면역 조직 화학을 포함 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 생물 발광 이미징 5. 정량 주 : 생물 발광 이미징 소프트웨어이자 (ROI)의 영역을 사용하여 정량화 배경 생물 발광 대해 보정 될 수있다. <ol><li> 투자 수익 (ROI) 도구를 사용하면, 전체 동물의 정량 A의 직사각형 ROI를 생성차 마우스의 꼬리의베이스에 코 끝을 충당하기 위해 마우스를 이미지 위에 올려 놓으. 각 동물마다 포인트에 동일한 크기의 창을 사용. 뇌에 대한 ROI를 볼 때, 이미지에 마우스 두부를 위에 위치시키는, 동일한 방법으로 원형 ROI를 사용한다. </li><li> 원하는 경우, 감염의 시각적 표현에 대해 동일한 스펙트럼에 나타나는 이미지를 조정합니다. 참고 : 여기에 사용되는 소프트웨어가 자동으로 최소 및 최대 광자 계수 조정 각 이미지의 색상 맵을 생성한다. 일련의 이미지 사이의 시각적 비교를 사용하려면, 컬러 스케일은 모든 이미지에 대해 동일한 값으로 설정해야합니다. <ol><li> 가장 높은 생물 발광 및 도구 팔레트에서 &#39;이미지 조정&#39;탭을 갖는 이미지를 사용하여, 로그 스케일과 적절한 컬러 규모의 최소 및 최대 (경험적으로 결정되는)을 선택합니다. 실험을 통해 모든 이미지에이 비율을 적용합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Brun, R., Blum, J., Chappuis, F., Burri, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+African+trypanosomiasis.">Human African trypanosomiasis.</a> Lancet. 375 (9709), 148-159 (2010).</li><li>Rodgers, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypanosomiasis+and+the+brain.">Trypanosomiasis and the brain.</a> Parasitology. 137 (14), 1995-2006 (2010).</li><li>Barrett, M. P., Boykin, D. W., Brun, R., Tidwell, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+African+trypanosomiasis:+pharmacological+re-engagement+with+a+neglected+disease.">Human African trypanosomiasis: pharmacological re-engagement with a neglected disease.</a> Br. J. Pharmacol. 152 (8), 1155-1171 (2007).</li><li>Barrett, M. P., Vincent, I. M., Burchmore, R. J. S., Kazibwe, A. J. N., Matovu, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+resistance+in+human+African+trypanosomiasis.">Drug resistance in human African trypanosomiasis.</a> Future Microbiol. 6 (9), 1037-1047 (2011).</li><li>Jennings, F. W., Whitelaw, D. D., Urquhart, G. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+imaging.">Bioluminescence imaging.</a> Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2 (6), 537-540 (2005).</li><li>Burrell-Saward, H., Rodgers, J., Bradley, B., Croft, S. L., Ward, T. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+and+reproducible+in+vivo+imaging+mouse+model+for+evaluation+of+drugs+against+late-stage+human+African+trypanosomiasis.">A sensitive and reproducible in vivo imaging mouse model for evaluation of drugs against late-stage human African trypanosomiasis.</a> J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 70 (2), 510-517 (2015).</li><li>McLatchie, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+sensitive+in+vivo+imaging+of+Trypanosoma+brucei+expressing+'red-shifted'+luciferase.">Highly sensitive in vivo imaging of Trypanosoma brucei expressing 'red-shifted' luciferase.</a> PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 7 (11), e2571 (2013).</li><li>Jennings, F. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+African+trypanosomiasis:+potential+therapeutic+benefits+of+an+alternative+suramin+and+melarsoprol+regimen.">Human African trypanosomiasis: potential therapeutic benefits of an alternative suramin and melarsoprol regimen.</a> Parasitol. Int. 51 (4), 381-388 (2002).</li><li>Wiles, S., Robertson, B. D., Frankel, G., Kerton, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescent+monitoring+of+in+vivo+colonization+and+clearance+dynamics+by+light-emitting+bacteria.">Bioluminescent monitoring of in vivo colonization and clearance dynamics by light-emitting bacteria.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 574, 137-153 (2009).</li><li>Rodgers, J., Bradley, B., Kennedy, P. G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combination+chemotherapy+with+a+substance+P+receptor+antagonist+(aprepitant)+and+melarsoprol+in+a+mouse+model+of+human+African+trypanosomiasis.">Combination chemotherapy with a substance P receptor antagonist (aprepitant) and melarsoprol in a mouse model of human African trypanosomiasis.</a> Parasitol. Int. 56 (4), 321-324 (2007).</li><li>Kamerkar, S., Davis, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxoplasma+on+the+brain:+understanding+host-pathogen+interactions+in+chronic+CNS+infection.">Toxoplasma on the brain: understanding host-pathogen interactions in chronic CNS infection.</a> J. Parasitol. Res. 2012, 589295 (2012).</li><li>Franke-Fayard, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+malaria+parasite+sequestration:+CD36+is+the+major+receptor,+but+cerebral+pathology+is+unlinked+to+sequestration.">Murine malaria parasite sequestration: CD36 is the major receptor, but cerebral pathology is unlinked to sequestration.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (32), 11468-11473 (2005).</li><li>Hitziger, N., Dellacasa, I., Albiger, B., Barragan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissemination+of+Toxoplasma+gondii+to+immunoprivileged+organs+and+role+of+Toll/interleukin-1+receptor+signalling+for+host+resistance+assessed+by+in+vivo+bioluminescence+imaging.">Dissemination of Toxoplasma gondii to immunoprivileged organs and role of Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signalling for host resistance assessed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging.</a> Cell. Microbiol. 7 (6), 837-848 (2005).</li><li>Lewis, M. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescence+imaging+of+chronic+Trypanosoma+cruzi+infections+reveals+tissue-specific+parasite+dynamics+and+heart+disease+in+the+absence+of+locally+persistent+infection.">Bioluminescence imaging of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections reveals tissue-specific parasite dynamics and heart disease in the absence of locally persistent infection.</a> Cell. Microbiol. 16 (9), 1285-1300 (2014).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

생물 발광의 T. 개발 비. brucei GVR35 변형 후반 단계에 이른에서 트리파노소마 감염의 시각화 할 수 있습니다. 이전 감염 모델 기생충은 뇌에있는 경우 혈액 막 현미경에서 실시간으로, 말기를 검출 할 수 없었다 및 기생 부하 (12)를 결정하기 위해 감염된 마우스에서 뇌의 컬링 및 제거가 필요했다. 하나의 마우스 감염의 전체 및 모든 단계에서 관찰 할 수 감염의 빠른 질적 평가...

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is caused by the vector-borne protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma brucei spp1. Estimated numbers of current cases is fewer than 7 thousand every year with almost 70 million people exposed to the risk of the parasite infection within the African continent. The disease, which is most often lethal if left untreated, comprises an early hemolymphatic stage where parasites are present in the blood, progressing to the late stage when parasites invade the central nervous system (CNS) and are no longer susceptible to treatment by early stage trypanosomal drugs2. The current drug therapies for late-stage HAT have both complex, prolonged, treatment regimens and severe adverse effects as well as reported resistance, therefore research into new drug therapies is imperative3,4. 
The study of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) within traditional mouse models is lengthy and complex, with the removal of brain tissue being required to monitor parasitic burden5. The animal infective strain T. b. brucei is used as the study model of trypanosomiasis with the late stage appearing 21 days post infection (dpi). To monitor the wild type nonbioluminescent parasite infection in the mouse model, peripheral blood films or quantitative PCR are the only methods to determine parasite burden. For parasite burden in the brain, the mouse needs to be culled, brain excised and qPCR carried out on tissues, making it impossible to track parasites through multiple time points in the late stage infection. This results in the inability to follow real-time infections within the central nervous system (CNS). 
In vivo bioluminescence imaging (BLI) can provide highly sensitive, non-invasive detection of parasite dissemination and disease progression in a mouse model that can be followed in a single animal for the entirety of the experiment6. BLI is based on the emission of light in the visible spectrum produced by a luciferase-catalyzed reaction. The emitted photons are then detected by a charge coupled device (CCD) camera7. For this purpose, the pathogen is genetically modified to express a luciferase protein and the substrate, luciferin, is introduced at time points of interest by injection. The main advantage of this method is the ability to carry out longitudinal studies, in which the same animal can be imaged several times with minimal adverse effects. The acquired bioluminescence signal can be quantified, thus indicating the pathogen burden.
The optimization and validation of a red-shifted bioluminescent T. b. brucei has enabled the investigation of the late stage infection through non-invasive procedures, detecting parasites earlier than blood film microscopy and greatly reducing the time, cost and numbers of animals needed to study CNS infection and drug screening in late-stage trypanosomiasis8,9. In this protocol we demonstrate infection of mice with bioluminescent trypanosomes and how to then visualize the parasites in vivo for quantification of disease progression and CNS penetration.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="860">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">P4417</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">tablets pH 7.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">G8270</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">99.5% (molecular) grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">A9434</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">99.5% (molecular) grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Heparin (lithium salt)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">H0878</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:233px;">Hi-FCS</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Gibco, Life Technologies, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">10500-064</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D4031</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Sterile filtered</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Mr. Frosty</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Nalgene, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Giemsa</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">G5637</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="44" rowspan="2" style="height:44px;width:233px;">D-Luciferin</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Perkin Elmer, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">115144-35-9</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Diminazene aceturate</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">D7770</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">Analytical grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:233px;">IVIS Lumina II</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Perkin Elmer, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">other bioimagers available e.g. from Bruker, Kodak</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:233px;">Living Image v. 4.2</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Perkin Elmer, UK</td>
			<td style="width:155px;"></td>
			<td style="width:283px;">proprietary software for Perkin Elmer IVIS instruments; other instruments may have their own</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">1 ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific, UK</td>
			<td>10142104</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">20 ml syringe</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Fisher Scientific, UK</td>
			<td>10743785</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">25G Needles</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td>N2516</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">21G Needles</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Greiner Bio-one</td>
			<td>N2138</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">Twin-frosted microscope slide</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">VWR, UK</td>
			<td>631-0117</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">StarLab, UK</td>
			<td>I1415-1000</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:233px;">7 ml Bijou tube</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">StarLab, UK</td>
			<td>E1412-0710</td>
			<td style="width:283px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:233px;">Mouse restrainer</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Sigma, UK</td>
			<td>Z756903</td>
			<td style="width:283px;">our restrainer was made in-house, this is a similar model</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioluminescence imaging to detect late stage infection of african trypanosomiasis

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades the central nervous system (CNS). In vivo study of the late stage has been limited as traditional methodologies require the removal of the brain to determine the presence of the parasites.
Bioluminescence imaging is a non-invasive, highly sensitive form of optical imaging that enables the visualization of a luciferase-transfected pathogen in real-time. By using a transfected trypanosome strain that has the ability to produce late stage disease in mice we are able to study the kinetics of a CNS infection in a single animal throughout the course of infection, as well as observe the movement and dissemination of a systemic infection.
Here we describe a robust protocol to study CNS infections using a bioluminescence model of African trypanosomiasis, providing real time non-invasive observations which can be further analyzed with optional downstream approaches.

이 프로토콜은 T.와 마우스의 감염 다음 질병의 진행을 수행하는 방법을 보여줍니다 비. brucei는 인간의 아프리카 트리파노소마 증의 모델이. 그림 1 치료 및 이미징 단계의 시간표를 보여주는 실험 프로토콜의 타임 라인을 보여줍니다.이 주변 기생충을 정량하는 데 사용되는 고정 김사 묻은 혈액 도말 검사에서보기의 전형적인 필드?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

This manuscript describes the use of a bioluminescent strain of African trypanosomes to enable the tracking of late stage infection and demonstrates how in vivo live imaging can be used to visualize infections within the central nervous system in real-time.

생물 발광 영상은 아프리카 트리파노소마 증의 늦은 단계의 감염을 감지하는

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a multi-stage disease that manifests in two stages; an early blood stage and a late stage when the parasite invades ...

bioluminescence-imaging-to-detect-late-stage-infection-african

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

7.7K 조회수.  London School of Hygiene & Tropical Diseases. This manuscript describes the use of a bioluminescent strain of African trypanosomes to enable the tracking of late stage infection and demonstrates how in vivo live imaging can be used to visualize infections within the central nervous system in real-time.

비디오: Bioluminescence Imaging to Detect Late Stage Infection of African Trypanosomiasis

Comprehensive &amp; Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

We present the video about assisting anti-retroviral therapy (ART) by an apt laboratory service - representing a South-African role model for economical large scale diagnostic testing. In the low-income countries inexpensive ART has transformed the prospects for the survival of HIV seropositive patients but there are doubts whether there is a need for the laboratory monitoring of ART and at what costs - in situations when the overall quality of pathology services can still be very low. The appropriate answer is to establish economically sound services with better coordination and stricter internal quality assessment than seen in western countries. This video, photographed at location in the National Health Laboratory Services (NHLS-SA) at the Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa, provides such a coordinated scheme expanding the original 2-color CD4-CD45 PanLeucoGating strategy (PLG). Thus the six modules of the video presentation reveal the simplicity of a 4-color flow cytometric assay to combine haematological, immunological and virology-related tests in a single tube. These video modules are: (i) the set-up of instruments; (ii) sample preparations; (iii) testing absolute counts and monitoring quality for each sample by bead-count-rate; (iv) the heamatological CD45 test for white cell counts and differentials; (v) the CD4 counts, and (vi) the activation of CD8+ T cells measured by CD38 display, a viral load related parameter. The potential cost-savings are remarkable. This arrangement is a prime example for the feasibility of performing &gt; 800-1000 tests per day with a stricter quality control than that applied in western laboratories, and also with a transfer of technology to other laboratories within a NHLS-SA network. Expert advisors, laboratory managers and policy makers who carry the duty of making decisions about introducing modern medical technology are frequently not in a position to see the latest technical details as carried out in the large regional laboratories with huge burdens of workload. Hence this video shows details of these new developments.

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Anti-retroviral therapy to treat HIV/AIDS is monitored in South Africa on a large scale. Flow cytometry is combined for haematology (CD45), immunology (CD4) and viral-load linked CD38 assay. Recorded at NHLS-SA laboratories, Johannesburg, these modern methods are cost-efficient with heightened local internal quality control, serving as role-models for resource-limited diagnostics.

HIV / AIDS의 종합 및 비용 효과적인 실험실 감시 : 아프리카 역할 모델

We present the video about assisting anti-retroviral therapy (ART) by an apt laboratory service - representing a South-African role model for economical ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Bioluminescence Imaging of NADPH Oxidase Activity in Different Animal Models

NADPH oxidase is a critical enzyme that mediates antibacterial and antifungal host defense. In addition to its role in antimicrobial host defense, NADPH oxidase has critical signaling functions that modulate the inflammatory response 1. Thus, the development of a method to measure in "real-time" the kinetics of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS generation is expected to be a valuable research tool to understand mechanisms relevant to host defense, inflammation, and injury.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited disorder of the NADPH oxidase characterized by severe infections and excessive inflammation. Activation of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase requires translocation of its cytosolic subunits (p47phox, p67phox, and p40phox) and Rac to a membrane-bound flavocytochrome (composed of a gp91phox and p22phox heterodimer). Loss of function mutations in any of these NADPH oxidase components result in CGD. Similar to patients with CGD, gp91phox -deficient mice and p47phox-deficient mice have defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase activity and impaired host defense 2, 13. In addition to phagocytes, which contain the NADPH oxidase components described above, a variety of other cell types express different isoforms of NADPH oxidase.
Here, we describe a method to quantify ROS production in living mice and to delineate the contribution of NADPH oxidase to ROS generation in models of inflammation and injury. This method is based on ROS reacting with L-012 (an analogue of luminol) to emit luminescence that is recorded by a charge-coupled device (CCD). In the original description of the L-012 probe, L-012-dependent chemiluminescence was completely abolished by superoxide dismutase, indicating that the main ROS detected in this reaction was superoxide anion 14. Subsequent studies have shown that L-012 can detect other free radicals, including reactive nitrogen species 15, 16. Kielland et al. 16 showed that topical application of phorbol myristate acetate, a potent activator of NADPH oxidase, led to NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation that could be detected in mice using the luminescent probe L-012. In this model, they showed that L-012-dependent luminescence was abolished in p47phox-deficient mice.
We compared ROS generation in wildtype mice and NADPH oxidase-deficient p47phox-/- mice 2 in the following three models: 1) intratracheal administration of zymosan, a pro-inflammatory fungal cell wall-derived product that can activate NADPH oxidase; 2) cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a model of intra-abdominal sepsis with secondary acute lung inflammation and injury; and 3) oral carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a model of ROS-dependent hepatic injury. These models were specifically selected to evaluate NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation in the context of non-infectious inflammation, polymicrobial sepsis, and toxin-induced organ injury, respectively. Comparing bioluminescence in wildtype mice to p47phox-/- mice enables us to delineate the specific contribution of ROS generated by p47phox-containing NADPH oxidase to the bioluminescent signal in these models.
Bioluminescence imaging results that demonstrated increased ROS levels in wildtype mice compared to p47phox-/- mice indicated that NADPH oxidase is the major source of ROS generation in response to inflammatory stimuli. This method provides a minimally invasive approach for "real-time" monitoring of ROS generation during inflammation in vivo.

NADPH oxidase is the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in phagocytes. Because of the ephemeral nature of ROS, it is difficult to measure and monitor ROS levels in living animals. A minimally invasive method for serial quantification of ROS in living mice is described.

다른 동물 모델에서 NADPH 산화 효소 활동의 Bioluminescence 영상

NADPH oxidase is a critical enzyme that mediates antibacterial and antifungal host defense. In addition to its role in antimicrobial host defense, NADPH ...

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the &asymp;40% limit, the investigator usually keeps the percentage at around 10%. In many cases it is necessary to isolate the parasite-containing red blood cells (RBCs) from the uninfected ones, to enrich the culture and proceed with a given experiment. 
When P. falciparum infects the erythrocyte, the parasite degrades and feeds from haemoglobin 2, 3. However, the parasite must deal with a very toxic iron-containing haem moiety 4, 5. The parasite eludes its toxicity by transforming the haem into an inert crystal polymer called haemozoin 6, 7. This iron-containing molecule is stored in its food vacuole and the metal in it has an oxidative state which differs from the one in haem 8. The ferric state of iron in the haemozoin confers on it a paramagnetic property absent in uninfected erythrocytes. As the invading parasite reaches maturity, the content of haemozoin also increases 9, which bestows even more paramagnetism on the latest stages of P. falciparum inside the erythrocyte.
Based on this paramagnetic property, the latest stages of P. falciparum infected-red blood cells can be separated by passing the culture through a column containing magnetic beads. These beads become magnetic when the columns containing them are placed on a magnet holder. Infected RBCs, due to their paramagnetism, will then be trapped inside the column, while the flow-through will contain, for the most part, uninfected erythrocytes and those containing early stages of the parasite.
Here, we describe the methodology to enrich the population of late stage parasites with magnetic columns, which maintains good parasite viability 10. After performing this procedure, the unattached culture can be returned to an incubator to allow the remaining parasites to continue growing.

Separation of Plasmodium falciparum Late Stage-infected Erythrocytes by Magnetic Means

The paramagnetic properties of hemozoin are used to isolate late stages of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells growing in culture. The method is simple and fast and does not affect the subsequent invasive capabilities of the parasites.

의 분리<em&gt; Plasmodium falciparum</em자기 수단으로&gt; 늦은 단계에 감염된 적혈구

Unlike other Plasmodium species, P. falciparum can be cultured in the lab, which facilitates its study 1. While the parasitemia achieved can reach the ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

This protocol outlines the steps required to longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with integrated &mu;CT (DLIT-&mu;CT) and the subsequent use of this data to generate a four dimensional (4D) movie of the infection cycle. To develop the 4D infection movies and to validate the DLIT-&mu;CT imaging for bacterial infection studies using an IVIS Spectrum CT, we used infection with bioluminescent C. rodentium, which causes self-limiting colitis in mice. In this protocol, we outline the infection of mice with bioluminescent C. rodentium and non-invasive monitoring of colonization by daily DLIT-&mu;CT imaging and bacterial enumeration from feces for 8 days.
The use of the IVIS Spectrum CT facilitates seamless co-registration of optical and &mu;CT scans using a single imaging platform. The low dose &mu;CT modality enables the imaging of mice at multiple time points during infection, providing detailed anatomical localization of bioluminescent bacterial foci in 3D without causing artifacts from the cumulative radiation. Importantly, the 4D movies of infected mice provide a powerful analytical tool to monitor bacterial colonization dynamics in vivo.

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

Multi-modality imaging is a valuable approach for studying bacterial colonization in small animal models. This protocol outlines infection of mice with bioluminescent Citrobacter rodentium and the longitudinal monitoring of bacterial colonization using composite 3D diffuse light imaging tomography with &mu;CT imaging to create a 4D movie of C. rodentium infection.

의 4D 좌석 Multimodality 이미징<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em마우스에서&gt; 감염

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that distinguish acute and chronic inflammation in mouse models. With tissue damage or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first line of defense, playing a major role in mediating the acute inflammatory response. As the inflammatory reaction progresses, circulating monocytes gradually migrate into the site of injury and differentiate into mature macrophages, which mediate chronic inflammation and promote tissue repair by removing tissue debris and producing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Intraperitoneal injection of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, sodium salt) enables detection of acute inflammation largely mediated by tissue-infiltrating neutrophils. Luminol specifically reacts with the superoxide generated within the phagosomes of neutrophils since bioluminescence results from a myeloperoxidase (MPO) mediated reaction. Lucigenin (bis-N-methylacridinium nitrate) also reacts with superoxide in order to generate bioluminescence. However, lucigenin bioluminescence is independent of MPO and it solely relies on phagocyte NADPH oxidase (Phox) in macrophages during chronic inflammation. Together, luminol and lucigenin allow non-invasive visualization and longitudinal assessment of different phagocyte populations across both acute and chronic inflammatory phases. Given the important role of inflammation in a variety of human diseases, we believe this non-invasive imaging method can help investigate the differential roles of neutrophils and macrophages in a variety of pathological conditions.

In vivo Imaging Method to Distinguish Acute and Chronic Inflammation

We describe a non-invasive imaging method for distinguishing inflammatory stages. Systemic delivery of luminol reveals areas of acute inflammation dependent upon MPO activity in neutrophils. In contrast, injection of lucigenin allows for visualization of chronic inflammation dependent upon Phox activity in macrophages.

생체 내 이미징 방법에 급성 및 만성 염증을 구별하는

Inflammation is a fundamental aspect of many human diseases. In this video report, we demonstrate non-invasive bioluminescence imaging techniques that ...

Using Fluorescent Proteins to Monitor Glycosome Dynamics in the African Trypanosome

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in cattle1. The parasite alternates between the bloodstream of the mammalian host and the tsetse fly vector. The composition of many cellular organelles changes in response to these different extracellular conditions2-5.
Glycosomes are highly specialized peroxisomes in which many of the enzymes involved in glycolysis are compartmentalized. Glycosome composition changes in a developmental and environmentally regulated manner4-11. Currently, the most common techniques used to study glycosome dynamics are electron and fluorescence microscopy; techniques that are expensive, time and labor intensive, and not easily adapted to high throughput analyses.
To overcome these limitations, a fluorescent-glycosome reporter system in which enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) is fused to a peroxisome targeting sequence (PTS2), which directs the fusion protein to glycosomes12, has been established. Upon import of the PTS2eYFP fusion protein, glycosomes become fluorescent. Organelle degradation and recycling results in the loss of fluorescence that can be measured by flow cytometry. Large numbers of cells (5,000 cells/sec) can be analyzed in real-time without extensive sample preparation such as fixation and mounting. This method offers a rapid way of detecting changes in organelle composition in response to fluctuating environmental conditions.

Glycosome dynamics in African trypanosomes are difficult to study by traditional cell biology techniques such as electron and fluorescence microscopy. As a means of observing dynamic organelle behavior, a fluorescent-organelle reporter system has been used in conjunction with flow cytometry to monitor real-time glycosome dynamics in live parasites.

형광 단백질을 사용하면 아프리카 Trypanosome에서 Glycosome 역학을 모니터링하려면

Trypanosoma brucei is a kinetoplastid parasite that causes human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, and a wasting disease, nagana, in ...

Mouse Fetal Liver Culture System to Dissect Target Gene Functions at the Early and Late Stages of Terminal Erythropoiesis

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony forming units (CFU-Es). After CFU-Es, cells are morphologically recognizable and generally termed terminal erythroblasts. One of the challenges for the study of terminal erythropoiesis is the lack of experimental approaches to dissect gene functions in a chronological manner. In this protocol, we describe a unique strategy to determine gene functions in the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis. In this system, mouse fetal liver TER119 (mature erythroid cell marker) negative erythroblasts were purified and transduced with exogenous expression of cDNAs or small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) for the genes of interest. The cells were subsequently cultured in medium containing growth factors other than erythropoietin (Epo) to maintain their progenitor stage for 12 hr while allowing the exogenous cDNAs or shRNAs to express. The cells were changed to Epo medium after 12 hr to induce cell differentiation and proliferation while the exogenous genetic materials were already expressed. This protocol facilitates analysis of gene functions in the early stage of terminal erythropoiesis. To study late stage terminal erythropoiesis, cells were immediately cultured in Epo medium after transduction. In this way, the cells were already differentiated to the late stage of terminal erythropoiesis when the transduced genetic materials were expressed. We recommend a general application of this strategy that would help understand detailed gene functions in different stages of terminal erythropoiesis.

We present an in vitro mouse fetal liver erythroblast culture system that dissects the early and late stages of terminal erythropoiesis. This system facilitates functional analysis of specific genes in different developmental stages.

마우스 태아 간 문화 시스템은 터미널 적혈구의 초기와 후기 단계에서 대상 유전자의 기능을 해부하기

Erythropoiesis involves a dynamic process that begins with committed erythroid burst forming units (BFU-Es) followed by rapidly dividing erythroid colony ...

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to the frequent failure of traditional antibiotic treatments. Alternative therapeutics are urgently needed to tackle MDR bacteria.
An innovative non-antibiotic approach, antimicrobial blue light (aBL), has shown promising effectiveness against MDR infections. The mechanism of action of aBL is not yet well understood. It is commonly hypothesized that naturally occurring endogenous photosensitizing chromophores in bacteria (e.g., iron-free porphyrins, flavins, etc.) are excited by aBL, which in turn produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) through a photochemical process.
Unlike another light-based antimicrobial approach, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), aBL therapy does not require the involvement of an exogenous photosensitizer. All it needs to take effect is the irradiation of blue light; therefore, it is simple and inexpensive. The aBL receptors are the endogenous cellular photosensitizers in bacteria, rather than the DNA. Thus, aBL is believed to be much less genotoxic to host cells than ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation, which directly causes DNA damage in host cells.
In this paper, we present a protocol to assess the effectiveness of aBL therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in a mouse model of burn injury. By using an engineered bioluminescent strain, we were able to noninvasively monitor the extent of infection in real time in living animals. This technique is also an effective tool for monitoring the spatial distribution of infections in animals.

In Vivo Investigation of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy for Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Burn Infections Using Bioluminescence Imaging

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains have emerged as a serious threat to public health, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutics. We present a protocol to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy for MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infections in mouse burns by using bioluminescence imaging.

다제 내성 항 감염 블루 라이트 치료의 생체 조사에서 아시네 토 박터 바우 마니는 생물 발광 영상을 사용하여 감염을 굽기

Burn infections continue to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria has led to ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple condensation reactions. DHDDS (dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase) is a eukaryotic long-chain cis-PT (forming cis double bonds from the condensation reaction) that catalyzes chain elongation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, an allylic diphosphate) via multiple condensations with isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). DHDDS is of biomedical importance, as a non-conservative mutation (K42E) in the enzyme results in retinitis pigmentosa, ultimately leading to blindness. Therefore, the present protocol was developed in order to acquire large quantities of purified DHDDS, suitable for mechanistic studies. Here, the usage of protein fusion, optimized culture conditions and codon-optimization were used to allow the overexpression and purification of functionally active human DHDDS in E. coli. The described protocol is simple, cost-effective and time sparing. The homology of cis-PT among different species suggests that this protocol may be applied for other eukaryotic cis-PT as well, such as those involved in natural rubber synthesis.

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

A simple protocol for overexpression and purification of codon-optimized, human cis-prenyltransferase, under non-denaturing conditions, from Escherichia coli, is described, along with an enzymatic activity assay. This protocol can be generalized for production of other cis- prenyltransferase proteins in quantity and quality suitable for mechanistic studies.

인간의 과발현과 정제<em&gt; 시스</em&gt; - 프레 닐 트랜스퍼 라제<em&gt; 대장균</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers (Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns)

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is the best method for diagnosis of first stage HAT and furthermore this parasite purification method permits serological and research investigations.
HAT is caused by Tsetse fly transmitted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense. Related trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal trypanosomiasis. Trypanosome detection is essential for HAT diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The technique described here is the most sensitive parasite detection technique, adapted to field conditions for the diagnosis of T. b. gambiense HAT and can be completed within one hour. Blood is layered onto an anion-exchanger column (DEAE cellulose) previously adjusted to pH 8, and elution buffer is added. Highly negatively charged blood cells are adsorbed onto the column whereas the less negatively charged trypanosomes pass through. Collected trypanosomes are pelleted by centrifugation and observed by microscopy. Moreover, parasites are prepared without cellular damage whilst maintaining their infectivity.
Purified trypanosomes are required for immunological testing; they are used in the trypanolysis assay, the gold standard in HAT serology. Stained parasites are utilized in the card agglutination test (CATT) for field serology. Antigens from purified trypanosomes, such as variant surface glycoprotein, exoantigens, are also used in various immunoassays. The procedure described here is designed for African trypanosomes; consequently, chromatography conditions have to be adapted to each trypanosome strain, and more generally, to the blood of each species of host mammal.
These fascinating pathogens are easily purified and available to use in biochemical, molecular and cell biology studies including co-culture with host cells to investigate host-parasite relationships at the level of membrane receptors, signaling, and gene expression; drug testing in vitro; investigation of gene deletion, mutation, or overexpression on metabolic processes, cytoskeletal biogenesis and parasite survival.

Purification of Extracellular Trypanosomes, Including African, from Blood by Anion-Exchangers Diethylaminoethyl-cellulose Columns

This method of trypanosome separation from blood depends on their surface charge being less negative than mammalian blood cells. Infected blood is placed and treated on an anion-exchanger column. This method, the most fitting diagnostic for African trypanosomiasis, provides purified parasites for immunological, biological, biochemical, pharmaceutical and molecular biology investigations.

음이온 교환기 (Diethylaminoethyl-셀 루 로스 열)에 의해 혈액에서 아프리카를 포함 한 세포 외 Trypanosomes의 정화

This method allows the separation of trypanosomes, parasites responsible for animal and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), from infected blood. This is ...