Name: synthesis of wavelength-shifting dna hybridization probes by using photostable cyanine dyes
Uploaded: 2016-07-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes at JoVE.com

Financial support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, Wa 1386/17-1), the Research Training Group GRK 2039 (funded by DFG) and KIT is gratefully acknowledged.

Caution: Please consult all relevant material safety data sheets (MSDS) before use. Several of the chemicals used in these syntheses are toxic and carcinogenic. Please use all appropriate safety practices that are typically required in organic chemistry laboratories, such as wearing a laboratory coat, safety glasses and gloves.
1. Synthesis of the Dyes
Note: Both dyes can be synthesized by the same types of reaction. Figure 2 shows an overview of thes...

<ol>
	<li>Kobayashi, H., Ogawa, M., Alford, R., Choyke, P. L., Urano, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+strategies+for+fluorescent+probe+design+in+medical+diagnostic+imaging.">New strategies for fluorescent probe design in medical diagnostic imaging.</a> Chem Rev. 110 (5), 2620-2640 (2010).</li><li>Berezin, M. Y., Achilefu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+Lifetime+Measurements+and+Biological+Imaging.">Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements and Biological Imaging.</a> Chem. Rev. 110 (5), 2641-2684 (2010).</li><li>Lee, J. S., Vendrell, M., Chang, Y. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity-oriented+optical+imaging+probe+development.">Diversity-oriented optical imaging probe development.</a> Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 15 (6), 760-767 (2011).</li><li>Tyagi, S., Bratu, D. P., Kramer, F. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multicolor+molecular+beacons+for+allele+discrimination.">Multicolor molecular beacons for allele discrimination.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 16 (1), 49-53 (1998).</li><li>Holzhauser, C., Wagenknecht, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=#34;DNA+Traffic+Lights&amp;#34;:+Concept+of+Wavelength-Shifting+DNA+Probes+and+Application+in+an+Aptasensor.">#34;DNA Traffic Lights&amp;#34;: Concept of Wavelength-Shifting DNA Probes and Application in an Aptasensor.</a> ChemBioChem. 13 (8), 1136-1138 (2012).</li><li>Holzhauser, C., Wagenknecht, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+and+RNA+&amp;#34;Traffic+Lights&amp;#34;:+Synthetic+Wavelength-Shifting+Fluorescent+Probes+Based+on+Nucleic+Acid+Base+Substitutes+for+Molecular+Imaging.">DNA and RNA &amp;#34;Traffic Lights&amp;#34;: Synthetic Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Probes Based on Nucleic Acid Base Substitutes for Molecular Imaging.</a> J. Org. Chem. 78 (15), 7373-7379 (2013).</li><li>Berndl, S., Wagenknecht, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+Color+Readout+of+DNA+Hybridization+with+Thiazole+Orange+as+an+Artificial+DNA+Base.">Fluorescent Color Readout of DNA Hybridization with Thiazole Orange as an Artificial DNA Base.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48 (13), 2418-2421 (2009).</li><li>Bohl&#228;nder, P. R., Wagenknecht, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+a+Photostable+Energy-Transfer+Pair+for+&amp;#34;DNA+Traffic+Lights&amp;#34.">Synthesis of a Photostable Energy-Transfer Pair for &amp;#34;DNA Traffic Lights&amp;#34.</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. 34, 7547-7551 (2014).</li><li>Walter, H. K., Bohl&#228;nder, P. R., Wagenknecht, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+Wavelength-Shifting+Fluorescent+Module+for+the+Adenosine+Aptamer+Using+Photostable+Cyanine+Dyes.">Development of a Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent Module for the Adenosine Aptamer Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes.</a> ChemistryOpen. 4 (2), 92-96 (2015).</li><li>Gierlich, J., Burley, G. A., Gramlicj, P. M. E., Hammond, D. M., Carell, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Click+chemistry+as+a+reliable+method+for+the+high-density+postsynthetic+functionalization+of+alkyne-modified+DNA.">Click chemistry as a reliable method for the high-density postsynthetic functionalization of alkyne-modified DNA.</a> Org. Lett. 8 (17), 3639-3642 (2006).</li><li>Matteucci, M. D., Caruthers, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+deoxyoligonucleotides+on+a+polymer+support.">Synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides on a polymer support.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103 (11), 3185-3191 (1981).</li><li>Fasman, G. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 1: Nucleic Acids. , 589 (1975).</li><li>Puglisi, J. D., Tinoco, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Absorbance+melting+curves+of+RNA.">Absorbance melting curves of RNA.</a> Meth. Enzymol. 180, 304-325 (1989).</li><li>Johansson, M. K., Fidder, H., Dick, D., Cook, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intramolecular+Dimers:+A+New+Strategy+to+Fluorescence+Quenching+in+Dual-Labeled+Oligonucleotide+Probes.">Intramolecular Dimers: A New Strategy to Fluorescence Quenching in Dual-Labeled Oligonucleotide Probes.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 6950-6956 (2002).</li><li>Barrois, S., W&#246;rner, S., Wagenknecht, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Role+of+Duplex+Stability+for+Wavelength-Shifting+Fluorescent+DNA+Probes:+Energy+Transfer+vs+Excition+Interactions+in+DNA+&amp;#34;Traffic+Lights&amp;#34;,+Photochem.">The Role of Duplex Stability for Wavelength-Shifting Fluorescent DNA Probes: Energy Transfer vs Excition Interactions in DNA &amp;#34;Traffic Lights&amp;#34;, Photochem.</a> Photobiol. Sci. 13, 1126-1129 (2014).</li></ol>

This protocol shows the complete procedure to label DNA post-synthetically via CuAAC by azide-modified fluorescent dyes. This includes the synthesis of the dyes and the alkyne-modified DNA as well as the labeling procedure.
The synthesis of the dyes follows four steps. All products can be obtained by a rather simple precipitation due to their positive charge and no time consuming column chromatography is needed. The introduction of the azide functionalities before the central coupling steps sh...

Molecular imaging represents a fundamental technique for understanding biological processes within living cells.1-3 The development of fluorescent nucleic acid based probes for such chemical-biological applications has become an expanding research field. These fluorescent probes need to meet a few requirements to become suitable tools for cell imaging. Firstly, the applied dyes should exhibit fluorescence with high quantum yields, large Stokes&#39; shifts and, most importantly, high photostabilities to allow long-term in vivo imaging. And secondly, they should show a reliable fluorescence readout. Conventional chromophore-quencher-systems are based on the readout of a single fluorescence color by simple changes in fluorescence intensities.4 This approach bears the risk of false positive or false negative results due to autofluorescence of intracellular components or low signal-to-noise ratios due to undesired quenching by other components.4
We recently reported on the concept of &#34;DNA traffic lights&#34; that show dual fluorescence color readouts by using two different chromophores.5-6 The concept is based on the energy transfer (ET) from the donor dye to the acceptor dye which changes the fluorescence color (see Figure 1). This allows a more reliable readout and thereby provides a powerful tool for fluorescent imaging probes. Labelling of oligonucleotides with fluorescent dyes can be achieved by two different approaches. Dyes can be incorporated during the chemical DNA synthesis on a solid phase by using correspondingly modified phosphoramidite building blocks.7 This method is limited to dyes that are stable under standard phosphoramidite and deprotection conditions. As an alternative, post-synthetic modification methodologies were established in oligonucleotide chemistry. Here, we demonstrate the synthesis of one of our new photostable energy transfer pairs8,9 and the post-synthetic labelling of DNA by using copper-catalyzed 1,3-cycloaddition between azides and alkynes (CuAAC).10

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="885">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:409px;">synthesis</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:132px;"></td>
			<td style="width:164px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4-Picoline</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>239615</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1,3-Diiodopropane</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>238414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10660131</td>
			<td>HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10456870</td>
			<td>technical grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>71290</td>
			<td>p.a. grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10626642</td>
			<td>technical grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Indole-3-carboxaldehyde; 98%</td>
			<td>ABCR</td>
			<td>AB112969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Potassium carbonate, 99+%</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>424081000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">dimethylcarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>517127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">N,N-Dimethylformamide, 99.8%, Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>348435000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium sulfate</td>
			<td>Bernd Kraft</td>
			<td>12623.46</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol, 99.5%</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>397690010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Piperidine, 99%</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>147181000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Diethylether</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10407830</td>
			<td>technical grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2-Phenylindole-3-carboxaldehyde; 97%</td>
			<td>ABCR</td>
			<td>AB125050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4-Methylquinoline</td>
			<td>ABCR</td>
			<td>AB117222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DNA synthesis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Expedite 8909 Nucleic Acid Synthesizer</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMT-dA(bz) Phosphoramidite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A111081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMT-dT Phosphoramidite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T111081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMT-dG(dmf) Phosphoramidite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G11508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMT-dC(bz) Phosphoramidite</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>C11108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Amidite Diluent for DNA synthesis</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L010010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ultrapure Acetonitrile for DNA synthesis</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L010400</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cap A</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L840000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cap B</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>L850000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CPG dT Column 1.0 &#181;mole</td>
			<td>Proligo Reagents</td>
			<td>T461010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CPG dA(bz) Column 1.0 &#181;mole</td>
			<td>Proligo Reagents</td>
			<td>A461010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CPG dG(ib) Column 1.0 &#181;mole</td>
			<td>Proligo Reagents</td>
			<td>G461010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CPG dC(bz) Column 1.0 &#181;mole</td>
			<td>Proligo Reagents</td>
			<td>C461010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ammonia (aqueous solution)&#160;</td>
			<td>Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td>318612</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">centrifugal devices nanosep 0.45 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Pall</td>
			<td>ODGHPC34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-(Benzylthio)-1H-tetrazole (Activator)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>75666</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">2&#39;-O-propargyl deoxyuridinephosphoramidite</td>
			<td>Chem Genes</td>
			<td>ANP-7754</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">workup</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">vacuum concentrator</td>
			<td>Christ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">clicking procedure</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>346276</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">(+)-Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7631</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EDTA disodium salt</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">TBTA-ligand</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>&#160;-</td>
			<td>synthesized according to a literature procedure [1]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HPLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HPLC-system</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MALDI-Biflex-IV spectrometer</td>
			<td>Bruker Daltonics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LC-318 C18 column</td>
			<td>Supelcosil via Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>58368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">determination of concentration</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">ND 1000 Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>nanodrop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">sample preparation and spectroscopy</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cary 100 Bio</td>
			<td>Varian</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluoromax-3 fluorimeter</td>
			<td>Jobin-Yvon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:409px;">[1] R. Chan Timothy, R. Hilgraf, K. B. Sharpless, V. Fokin Valery, Org Lett 2004, 6, 2853-2855.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of wavelength-shifting dna hybridization probes by using photostable cyanine dyes

In this protocol, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of 2&#39;-alkyne modified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands by automated solid phase synthesis using standard phosphoramidite chemistry. Oligonucleotides are post-synthetically labeled by two new photostable cyanine dyes using copper-catalyzed click-chemistry. The synthesis of both donor and acceptor dye is described and is performed in three consecutive steps. With the DNA as the surrounding architecture, these two dyes undergo an energy transfer when they are brought into close proximity by hybridization. Therefore, annealing of two single stranded DNA strands is visualized by a change of fluorescence color. This color change is characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy but can also be directly observed by using a handheld ultraviolet (UV) lamp. The concept of a dual fluorescence color readout makes these oligonucleotide probes excellent tools for molecular imaging especially when the described photostable dyes are used. Thereby, photobleaching of the imaging probes is prevented, and biological processes can be observed in real time for a longer time period.

Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the single and double stranded DNA are recorded as shown in Figure 4.
The recorded absorption spectra (Figure 4 right) show absorption maxima &#955;max at 465 nm for single-stranded DNA1 (dye 1) and 546 nm for single-stranded DNA2 (dye 2). The annealed DNA1_2 (dye 1 &#38; dye 2) shows maxima at both 469 nm and 567 nm. Both absorption maxima show ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Wavelength-shifting DNA Hybridization Probes by Using Photostable Cyanine Dyes

Photostable cyanine dyes are attached to oligonucleotides to monitor hybridization by energy transfer.

In this protocol, we demonstrate a method for the synthesis of 2&#39;-alkyne modified deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands by automated solid phase ...

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Alkynes

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High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

High-throughput Physical Mapping of Chromosomes using Automated in situ Hybridization

Projects to obtain whole-genome sequences for 10,000 vertebrate species1 and for 5,000 insect and related arthropod species2 are expected to take place ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for  analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations  of the technique have been ...

Real-time Imaging of Single Engineered RNA Transcripts in Living Cells Using Ratiometric Bimolecular Beacons

The growing realization that both the temporal and spatial regulation of gene expression can have important consequences on cell function has led to the ...

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Bending of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is associated with many important biological processes such as DNA-protein recognition and DNA packaging into ...