The authors had no funding provided for this study.

샘플 홀더 1. 건설 <ol><li> M3 육각 너트 장소에서 개최 스테인레스 스틸 스페이서와 M3 스테인레스 스틸 나사 나사에서 샘플 홀더를 구축합니다. </li><li> 집게를 사용하여 나사의 나사 머리를 제거한 나사 패턴을 유지하기 위해 절단 세그먼트 연마. </li><li> 모든 개별 구성 요소가 준비가되면, 전극 홀더를 조립한다. 각 전극 홀더는 11.5 cm 핸들의 결과로 M3 나사에 의해 함께 결합 세 개의 스페이서가 포함되어 있습니다. 연결을 고정하는 나사와 스페이서의 교차점에있는 육각 너트를 놓습니다. </li><li> 솔더 (60 / 40 % 주석 / 납)로드의 단부에 나사 상 이가 악어 클립. 이것은 나중에 분석 중에 전극을 부착하는 회사 보류를 보장합니다. </li><li> 전극 홀더가 조립되면, 부식 챔버에 침지 동안의 부식 스테인레스 봉을 방지하기 위해 정지 오프 래커 (전기 밀봉재)의 다수의 코트를 적용한다. <ol><li> 코팅 전에 흄 후드에 악어 클립에 부착 된 샘플 모든 전극 홀더를 배치합니다. 흄 후드로 20 ML의 주사기를 놓습니다. 정지 - 오프 래커를 수집하기 위해 주사기를 사용합니다. </li><li> 흄 후드를 켜고 작은 유리 항아리에 정지 오프 옻칠을 붓는다. 주사기와 코트에 전극 홀더의 표면을 정지 오프 칠기 10 ㎖를 당깁니다. 부식 분석 할 것입니다 테스트 샘플을 커버하지 않도록합니다. </li><li> 흄 후드의 각 전극 홀더와 장소의 코트 절반은 나머지 절반을 코팅하기 전에 건조합니다. 이 도포 영역에 손상을주지 않고 전체 잘 밀봉 코팅을 구하는 것을 도울 것이다. 이 적용된 코트를 파괴하므로 건조 단계에서, 새롭게 코팅 된 지역이 다른 표면에 접촉하지 않도록해야합니다. </li><li> 어떤면에 더 접촉으로 건조 중에 높은 위치에 전극 홀더를 배치합니다. 코트 인해 중지 오프 칠기의 빠른 응고에 신속 전극.이것은 첫 번째 레이어를 완료합니다. </li><li> 건조되면 전체 영역에 따라 3 코트를 얻기위한 과정을 반복한다. </li></ol></li><li> 부식 실행을 시작하기 전에, 마지막 코트의 완료 후 24 시간 동안 건조 홀더를 둡니다. 모든 코팅 공정은 가속 / 경화 공정을 감속 수 있지만 RT에서 어떠한 가열 또는 냉각 단계가 필요하지 않다 일어난다. </li><li> 패러데이 케이지 만들기 <ol><li> 모든 측면을 커버하도록 알루미늄 박의 4 층으로 동일한 크기의 두 개의 플라스틱 용기를 도포하여 패러데이 구축. </li><li> 통과 질소 탱크 텐쇼에 전극 접속 및 질소 라인을 허용하도록 상부 플라스틱 용기의 가장자리에있는 두 개의 작은 구멍을 잘라. 패러데이 케이지 분할 설계는 상부 컴포넌트는 탱크 하우징 하부를 교체 할 필요없이 실행의 끝 부분에서 제거 될 수있다. </li><li> 패러데이 케이지에 외부 구획 (물 챔버)를 장착한다. LEAV부식 용기 (이후의 절차에서) 밀봉되어있는 경우에만 상기 하부 구획의 상단 측과 장소 후반으로 전자. </li></ol></li></ol> 유리 2. 청소 <ol><li> 모든 부식 실행하기 전에 부식 용기 (700 ml의 원통형 플라스크)를 청소합니다. 가정용 세제로 용기를 스크럽 수돗물로 깨끗이 씻어냅니다. 이 단계를 3 번​​ 반복합니다. </li><li> 수돗물 검색된 잠재적 오염물을 제거하기 위해 부식성 용기를 탈 이온수 (DI) 물로 3 회 헹군다. </li><li> 일단 완료 DI 물로 세정하여 부식 용기에 95 % 에탄올 300 ㎖에 붓고 모든 내부 표면과 접촉하는 주위 소용돌이 친다. 에탄올을 붓고이 과정을 3 회 반복한다. </li><li> 30 분 에탄올의 모든 완전히 증발 할 수 있도록하기위한 연기 - 후드 부식 용기를 남겨주세요. </li><li> 깨끗하고 건조 부식 용기를 가지고 부식 실행에 사용되는 전해질로 씻어. 전자의 경우ACH 전해액 200㎖의 부식 용기 충전 헹구고이 과정을 3 회 반복한다. 본 연구를 위해, 포스페이트 완충 염수 (PBS)로 부식 용기 헹군다. PBS를 통해 사용 (10 L) 전해질의 화학 메이크업 80 g의 NaCl, 11.5 g HPO 4, 2 g의 KCl을 2 g KHPO 4 2 나입니다. </li><li> 린스 후, 반응에 대한 준비가 PBS의 필요한 양을 가진 부식 용기를 입력합니다. </li></ol> 장치 3. 설정 <ol><li> 클램프를 사용하여 외부 실의 측면에 붙박이 순환 시스템과 히터를 조인다. 외측 구획의 크기는 약 30cm X 20cm X 20cm 및 하우징 작은 부식 용기 가열 시스템을 가능하게하는 유리 또는 폴리머로 제조하거나 할 필요가있다. </li><li> 수위가 부식 용기 내의 부유 전극의 높이보다 높을 때까지 수돗물 외 구획 채운다. 작은 구획부식 용기 (이전 2 항에서 기술)이다. </li><li> 유리 반응 뚜껑 부식 용기를 밀봉 방수 시일을 보장하도록 클램프. 챔버의 뚜껑은 실험 및 측정 장치의 여섯 진입 점을 제공한다. </li><li> 부식 셀 내 온도 판독을 제공하도록 반응 뚜껑의 엔트리 포인트 중 하나 온도계 일시. 다른 3 엔트리 포인트를 이용하여 상기 덮개의 모든 세 개의 전극을 정지. 각 연결의 봉인을 확보하기 위해 폴리 테트라 플루오로 에틸렌 (PTFE) 테이프를 사용합니다. </li><li> 3 전극 구성에 대한 참조 카운터로 구성하고, 작업 전극을 사용한다. 작동 전극은 스테인리스 나사 (분석중인 시험편)이다. 80 % 에탄올 PBS 100 ㎖로 채워진 유리 비커에 닦아 장소 젖과 부식 용기에 전극을 삽입하기 전에 닦아주십시오. </li><li> 전극 멜빵에 전극 홀더를 연결하는 연결 핀을 사용합니다. electrod를 장착부식 용기의 뚜껑의 엔트리 포인트에 E 멜빵. </li><li> 카운터 및 참조 전극이 양쪽에서 일시 중단과 중앙 작동 전극을 배치합니다. 유리 진입 점 및 PTFE 테이프를 사용하여 부식 멜빵을 밀봉합니다. </li><li> 기준 전극 용 표준의 Ag / AgCl로를 사용한다. 상대 전극의 경우, 시험 (작동 전극)에서 시편 주위에 포장하는 느슨하게 구부러진했다 백금 메쉬를 사용합니다. </li><li> 피펫을 사용하여 3 M의 KCl과의 Ag / AgCl을 전극을 입력합니다. 광범위한 사용, 변화를 다음과의 Ag 자세 / CL 리필. 작은 유리 수집 용기 (비이커)로 유체를 비우이 릴리스를 전극의 끝 부분을 수행합니다. 모든 솔루션이 제거되면 끝을 삽입하고 3 M KCl을 채우기. </li><li> 전체 챔버가 밀봉되어 있는지 확인하기 위해 모든 접합 테이프를 사용합니다. </li><li> 챔버가 부식 용기 내부에 배치하는 모든 전극으로 밀봉 한 후에 37 ° C의 온도로 설정하고, 질소 밸브를 열고 재치HA 3 150cm / 분의 유량. 실행을 수행하기 전에 60 분 동안 온도와 질소 실행을 둡니다. 실험 기간 동안 질소을 실행 상태로 유지. </li></ol> 4. 부식 테스트 실행 <ol><li> 의 USB 제어 텐쇼와 인터페이스 전기 소프트웨어 패키지를 엽니 다. </li><li> 전기 텐쇼 사이의 연결과 3 전극을 확인하고 다음에 텐쇼을 켭니다. </li><li> 열기 및 부식 환경의 잠재력과 현재의 측정 값을 볼 수있는 &quot;측정보기&quot;를 사용합니다. 더 램프 전위가 아직 작동 (양의 전위)와 카운터 사이의 전류 판독을인가되지 않는 개방 회로 전위 (OCP) 단계 (음극) 전극 주위 (0 ± 0.01) μA이다. PTFE 테이프와 상기 챔버의 부적절한 밀봉 인해 챔버는 산소 분자를 제거하기 위해 질소 가스로 통기되는 현재 판독 변동을 일으킬 수있다. </li><li> 떠나평형 및 부식 혈관 환경에서 안정 샘플링. 이에 대한 지속 시간은 다양 (1 시간 6)과 재료에 따라 달라집니다. 안정 상태에 도달 여부를 결정하기 위해 측정보기를 사용 가능성을 모니터링합니다. 안정된 상태에 도달하면 전위는 변동없이 일정하게 될 것이다. </li><li> 안정 상태에 도달 한 후, 부식 실행을 시작합니다. 이 작업을 수행 할 수 있습니다 전에 그러나, &quot;부식 프로그램&quot;과 &quot;순환 전압 전류 법 (CV)&quot;분석 소프트웨어가 제공하는 골격 템플릿을 사용하여 조건을 입력합니다. </li><li> 절차 탭에서 설정보기 내에서 순환 전압 전류 텐쇼 절차를 선택합니다. </li><li> 부식 실행을위한 전극 (WE) 잠재적, 현재 작업 시간 : 부식 실행에 대해 샘플링 할 수있는 다음과 같은 매개 변수를 사용합니다. </li><li> 현재 범위를 자동화 할 수있는 옵션을 선택합니다. mA, 상기 R에서 가장 낮은 전류를 10 일의 범위로 높은 전류를 설정플랜지는 우리 10 nA의 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마지막 컷 - 오프 선택은 히스테리시스 루프를 완료 할 수 있도록 0.8 MV에 &#39;사이클 다시&#39;매개 변수를 설정하여 잠재적 통해 제어되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> OCP를 매개 변수 텍스트 상자에 측정보기에서 OCP를 기록합니다. 기록 된 OCP 값 아래 시작 잠재적 100 MV를 설정합니다. 800 MV, 시작 잠재력과 낮은 정점 잠재적 아래 100 MV에 정지 잠재적 아래 100 MV로 낮은 정점 상부 정점 잠재력을 설정합니다. 0.001 V / 초의 스캔 속도 및 0.0024 V / 초 단계 잠재력을 설정합니다. 이제를 눌러 시작합니다. </li></ol> 부식 실행 종료 후에 제 주 : 부식 완성 편광 스캔 소프트웨어의 분석 뷰 내에 도시되어 실행 한 후. 각 편광를 들어 발표자보기는 OCP, 로그 (I) 대 E의 플롯이다 t 대 E의 음모와 CV 계단을 나열 실행합니다. <ol><li> 각 플롯 리터 이내잉크는 내부 데이터 포인트의 여과, Tafel 외삽 및 플롯 옵션을 결정합니다. 집합 전기 화학적 매개 변수를 형성 관심의 다양한 매개 변수를 표시하기 위해 제시 각 링크를 확장합니다. 편광 스캔 (잠재적 인 대 전류 밀도), 개방 회로 전위, 전위 (E 구덩이를) 내공과 보호 전위 (E 프로)를 결정한다. </li><li> Tafel 기울기 링크를 사용하여 부식 속도 하에서 양극 및 음극 Tafel 상수 부식 속도, 부식 전류 부식 전류 밀도 시작 전위 및 최종 전위를 집계. </li></ol> 6. 전극 홀더에서 샘플을 제거 <ol><li> 흄 후드에서 디클로로 메탄 50 ㎖의 3 작은 항아리를 준비합니다. </li><li> 흄 후드 안쪽을 30 분 동안 디클로로 메탄 홀더의 하단을 침지하여 상기 전극 홀더로부터 테스트 샘플을 제거한다. </li><li> 분리 된 후, 다음의 용기에 시료를 배치디클로로 메탄은 15 분 동안 둡니다. 샘플의 부착 부분에 초과 코팅 없애 세 번째이자 마지막 헹굼과 함께이 과정을 반복합니다. </li><li> 클립 및 샘플에서 나머지 밀봉 제를 닦아 마침내 DI의 물로 씻어. </li></ol>

<ol>
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M., Wilkinson, J. M., Ferner, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+toxicity+related+to+metal+hip+prostheses.">Systemic toxicity related to metal hip prostheses.</a> Clin Toxicol (Phila). 52 (8), 837-847 (2014).</li><li>Davda, K., Lali, F. V., Sampson, B., Skinner, J. A., Hart, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+metal+ion+levels+in+the+joint+fluid+of+symptomatic+patients+with+metal-on-metal+hip+replacements.">An analysis of metal ion levels in the joint fluid of symptomatic patients with metal-on-metal hip replacements.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 93 (6), 738-745 (2011).</li><li>Clarke, M. T., Lee, P. T., Arora, A., Villar, R. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Levels+of+metal+ions+after+small+and+large+diameter+metal-on-metal+hip+arthroplasty.">Levels of metal ions after small and large diameter metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 85 (6), 913-917 (2003).</li><li>Brown, S. A., Hughes, P. J., Merritt, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+studies+of+fretting+corrosion+of+orthopaedic+materials.">In vitro studies of fretting corrosion of orthopaedic materials.</a> J Orthop Res. 6 (4), 572-579 (1988).</li><li>Bryant, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+the+surface+topography,+tomography+and+chemistry+of+fretting+corrosion+product+found+on+retrieved+polished+femoral+stems.">Characterisation of the surface topography, tomography and chemistry of fretting corrosion product found on retrieved polished femoral stems.</a> J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 32, 321-334 (2014).</li><li>Jantzen, C., J&#248;rgensen, H. L., Duus, B. R., Sporring, S. L., Lauritzen, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromium+and+cobalt+ion+concentrations+in+blood+and+serum+following+various+types+of+metal-on-metal+hip+arthroplasties.+A+literature+review.">Chromium and cobalt ion concentrations in blood and serum following various types of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties. A literature review.</a> Acta Orthopaedica. 84 (3), 229-236 (2013).</li><li>Campbell, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+Features+of+Pseudotumor-like+Tissues+From+Metal-on-Metal+Hips.">Histological Features of Pseudotumor-like Tissues From Metal-on-Metal Hips.</a> Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 468 (9), 2321-2327 (2010).</li><li>Cook, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+in+vivo+performance+of+250+internal+fixation+devices:+a+follow-up+study.">The in vivo performance of 250 internal fixation devices: a follow-up study.</a> Biomaterials. 8 (3), 177-184 (1987).</li><li>Cooper, H. J., Urban, R. M., Wixson, R. L., Meneghini, R. M., Jacobs, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adverse+local+tissue+reaction+arising+from+corrosion+at+the+femoral+neck-body+junction+in+a+dual-taper+stem+with+a+cobalt-chromium+modular+neck.">Adverse local tissue reaction arising from corrosion at the femoral neck-body junction in a dual-taper stem with a cobalt-chromium modular neck.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Am. 95 (10), 865-872 (2013).</li><li>Langton, D. J., Sprowson, A. P., Joyce, T. J., Reed, M., Carluke, I., Partington, P., Nargol, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+metal+ion+concentrations+after+hip+resurfacing+arthroplasty.">Blood metal ion concentrations after hip resurfacing arthroplasty.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 91 (10), 1287-1295 (2009).</li><li>Langton, D. J., Jameson, S. S., Joyce, T. J., Webb, J., Nargol, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+component+size+and+orientation+on+the+concentrations+of+metal+ions+after+resurfacing+arthroplasty+of+the+hip.">The effect of component size and orientation on the concentrations of metal ions after resurfacing arthroplasty of the hip.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90 (9), 1143-1151 (2008).</li><li>Daniel, J., Ziaee, H., Pradhan, C., McMinn, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Six-year+results+of+a+prospective+study+of+metal+ion+levels+in+young+patients+with+metal-on-metal+hip+resurfacings.">Six-year results of a prospective study of metal ion levels in young patients with metal-on-metal hip resurfacings.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 91 (2), 176-179 (2009).</li><li>De Haan, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+between+inclination+of+the+acetabular+component+and+metal+ion+levels+in+metal-on-metal+hip+resurfacing+replacement.">Correlation between inclination of the acetabular component and metal ion levels in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing replacement.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 90 (10), 1291-1297 (2008).</li><li>Dijkman, M. A., de Vries, I., Mulder-Spijkerboer, H., Meulenbelt, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cobalt+poisoning+due+to+metal-on-metal+hip+implants.">Cobalt poisoning due to metal-on-metal hip implants.</a> Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 156 (42), A4983 (2012).</li><li>Fisher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioengineering+reasons+for+the+failure+of+metal-on-metal+hip+prostheses:+an+engineer's+perspective.">Bioengineering reasons for the failure of metal-on-metal hip prostheses: an engineer's perspective.</a> J Bone Joint Surg Br. 93 (8), 1001-1004 (2011).</li><li>Goldberg, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Multicenter+Retrieval+Study+of+the+Taper+Interfaces+of+Modular+Hip+Prostheses.">A Multicenter Retrieval Study of the Taper Interfaces of Modular Hip Prostheses.</a> Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. (401), 149-161 (2002).</li><li>Ingham, E., Fisher, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+reactions+to+wear+debris+in+total+joint+replacement.">Biological reactions to wear debris in total joint replacement.</a> Proc Inst Mech Eng H. 214 (1), 21-37 (2000).</li><li>Gilbert, J. L., Buckley, C. A., Jacobs, J. J., Res, J. .. B. i. o. m. e. d. .. M. a. t. e. r. .. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+corrosion+of+modular+hip+prosthesis+components+in+mixed+and+similar+metal+combinations.+The+effect+of+crevice,+stress,+motion+and+allot+coupling.">In vivo corrosion of modular hip prosthesis components in mixed and similar metal combinations. The effect of crevice, stress, motion and allot coupling.</a> J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 76 (1), 1533-1544 (1993).</li><li>Browne, J. A., Bechtold, C. D., Berry, D. J., Hanssen, A. D., Lewallen, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failed+metal-on-metal+hip+arthroplasties:+a+spectrum+of+clinical+presentations+and+operative+findings.">Failed metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties: a spectrum of clinical presentations and operative findings.</a> Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 468 (9), 2313-2320 (2010).</li><li>Jantzen, C., Jorgensen, H. L., Duus, B. R., Sporring, S. L., Lauritzen, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromium+and+cobalt+ion+concentrations+in+blood+and+serum+following+various+types+of+metal-on-metal+hip+arthroplasties:+a+literature+overview.">Chromium and cobalt ion concentrations in blood and serum following various types of metal-on-metal hip arthroplasties: a literature overview.</a> Acta Orthop. 84 (3), 229-236 (2013).</li><li>Frangini, S., De Cristofaro, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+galvanostatic+polarisation+method+for+determining+reliable+pitting+potentials+on+stainless+steels+in+crevice-free+conditions.">Analysis of galvanostatic polarisation method for determining reliable pitting potentials on stainless steels in crevice-free conditions.</a> Corros Sci. 45 (12), 2769-2786 (2002).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

스테인레스 스틸 시료로부터 생성 된 편광 검사는 신뢰성 및 재현성 (29) 둘 다 잘 작동 부식 시스템의 문헌에 나타내는 본 검사와 상관 깨끗한 연속 플롯을 보여 주었다. 동전 위 공식 전위의 가난한 재현성은 확률 과정 (29)에 의해 특징 가능성이 존재 내공과, 몇 백 밀리 볼트의 확산으로 식별됩니다. 이것은 온도, 할라이드 함량 및 전위 (V)를 변수로 인해 일반적이며; 따라서 실제...

전기 화학적 방법은 재료의 전기 화학적 특성을 얻을 수있는 신속하고 비교적 저렴​​한 방법을 제공한다. 이들 기술은 제어 된 전기 잡음 1-5 전하 전송 프로세스의 반응을 관찰함으로써, 금속의 부식을 검출 할 수있는 능력에 주로 기초한다. 신체 환경에서 금속 임플란트의 부식으로 인해 생체 적합성 및 자료의 무결성 6에 불리한 영향에 매우 중요하다. 체내 이식의 부식에 기여하는 주요 요인은 금속 이온 7-11의 증가 된 방출로 이어지는 표면 산화물의 용해이다. 이것은 로컬,하지만 임플란트 10,12-28의 조기 실패로 이어지는 잠재적으로 전신 효과를 볼 수 있습니다 불리한 생물학적 반응을 초래한다. 시험편의 부식 특성을 생성 편광 스캔으로부터 예측되고텐쇼에 의해. 편광 스캔은 금속 기판의 운동 부식 파라미터의 추정을 허용한다. 스캔하는 동안, 산화 또는 전기 활성 종의 환원은 전하 전송과 반응물 또는 생성물의 이동에 의해 한정 될 수있다. 이러한 요소는 모두 편광 스캔에 의해 캡슐화된다 따라서, 다수의 사이클에 걸쳐 신뢰성 있고 반복 가능한 편광 스캔을 생성하는 시스템의 중요성은 매우 중요하다. 이 논문의 주요 초점은 잘 작동하는 동전 위 부식 시스템을 획득하는데 걸리는 근거 및 단계를 식별하는 프로토콜을 제공하는 것이다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potentiostat</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Metrohm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PGSTAT101</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ag/AgCl reference electrode, shielded</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Metrohm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.0729.100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Electrode shaft</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Metrohm</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.1241.060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Polisher Forcipol 1v</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Metkon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3602</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Clindrical flask 700mL</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SciLabware</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FR700F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Reaction lid</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">SciLabware</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAF2/41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MKBR7629V</td>
			<td>use under a fumehood. Wear protective clothing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermo / HAAKE D Series Immersion Circulators</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Haake</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

potentiodynamic corrosion testing

Different metallic materials have different polarization characteristics as dictated by the open circuit potential, breakdown potential, and passivation potential of the material. The detection of these electrochemical parameters identifies the corrosion factors of a material. A reliable and well-functioning corrosion system is required to achieve this.
Corrosion of the samples was achieved via a potentiodynamic polarization technique employing a three-electrode configuration, consisting of reference, counter, and working electrodes. Prior to commencement a baseline potential is obtained. Following the stabilization of the corrosion potential (Ecorr), the applied potential is ramped at a slow rate in the positive direction relative to the reference electrode. The working electrode was a stainless steel screw. The reference electrode was a standard Ag/AgCl. The counter electrode used was a platinum mesh. Having a reliable and well-functioning in vitro corrosion system to test biomaterials provides an in-expensive technique that allows for the systematic characterization of the material by determining the breakdown potential, to further understand the material's response to corrosion. The goal of the protocol is to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices.

절차의 종료시 관내 부식 시스템의 부식 시험을 실시하는 설정이다. 이러한 부식 용기 패러데이 케이지의 세정 구체적인 절차는 잡음 성능을 개선하도록 프로토콜 내로 도입시켰다. 양호한 편광 주사의 기본 개념은 금속 재료의 부식 감수성을 이해하기 위해 유용한 정보를 제공하는 재료의 전기 물리적 조건을 식별한다. 절차 및 프로토콜은 신뢰성과 재현성있는 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing at JoVE.com

Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing

Here, we present a protocol to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices.

동전 위 부식 테스트

Different metallic materials have different polarization characteristics as dictated by the open circuit potential, breakdown potential, and passivation ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

17.5K 조회수.  Prince of Wales Clinical School. Here, we present a protocol to set up and run an in vitro potentiodynamic corrosion system to analyze pitting corrosion for small metallic medical devices. 

비디오: Potentiodynamic Corrosion Testing

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable and environment-friendly. These natural products may serve as alternatives to petroleum-based adhesives to ease environmental and sustainability concerns. This work demonstrates the preparation and testing of the plant seed-based wood adhesives using cottonseed and soy meal as raw materials. In addition to untreated meals, water washed meals and protein isolates are prepared and tested. Adhesive slurries are prepared by mixing a freeze-dried meal product with deionized water (3:25 w/w) for 2 hr. Each adhesive preparation is applied to one end of 2 wood veneer strips using a brush. The tacky adhesive coated areas of the wood veneer strips are lapped and glued by hot-pressing. Adhesive strength is reported as the shear strength of the bonded wood specimen at break. Water resistance of the adhesives is measured by the change in shear strength of the bonded wood specimens at break after water soaking. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives. Adjustments to the adhesive formulation with or without additives and bonding conditions could optimize their adhesive properties for various practical applications.

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

연구

환경과학

Protocols for Robust Herbicide Resistance Testing in Different Weed Species

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented protocols, based on whole-plant bioassays performed in a greenhouse, can be readily adapted to a wide range of weed species and herbicides through appropriate variants. Seed samples from plants that survived a field herbicide treatment are collected and stored dry at low temperature until used. Germination methods differ according to weed species and seed dormancy type. Seedlings at similar growth stage are transplanted and maintained in the greenhouse under appropriate conditions until plants have reached the right growth stage for herbicide treatment. Accuracy is required to prepare the herbicide solution to avoid unverifiable mistakes. Other critical steps such as the application volume and spray speed are also evaluated. The advantages of this protocol, compared to others based on whole plant bioassays using one herbicide dose, are related to the higher reliability and the possibility of inferring the resistance level. Quicker and less expensive in vivo or in vitro diagnostic screening tests have been proposed (Petri dish bioassays, spectrophotometric tests), but they provide only qualitative information and their widespread use is hindered by the laborious set-up that some species may require. For routine resistance testing, the proposed whole plant bioassay can be applied at only one herbicide dose, so reducing the costs.

A robust and flexible approach to confirm herbicide resistance in weed populations is presented. This protocol allows the herbicide resistance levels to be inferred and applied to a wide range of weed species and herbicides with minor adaptations.

다른 잡초 종의 강력한 제초제 저항 테스트를위한 프로토콜

Robust protocols to test putative herbicide resistant weed populations at whole plant level are essential to confirm the resistance status. The presented ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most experiments examine only two or a few levels of CA concentration and a single soil type, but if CA can be varied as a gradient from subambient to superambient concentrations on multiple soils, we can discern whether past ecosystem responses may continue linearly in the future and whether responses may vary across the landscape. The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility applies a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 CA gradient to Blackland prairie plant communities established on lysimeters containing clay, silty clay, and sandy soils. The gradient is created as photosynthesis by vegetation enclosed in in temperature-controlled chambers progressively depletes carbon dioxide from air flowing directionally through the chambers. Maintaining proper air flow rate, adequate photosynthetic capacity, and temperature control are critical to overcome the main limitations of the system, which are declining photosynthetic rates and increased water stress during summer. The facility is an economical alternative to other techniques of CA enrichment, successfully discerns the shape of ecosystem responses to subambient to superambient CA enrichment, and can be adapted to test for interactions of carbon dioxide with other greenhouse gases such as methane or ozone.

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

The Lysimeter Carbon Dioxide Gradient Facility creates a 250 to 500 &#181;l L-1 linear carbon dioxide gradient in temperature-controlled chambers housing grassland plant communities on clay, silty clay, and sandy soil monoliths. The facility is used to determine how past and future carbon dioxide levels affect grassland carbon cycling.

CO<sub&gt; 2</sub테스트 주식에 대한&gt; 농도 구배 시설<sub&gt; 2</sub초원 생태계 기능에&gt; 농축 및 토양 효과

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity sensor. A monolayer of RTgill-W1 cells forms on the sensing electrodes enclosed within the biochips. The biochips are then used for testing in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) device designed for rapid toxicity testing of drinking water. The manuscript further describes how to run a toxicity test using the prepared biochips. A control water sample and the test water sample are mixed with pre-measured powdered media and injected into separate channels of the biochip. Impedance readings from the sensing electrodes in each of the biochip channels are measured and compared by an automated statistical software program. The screen on the ECIS instrument will indicate either "Contamination Detected" or "No Contamination Detected" within an hour of sample injection. Advantages are ease of use and rapid response to a broad spectrum of inorganic and organic chemicals at concentrations that are relevant to human health concerns, as well as the long-term stability of stored biochips in a ready state for testing. Limitations are the requirement for cold storage of the biochips and limited sensitivity to cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides. Applications for this toxicity detector are for rapid field-portable testing of drinking water supplies by Army Preventative Medicine personnel or for use at municipal water treatment facilities.

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial cells for use in a field portable electric cell-substrate impedance sensor. The protocol for running a rapid drinking water toxicity test with the sensor is also described.

준비 및 시험 독성에 대한 신속한 평가 음주의 물 샘플에 대한 RTgill-W1 세포와 유체 바이오칩을 임피던스 기반

This manuscript describes how to prepare fluidic biochips with Rainbow trout gill epithelial (RTgill-W1) cells for use in a field portable water toxicity ...

Dispersion of Nanomaterials in Aqueous Media: Towards Protocol Optimization

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and stability of the suspension. In this study, a systematic step-wise approach is carried out to identify optimal sonication conditions in order to achieve a stable dispersion. This approach has been adopted and shown to be suitable for several nanomaterials (cerium oxide, zinc oxide, and carbon nanotubes) dispersed in deionized (DI) water. However, with any change in either the nanomaterial type or dispersing medium, there needs to be optimization of the basic protocol by adjusting various factors such as sonication time, power, and sonicator type as well as temperature rise during the process. The approach records the dispersion process in detail. This is necessary to identify the time points as well as other above-mentioned conditions during the sonication process in which there may be undesirable changes, such as damage to the particle surface thus affecting surface properties. Our goal is to offer a harmonized approach that can control the quality of the final, produced dispersion. Such a guideline is instrumental in ensuring dispersion quality repeatability in the nanoscience community, particularly in the field of nanotoxicology.

Here, we present a step-wise protocol for the dispersion of nanomaterials in aqueous media with real-time characterization to identify the optimal sonication conditions, intensity, and duration for improved stability and uniformity of nanoparticle dispersions without impacting the sample integrity.

수성 미디어에 나노 재료의 분산: 프로토콜 최적화 쪽으로

The sonication process is commonly used for de-agglomerating and dispersing nanomaterials in aqueous based media, necessary to improve homogeneity and ...

On the Preparation and Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts Using the Thin Film Rotating Disk Electrode Method

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a high surface area carbon, and to test their performance in thin film rotating disk electrode (TF-RDE) measurements. The TF-RDE methodology is widely used for catalyst screening; nevertheless, the measured performance sometimes considerably differs among research groups. These uncertainties impede the advancement of new catalyst materials and, consequently, several authors discussed possible best practice methods and the importance of benchmarking.
The visual tutorial highlights possible pitfalls in the TF-RDE testing of Pt/C catalysts. A synthesis and testing protocol to assess standard Pt/C catalysts is introduced that can be used together with polycrystalline Pt disks as benchmark catalysts. In particular, this study highlights how the properties of the catalyst film on the glassy carbon (GC) electrode influence the measured performance in TF-RDE testing. To obtain thin, homogeneous catalyst films, not only the catalyst preparation, but also the ink deposition and drying procedures are essential. It is demonstrated that an adjustment of the ink&#39;s pH might be necessary, and how simple control measurements can be used to check film quality. Once reproducible TF-RDE measurements are obtained, determining the Pt loading on the catalyst support (expressed as Pt wt%) and the electrochemical surface area is necessary to normalize the determined reaction rates to either surface area or Pt mass. For the surface area determination, so-called CO stripping, or the determination of the hydrogen underpotential deposition (Hupd) charge, are standard. For the determination of the Pt loading, a straightforward and cheap procedure using digestion in aqua regia with subsequent conversion of Pt(IV) to Pt(II) and UV-vis measurements is introduced.

Preparing and testing Pt/C fuel cell catalysts is subject to continuous discussion in the scientific community with respect to reproducibility and best practice. With the presented work, we intend to present a step-by-step tutorial to make and test Pt/C catalysts, which can serve as benchmark for novel catalyst systems.

준비 및 연료 전지 촉매 박막 자전 디스크 전극 메서드를 사용 하 여 테스트

We present a step-by-step tutorial to prepare proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) catalysts, consisting of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on a ...

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity testing has been demonstrated. Overall, the sensitivity of the species to toxic compounds is in the range with, or higher than, that of other model species.
This work describes protocols for acute, chronic, and multigenerational bioassays of single and combined stressor effects on N. furzeri. Due to its short maturation time and life-cycle, this vertebrate model allows the study of endpoints such as maturation time and fecundity within four months. Transgenerational full life-cycle exposure trials can be performed in as little as 8 months. Since this species produces eggs that are drought-resistant and remain viable for years, the on-site culture of the species is not needed but individuals can be recruited when required. The protocols are designed to measure life-history traits (mortality, growth, fecundity, weight) and critical thermal maximum.

Protocol for Acute and Chronic Ecotoxicity Testing of the Turquoise Killifish Nothobranchius furzeri

In this work, we describe an acute, chronic and multigenerational bioassay to study the effects of single and combined stressors on the Turquoise killifish Nothobranchius furzeri. This protocol is designed to study life-history traits (mortality, growth, fecundity, weight) and critical thermal maximum.

급성 및 만성 Ecotoxicity 청록색 송사리 Nothobranchius furzeri 의 테스트에 대 한 프로토콜

The killifish Nothobranchius furzeri is an emerging model organism in the field of ecotoxicology and its applicability in acute and chronic ecotoxicity ...

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol for performing in situ juvenile exposure tests within oligotrophic river catchments over one-month and three-month periods. Two methods (in both modifications) are presented to evaluate the juvenile growth and survival rate. The methods and modifications differ in value for the locality bioindication and each has its benefits as well as limitations. The sandy cage method works with a large set of individuals, but only some of the individuals are measured and the results are evaluated in bulk. In the mesh cage method, the individuals are kept and measured separately, but a low individual number is evaluated. The open water exposure modification is relatively easy to apply; it shows the juvenile growth potential of sites and can also be effective for water toxicity testing. The within-bed exposure modification needs a high workload but is closer to the conditions of a natural juvenile environment and it is better for reporting the real suitability of localities. On the other hand, more replications are needed in this modification due to its high-hyporheic environment variability.

Bioindication Testing of Stream Environment Suitability for Young Freshwater Pearl Mussels Using In Situ Exposure Methods

In situ bioindications enable determination of the suitability of an environment for endangered mussel species. We describe two methods based on the juvenile exposure of freshwater pearl mussels in cages to oligotrophic river habitats. Both methods are implemented in variants for open water and hyporheic water environments.

Bioindication 영 민물 진주 홍합에 현장 노출 방법을 사용 하 여에 대 한 스트림 환경 적합성의 테스트

Knowledge of habitat suitability for freshwater mussels is an important step in the conservation of this endangered species group. We describe a protocol ...

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, prevent them and minimize the damages associated with them. One of the most important characteristics of corrosion processes is the corrosion rate. The measurement of corrosion rates is often very difficult or even impossible especially in less conductive, non-aqueous environments such as biofuels. Here, we present five different methods for the determination of corrosion rates and the efficiency of anti-corrosion protection in biofuels: (i) a static test, (ii) a dynamic test, (iii) a static test with a reflux cooler and electrochemical measurements (iv) in a two-electrode arrangement and (v) in a three-electrode arrangement. The static test is advantageous due to its low demands on material and instrumental equipment. The dynamic test allows for the testing of corrosion rates of metallic materials at more severe conditions. The static test with a reflux cooler allows for the testing in environments with higher viscosity (e.g., engine oils) at higher temperatures in the presence of oxidation or an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical measurements provide a more comprehensive view on corrosion processes. The presented cell geometries and arrangements (the two-electrode and three-electrode systems) make it possible to perform measurements in biofuel environments without base electrolytes that could have a negative impact on the results and load them with measurement errors. The presented methods make it possible to study the corrosion aggressiveness of an environment, the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, and the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors with representative and reproducible results. The results obtained using these methods can help to understand corrosion processes in more detail to minimize the damages caused by corrosion.

The testing of processes associated with material corrosion can often be difficult especially in non-aqueous environments. Here, we present different methods for short-term and long-term testing of corrosion behavior of non-aqueous environments such as biofuels, especially those containing bioethanol.

금속 부식 및 보다 적게 전도성 매체에서 부식 억제제의 효율성

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, ...

A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal toxicity test is frequently used in regulatory risk assessment of chemicals. In order to achieve high reliability and reproducibility the development of standardized guidelines is vital. For algal toxicity testing, the guidelines require stable and uniform conditions of parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon dioxide levels and light intensity. Nanomaterials and other so-called difficult substances can interfere with light causing a large variation in results obtained hampering their regulatory acceptance. To address these challenges, we have developed LEVITATT (LED Vertical Illumination Table for Algal Toxicity Tests). The setup utilizes LED illumination from below allowing for a homogenous light distribution and temperature control while also minimizing intra-sample shading. The setup optimizes the sample volume for biomass quantification and does at the same time ensure a sufficient influx of CO2 to support exponential growth of the algae. Additionally, the material of the test containers can be tailored to minimize adsorption and volatilization. When testing colored substances or particle suspensions, the use of LED lights also allows for increasing the light intensity without additional heat generation. The compact design and minimal equipment requirements increase the possibilities for implementation of the LEVITATT in a wide range of laboratories. While compliant with standardized ISO and OECD guidelines for algal toxicity testing, LEVITATT also showed a lower inter-sample variability for two reference substances (3,5-Dicholorophenol and K2Cr2O7) and three nanomaterials (ZnO, CeO2, and BaSO4) compared to Erlenmeyer flasks and microtiter plates.

We demonstrate algal toxicity testing for difficult substances (e.g., colored substances or nanomaterials) using a setup illuminated vertically with an LED.

나노 물질 및 기타 어려운 물질의 조류 독성 테스트를위한 소규모 설정

Ecotoxicity data is a requirement for pre- and post-market registration of chemicals by European and international regulations (e.g., REACH). The algal ...