JHN is supported by the Swiss National Foundation (SNSF 310030_146290).

The authors have nothing to disclose.

다른 모든 모델과 같이, 상술 한 항원 구동 대장염 모델 기술을 수행하는 연구자는 유의해야 할 몇 가지 문제점을 제시 할 수있다. 구약-II 호스트에서 / 레드 + CD4 + T CD62L + 세포를 주입 할 때, 연구자는 복강에 주사 바늘을 ​​삽입하는 것은 매우 온화하고주의해야합니다. 그렇게하지 ​​않으면 사망에이를 수있는 마우스 또는 질병을 유발하지 않습니다 세포의 피하 투?...

대장은 외부 환경에 노출되어 상기 몸체의 큰 표면이다. 상주 균의 광대 한 배열 장내 미생물 (또는 미생물)를 형성하는 인간의 장내 정착. 이는 최대 100 조 미생물 세포로 구성되어 것으로 추정 생물학 1-3에 알려진 가장 인구 밀도가 세균의 서식지 중 하나 구성된다. 망할 놈의 박테리아는 생존과 4를 곱 장내 틈새 시장을 식민지화. 반환에서, 미생물은 유전자 1 인코딩되지 않은 추가 기능 기능 호스트를 부여한다. 예를 들어, 미생물은 상피 세포의 증식을 자극 스스로 호스트가 생성 할 수없는 비타민을 생산하고, 신진 대사를 조절하고 병원균 4-6을 방지합니다. 이 유익한 관계를 감안할 때, 몇몇 저자는 인간이 박테리아와 인간의 유전자 7,8의 혼합이다 &quot;슈퍼 유기체&quot;또는 &quot;holobionts&quot;것을 제안했다. 제 (인간) 호스트에있는 미생물의 수익에 미치는 영향을 감안할 때, 장내 면역 시스템은 루멘에서 자신의 존재를 가능하게뿐만 아니라 내강 측 9-11에서 침입 병원균을 죽일 공생 미생물을 허용 할 필요가있다. 장내 면역 시스템은 무해하고 잠재적으로 유해한 내강 미생물을 구별하는 메커니즘을 개발했다; 그러나 이러한 메커니즘은 아직 잘 (12)을 이해하지 않습니다. 장 무결성을 유지하는 것은 관용과 면역 (13) 사이의 균형을 유지하기 위해 엄격하게 규제 면역 항상성을 필요로한다. 면역 항상성의 불균형은 염증성 장 질환 (IBD) 3,14로 장 질환의 유도에 기여한다. 크론 병 (CD)과 궤양 성 대장염 (UC) : 두 가지 주요 IBD의 유형이있다. 이러한 질병을 가진 환자는 일반적으로 직장 출혈, 심한 설사와 복통 15, 16 겪는다. IBD의 하나의 원인은 아직유전 적 요인, 환경 적 영향 및 조절 이상 면역 반응의 알 수없는,하지만 조합이 질병 개발 (15)의 키 이벤트가 될 수 있습니다. IBD에 대한 동물 모델은 50 년 이상 사용되어왔다. 지난 수십 년에 새로운 IBD 모델 시스템은 IBD (17, 18)의 발병 기전에 관련된 여러 가지 가설을 테스트하기 위해 개발되었다. 만성 대장염의 가장 특징으로하는 모델은 T 세포의 항상성 (19, 20)의 붕괴를 유도 T 세포 전달 모델이다. 16,21이 모델은 T 및 - (- / SCID 마우스와 같은 RAG 같은) B 세포가 부족 호스트로 면역 된 마우스에서 나이브 T 세포 전사 포함한다. 이 모델에서 질병의 발달은 체중 설사 존재 감소 신체 활동과 손실을 평가 3-10 주 동안 모니터링된다. 이 때문에 낭비 증후군 (16)이라고합니다. 건강한 쥐에 비해 이식 호스트의 대장 조직 thicke입니다R, 짧고 (16) 무거운. T 개의 셀의 전송 모델을 사용하면, T 세포 개체군은 22 IBD의 병인에 기여할 수있는 다른 방법을 이해할 수있다. T 개의 셀 전송 모델은 항원 특이 적 방식으로 질병 과정에 장갑차 및 T 세포 사이의 상호 작용을 분석하지 않는다. 또한 골수 세포 및 림프구 세포 간의 상호 작용은 염증 창자 (23)의 개발을 담당 할 수 있음을 보여왔다. IBD의 많은 부분이 밝혀져 있지만, 질환의 개발로 이어질 초기 사건은 여전히​​ 명확하게 이해되어야한다. 이는 미생물 전송 대장염이없는 것을 도시하고있다 (24)를 확립 할 수 없다. 최근 몇 이론 IBD는 공생 세균 (25)에 대한 면역 반응의 결과 일 수 있음을 시사한다. 저자는 공생 박테리아 말단 부위에 염증을 유발하는 데 필수적인 것이 제안26. 세균 무연 (GF) 동물 장 면역 체계는 일반적으로 (27, 28)을 손상되지만 완전 권한 장 면역계 (29)의 발전에 관련되는 무균 박테리아 결과의 혼합물이 마우스의 집락. 따라서, 미생물은에 걸리기 또는 장내 염증 30, 31의 개발에 대해 보호하는 메커니즘으로 하나, IBD의 발병 기전에 중요한 요소가 될 것으로 보인다. 현재의 이론에서는 유전 적 소인이 IBD 환자 32, dysbiosis 불리는 미생물 불균형의 결과임을 암시하지만, 분명하지 아직 dysbiosis가 원인 또는 병 (12)의 결과 인 경우. IBD의 개발 미생물의 역할을 고려하여, 시험 관내 실험에서 CD4 + T 세포는 장내 세균 (33, 34)와 펄스 장갑차에 의해 활성화 될 수 있음을 보여 주었다. 또한, 항원은 그 도시 된같은 E. 등 다양한 공생 박테리아 종, 대장균, 박 테로이드, Eubacterium 및 테우스는 CD4 + T 세포 (35)를 활성화 할 수 있습니다. 이 세포를 T로 세균의 항원 제시는 IBD의 개발에 대한 중요성을 나타냅니다. 질병 과정에서 미생물에 의해 도출 된 여러 항원의 복잡성을 줄이기 위하여, 대장균 균주은 OVA 항원을 생성하는 생성되었다. - / - 전송 대장염은 RAG에 OVA 특이 적 T 세포를 주입하여 유도 하였다 OVA 동물 발현 E. 집락 대장균. 이 모델은 3 CR1 CX + 의원, 대장 점막 고유 층 (CLP) (36)의 주요 세포 서브 세트가 전송 중에 CD4 + T 세포와 상호 작용하는 것을 암시하는 최근 증거에 기초 37 대장염. 의원은 돌기 (36), (38, 39)를 이용하여 박테리아 등의 미립자 항원 창자 내강, 샘플링. 이전의 연구의원도 40, 41 루멘 장 도입 등의 OVA와 같은 수용성 항원을, 걸릴 수 있음을 보여 주었다. CLP를에 CX (3) CR1 + 의원의 풍요 로움을 감안할 때, 이러한 세포 내강 박테리아를 샘플링하고 CD4 T 세포와 상호 작용할 수있는 가능성이있다. E. 집락 OVA 특이 적 CD4 + T 세포를 이식 한 생쥐의 공 초점 화상 대장균 CFP-OVA는, CX (3) CR1 + 의원은 항원 중심 대장염의 개발 과정 OT-II CD4 + T 세포와 접촉하는 것을 보여준다. 이 모델은 장내 장갑차 만 장내 루멘에 특정 항원을 발현하는 박테리아에 특이적인 T 세포의 항원 제시 공정을 연구 할 수있다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>LB Broth, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td><td>Difco</td><td>244620</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary Shake</td><td>Reiss Laborbedarf e. K.</td><td>Model 3020 GFL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2 mm gap couvettes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peqlab Biotechnologie GmbH</td><td>71-2020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G5516-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gene Pulser Xcell system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BioRad Laboratories GmbH</td><td>1652660</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB Agar, Miller (Luria-Bertani)</td><td>Difco</td><td>244510</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9393-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SOC Medium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S1797-100ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High Pure Plasmid Isolation Kit</td><td>Roche</td><td>11754777001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH &amp;amp; Co</td><td>3810.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E9884-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T5941</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>537020&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel chamber&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PEQLAB Biotechnology GmbH</td><td>40-0708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Loading Dye</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>R0611</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GeneRuler 1 kb DNA Ladder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Fisher</td><td>SM0312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethidium bromide solution</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td>2218.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photo-documentation system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Decon Science Tech GmbH</td><td>DeVision G&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNA sequencing&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MWG-Biotech GmbH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)</td><td>Biochrom</td><td>L182-50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescent microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>HBO 100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini-PROTEAN Tetra System</td><td>Bio-Rad Laboratories GmbH</td><td>1658005</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fermentas, St. Leon-Rot, Germany</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IstanBlue Solution</td><td>Expedeon, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitrocellulose membrane&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Macherey-Nagel GmbH &amp;amp; Co. KG</td><td>741280</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electro blotter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Biometra GmbH</td><td>846-015-600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumins (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A6003-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Ovalbumin antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab181688</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Anti-rabbit IgG&amp;nbsp; HRP</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A0545&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce ECL Plus Western Blotting Substrate</td><td>Pierce Biotechnology, Thermo Fischer Scientific Inc</td><td>32132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forene</td><td>Abbott</td><td>2594.00.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10500-064</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon Cell Strainers</td><td>Fischer Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>08-771-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>254134-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris Base</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>10708976001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; CD62 L&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T isolation kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-093-227&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS LS Columns&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS MS Columns&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-201</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MidiMACS Separator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-302</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MiniMACS Separator</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MACS MultiStand</td><td>Miltenyi Biotec</td><td>130-042-303</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Feeding Needle 20G</td><td>SouthPointe Surgical Supply, Inc</td><td>FN-7903</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formalin solution, neutral buffered, 10%</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>HT501128</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraffin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1496904</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H9627</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin Y</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>230251&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dithiothreitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D9779&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Collagenase type VIII</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C-2139</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) medium</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A2044, 9050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium azide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>438456</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse BD Fc Block</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553141</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FITC-conjugated mAb binding V&amp;szlig; 5.1, 5.2&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Pharmingen</td><td>553189</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>APC-conjugated mAb binding CD4 GK1.5&amp;nbsp;</td><td>eBioscience</td><td>17-0041-83</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACS Calibur&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FCS Express V3 software</td><td>DeNovo</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Meta scanning confocal microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 710&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Workstation</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss ZEM software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>v4.2.0.121</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maxisorp immuno plates&amp;nbsp;</td><td>NUNC, Roskilde</td><td>442404</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Streptavidin conjugated alkaline phosphatase</td><td>Jackson Immuno Research</td><td>016-050-084</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase substrate 4-Nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt hexahydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>71768-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mAb R4-6A2</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>551216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mAb XMG1.2&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>554410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TECAN microplate-ELISA reader</td><td>Tecan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EasyWin software</td><td>Tecan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase I recombinant</td><td></td><td>4536282001</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

development of an antigen-driven colitis model to study presentation of antigens by antigen presenting cells to t cells

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation which affects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). One of the best ways to study the immunological mechanisms involved during the disease is the T cell transfer model of colitis. In this model, immunodeficient mice (RAG-/- recipients) are reconstituted with naive CD4+ T cells from healthy wild type hosts.
This model allows examination of the earliest immunological events leading to disease and chronic inflammation, when the gut inflammation perpetuates but does not depend on a defined antigen. To study the potential role of antigen presenting cells (APCs) in the disease process, it is helpful to have an antigen-driven disease model, in which a defined commensal-derived antigen leads to colitis. An antigen driven-colitis model has hence been developed. In this model OT-II CD4+ T cells, that can recognize only specific epitopes in the OVA protein, are transferred into RAG-/- hosts challenged with CFP-OVA-expressing E. coli. This model allows the examination of interactions between APCs and T cells in the lamina propria.

항원 중심 대장염 모델 E.을 설정하려면 콜라이 균주 강한 구성 적 프로모터 P 하이퍼 (도 1a)의 제어 하에서 발현되는 CFP 유전자가 닭 오브 알부민 단백질과 융합 구조체에 대한 코딩 서열에 융합 된 플라스미드를 포함하는 구성되었다. 형광 현미경 보여줍니다 재조합 E. 대장균 pCFP-OVA가 아니라 부모의 E. 대장균</e...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells at JoVE.com

Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells

In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).

항원 중심의 성 대장염 모델의 개발은 항원이 T 세포에 세포를 제시하여 항원의 프리젠 테이션을 공부하기

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammation which affects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). One of the best ways to study the immunological ...

development-an-antigen-driven-colitis-model-to-study-presentation

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

9.0K 조회수.  University College Cork. In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).

비디오: Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane (AOM) and Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) over healthy individuals. This risk is proportional to the duration and extent of disease, with a cumulative incidence as high as 30% in individuals with longstanding UC with widespread colonic involvement.1 Colonic dysplasia in IBD and colitis associated cancer (CAC) are believed to develop as a result of repeated cycles of epithelial cell injury and repair while these cells are bathed in a chronic inflammatory cytokine milieu.2 While spontaneous and colitis-associated cancers share the quality of being adenocarcinomas, the sequence of underlying molecular events is believed to be different.3 This distinction argues the need for specific animal models of CAC.
Several mouse models currently exist for the study of CAC. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), an agent with direct toxic effects on the colonic epithelium, can be administered in drinking water to mice in multiple cycles to create a chronic inflammatory state. With sufficient duration, some of these mice will develop tumors.4 Tumor development is hastened in this model if administered in a pro-carcinogenic setting. These include mice with genetic mutations in tumorigenesis pathways (APC, p53, Msh2), as well as mice pre-treated with genotoxic agents (azoxymethane [AOM], 1,2-dimethylhydrazine [DMH]).5 
The combination of DSS with AOM as a model for colitis associated cancer has gained popularity for its reproducibility, potency, low price, and ease of use. Though they have a shared mechanism, AOM has been found to be more potent and stable in solution than DMH. While tumor development in other models generally requires several months, mice injected with AOM and subsequently treated with DSS develop adequate tumors in as little as 7-10 weeks.6, 7 Finally, AOM and DSS can be administered to mice of any genetic background (knock out, transgenic, etc.) without cross-breeding to a specific tumorigenic strain. Here, we demonstrate a protocol for inflammation-driven colonic tumorigenesis in mice utilizing a single injection of AOM followed by three seven-day cycles of DSS over a 10 week period. This model induces tumors with histological and molecular changes closely resembling those occurring in human CAC and provides a highly valuable model for the study of oncogenesis and chemoprevention in this disease.8

Modeling Colitis-Associated Cancer with Azoxymethane AOM and Dextran Sulfate Sodium DSS

We demonstrate a protocol in which administration of the genotoxic agent azoxymethane (AOM) followed by three cycles of the pro-inflammatory agent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) rapidly and consistently generates colon tumors in mice with morphologic and molecular similarities to those seen in human colitis-associated cancer.

Azoxymethane (AOM)과 Dextran의 황산 나트륨 (DSS)와 모델링 대장염 - 관련 암

Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal ...

연구

의학

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and food antigens while concomitantly remaining poised to mount inflammatory responses toward invasive pathogens1,2. Antigen presenting cells, particularly DCs and macrophages, play critical roles in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis via their ability to sense and appropriately respond to the microbiota3-14. Efficient isolation of intestinal DCs and macrophages is a critical step in characterizing the phenotype and function of these cells. While many effective methods of isolating intestinal immune cells, including DCs and macrophages, have been described6,10,15-24, many rely upon long digestions times that may negatively influence cell surface antigen expression, cell viability, and/or cell yield. Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of large numbers of viable, intestinal DCs and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is carried out by directly staining isolated intestinal cells with specific fluorescence-labeled monoclonal antibodies for multi-color flow cytometric analysis. Furthermore, highly pure DC and macrophage populations are isolated for functional studies utilizing CD11c and CD11b magnetic-activated cell sorting beads followed by cell sorting.

Here, we detail a methodology for the rapid isolation of mouse intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Phenotypic characterization of intestinal DCs and macrophages is performed using multi-color flow cytometric analysis while magnetic bead enrichment followed by cell sorting is used to yield highly pure populations for functional studies.

마우스 소장에서 돌기 세포 및 Macrophages의 분리 및 특성화

Within the intestine reside unique populations of innate and adaptive immune cells that are involved in promoting tolerance towards commensal flora and ...

면역학 및 감염병학

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

This protocol outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. C. rodentium is a gram negative, murine specific bacterial pathogen that is closely related to the clinically important human pathogens enteropathogenic E. coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Upon infection with C. rodentium, immunocompetent mice suffer from modest and transient weight loss and diarrhea. Histologically, intestinal crypt elongation, immune cell infiltration, and goblet cell depletion are observed. Clearance of infection is achieved after 3 to 4 weeks. Measurement of intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, bacterial load, and histological damage at different time points after infection, allow the characterization of mouse strains susceptible to infection.
The virulence mechanisms by which bacterial pathogens colonize the intestinal tract of their hosts, as well as specific host responses that defend against such infections are poorly understood. Therefore the C. rodentium model of enteric bacterial infection serves as a valuable tool to aid in our understanding of these processes. Enteric bacteria have also been linked to Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs). It has been hypothesized that the maladaptive chronic inflammatory responses seen in IBD patients develop in genetically susceptible individuals following abnormal exposure of the intestinal mucosal immune system to enteric bacteria. Therefore, the study of models of infectious colitis offers significant potential for defining potentially pathogenic host responses to enteric bacteria. C. rodentium induced colitis is one such rare model that allows for the analysis of host responses to enteric bacteria, furthering our understanding of potential mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis; essential in the development of novel preventative and therapeutic treatments.

The Citrobacter rodentium Mouse Model: Studying Pathogen and Host Contributions to Infectious Colitis

Citrobacter rodentium infection provides a valuable model to study enteric bacterial infections as well as host immune responses and colitis in mice. This protocol outlines the measurement of barrier integrity, pathogen load and histological damage allowing for the thorough characterization of pathogen and host contributions to murine infectious colitis.

<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; 마우스 모델 : 감염성 대장염에 대한 공부 병원체 및 호스트 기부

This protocol  outlines the steps required to produce a robust model of infectious disease and  colitis, as well as the methods used to characterize ...

Visualization of Estrogen Receptors in Colons of Mice with TNBS-Induced Crohn's Disease using Immunofluorescence

Crohn&#39;s disease is the most diagnosed type of inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammation developing in the intestine leads to peristalsis disorder and damage of intestinal mucosa and seems to be associated with an increased risk of colon neoplastic transformation. Accumulating evidence indicates that estrogens and estrogen receptors affect not only hormone-sensitive tissues, but also other tissues not directly related to estrogens, such as the lungs or colon. Here, we describe the protocol for the successful immunofluorescence staining of estrogen receptors in colon obtained from a murine model of TNBS-induced Crohn&#39;s disease. A detailed protocol for the induction of Crohn&#39;s disease in mice and intestine preparation is provided as well as a step-by-step immunohistochemical procedure using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded intestine sections. The described methods are not only useful for estrogen receptor detection and estrogen signaling investigation in vivo but can also be applied to for other proteins which may be involved in the development of colitis.

The protocol presents a complete validated TNBS-induced murine model of Crohn&#39;s disease and methods for visualization of estrogen receptors by immunohistochemistry using immunofluorescence of formalin-fixed colon sections embedded in paraffin.

면역 형광을 사용하여 TNBS 유도 크론 병을 가진 마우스의 결장에서 에스트로겐 수용체의 가시화

Crohn&#39;s disease is the most diagnosed type of inflammatory bowel disease. Chronic inflammation developing in the intestine leads to peristalsis ...

생화학

DNBS/TNBS Colitis Models: Providing Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Effects of Dietary Fat

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently host immune responses to microbial and environmental agents. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis allows one to study the pathogenesis of IBD associated environmental triggers such as stress and diet, the effects of potential therapies, and the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. In this paper, we investigated the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the colonic mucosal inflammatory response to DNBS-induced colitis in rats. All rats were fed identical diets with the exception of different types of fatty acids [safflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO)] for three&#160;weeks prior to exposure to intrarectal DNBS. Control rats given intrarectal ethanol continued gaining weight over the 5 day study, whereas, DNBS-treated rats fed lipid diets all lost weight with FO and CO fed rats demonstrating significant weight loss by 48&#160;hr and rats fed SO by 72&#160;hr. Weight gain resumed after 72&#160;hr post DNBS, and by 5 days post DNBS, the FO group had a higher body weight than SO or CO groups. Colonic sections collected 5&#160;days post DNBS-treatment showed focal ulceration, crypt destruction, goblet cell depletion, and mucosal infiltration of both acute and chronic inflammatory cells that differed in severity among diet groups. The SO fed group showed the most severe damage followed by the CO, and FO fed groups that showed the mildest degree of tissue injury. Similarly, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activity was significantly higher in SO followed by CO fed rats, with FO fed rats having significantly lower MPO activity. These results demonstrate the use of DNBS-induced colitis, as outlined in this protocol, to determine the impact of diet in the pathogenesis of IBD.

DNBS/TNBS induced colitis offers an alternative and inexpensive method to study the pathobiology of inflammatory bowel disease. The protocol discussed in this paper outlines the successful application of DNBS to induce colitis in mice and rats and allows one to thoroughly study host-mediated intestinal responses.

DNBS / TNBS 대장염 모델 : 염증성 장 질환에 대한 통찰력과식이 지방의 효과를 제공

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

이펙터 CD4의 입양 전송하여 쥐과 장내 염증의 유도<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; 높은</sup&gt; 면역 결핍 마우스에게 T 세포

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Visualization of IL-22-expressing Lymphocytes Using Reporter Mice

Reporter mice have been widely used to observe the localization of expression of targeted genes. This protocol focuses on a strategy to establish a new transgenic reporter mouse model. We chose to visualize interleukin (IL) 22 gene expression because this cytokine has important activities in the intestine, where it contributes to repair tissues damaged by inflammation. Reporter systems offer considerable advantages over other methods of identifying products in vivo. In the case of IL-22, other studies had first isolated cells from tissues and then re-stimulated the cells in vitro. IL-22, which is normally secreted, was trapped inside cells using a drug, and intracellular staining was used to visualize it. This method identifies cells capable of producing IL-22, but it does not determine whether they were doing so in vivo. The reporter design includes inserting a gene for a fluorescent protein (tdTomato) into the IL-22 gene in such a way that the fluorescent protein cannot be secreted and therefore remains trapped inside the producing cells in vivo. Fluorescent producers can then be visualized in tissue sections or by ex vivo analysis through flow cytometry. The actual construction process for the reporter included recombineering a bacterial artificial chromosome that contained the IL-22 gene. This engineered chromosome was then introduced into the mouse genome. Homeostatic IL-22 reporter expression was observed in different mouse tissues, including the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, Peyer&#39;s patch, and intestine, by flow cytometry analysis. Colitis was induced by T-cell (CD4+CD45RBhigh) transfer, and reporter expression was visualized. Positive T cells were first present in the mesenteric lymph nodes, and then they accumulated inside the lamina propria of the distal small intestine and colon tissues. The strategy using BACs gave good-fidelity reporter expression compared to IL-22 expression, and it is simpler than knock-in procedures.

We describe here a transgenic reporter mouse model to visualize the IL-22-producing cells inside different mouse tissues. This method can be used to track the location of other cytokines or secretary proteins in the mouse.

기자 마우스를 사용하여 IL-22 발현 림프구의 시각화

Reporter mice have been widely used to observe the localization of expression of targeted genes. This protocol focuses on a strategy to establish a new ...

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a diverting enterostomy. The etiology of this disease remains ill-defined but appears to differ from that of classical inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Research aimed to decipher the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of this disease has been severely hampered by the lack of an appropriate murine model. This protocol generates a murine model of DC that facilitates the study of the immune system's role and its interaction with the microbiome in the development of DC. In this model using C57BL/6 animals, distal parts of the colon are excluded from the fecal stream by creating a distal colostomy, triggering the development of mild to moderate inflammation in the excluded bowel segments and reproducing the hallmark lesions of human DC with a moderate systemic inflammatory response. In contrast to the rat model, a large number of genetically-modified murine models on the C57BL/6 background are available. The combination of these animals with our model allows the potential roles of individual cytokines, chemokines, or receptors of bioactive molecules (e.g., interleukin (IL)-17; IL-10, chemokine CXCL13, chemokine receptors CXCR5 and CCR7, and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 4) to be assessed in the pathogenesis of DC. The availability of congenic mouse strains on the C57BL/6 background largely facilitates transfer experiments to establish the roles of distinct cell types involved in the etiology of DC. Finally, the model offers the opportunity to assess the influences of local interventions (e.g., modification of the local microbiome or local anti-inflammatory therapy) on mucosal immunity in affected and non-affected bowel segments and the on systemic immune homeostasis.

Murine distal colostomy provides a murine model for human diversion colitis, a predominantly lymphocytic colitis in colon segment excluded from the fecal stream.

Murine 원심 인공, C57BL/6 마우스에 전환 Colitis의 새로운 모델

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a ...

Investigating Target Gene Function in a CD40 Agonistic Antibody-induced Colitis Model using CRISPR/Cas9-based Technologies

The immune system functions to defend humans against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. However, disorders of the immune system may lead to autoimmunity, inflammatory disease, and cancer. The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD)-Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC)-are chronic diseases marked by relapsing intestinal inflammation. Although IBD is most prevalent in Western countries (1 in 1,000), incident rates are increasing around the world. Through association studies, researchers have linked hundreds of genes to the pathology of IBD. However, the elaborate pathology behind IBD and the high number of potential genes pose significant challenges in finding the best therapeutic targets. Additionally, the tools needed to functionally characterize each genetic association introduce many rate-limiting factors such as the generation of genetically modified mice for each gene. To investigate the therapeutic potential of target genes, a model system has been developed using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas9)-based technologies and a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) agonistic antibody. The present study shows that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing in the immune system can be used to investigate the impact of genes in vivo. Limited to the hematopoietic compartment, this approach reliably edits the resulting reconstituted immune system. CRISPR/Cas9-edited mice are generated faster and are far less expensive than traditional genetically modified mice. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 editing of mice has significant scientific advantages compared to generating and breeding genetically modified mice such as the ability to evaluate targets that are embryonic lethal. Using CD40 as a model target in the CD40 agonistic antibody-induced colitis model, this study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>CRISPR/Cas9 기반 기술을 이용한 CD40 작용성 항체 유발 대장염 모델의 표적 유전자 기능 조사

Here, we describe the methodology to knock out a gene of interest in the immune system using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated endonuclease (Cas9)-based technologies and the evaluation of these mice in a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) agonistic antibody-induced colitis model.

CRISPR/Cas9 기반 기술을 이용한 CD40 작용성 항체 유발 대장염 모델의 표적 유전자 기능 조사

The immune system functions to defend humans against foreign invaders such as bacteria and viruses. However, disorders of the immune system may lead to ...

항원 중심의 성 대장염 모델의 개발은 항원이 T 세포에 세포를 제시하여 항원의 프리젠 테이션을 공부하기

요약

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이 비디오의 챕터

Azoxymethane (AOM)과 Dextran의 황산 나트륨 (DSS)와 모델링 대장염 - 관련 암

마우스 소장에서 돌기 세포 및 Macrophages의 분리 및 특성화

면역 형광을 사용하여 TNBS 유도 크론 병을 가진 마우스의 결장에서 에스트로겐 수용체의 가시화

DNBS / TNBS 대장염 모델 : 염증성 장 질환에 대한 통찰력과식이 지방의 효과를 제공

이펙터 CD4의 입양 전송하여 쥐과 장내 염증의 유도

기자 마우스를 사용하여 IL-22 발현 림프구의 시각화

Murine 원심 인공, C57BL/6 마우스에 전환 Colitis의 새로운 모델

CRISPR/Cas9 기반 기술을 이용한 CD40 작용성 항체 유발 대장염 모델의 표적 유전자 기능 조사

CRISPR/Cas9 기반 기술을 이용한 CD40 작용성 항체 유발 대장염 모델의 표적 유전자 기능 조사