Name: high-throughput, multi-image cryohistology of mineralized tissues
Uploaded: 2016-09-14T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 18 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues at JoVE.com

The authors would like to acknowledge the following funding sources: NIH R01-AR063702, R21-AR064941, K99-AR067283, and T90-DE021989.

<ol>
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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ablating+hedgehog+signaling+in+tenocytes+during+development+impairs+biomechanics+and+matrix+organization+of+the+adult+murine+patellar+tendon+enthesis.">Ablating hedgehog signaling in tenocytes during development impairs biomechanics and matrix organization of the adult murine patellar tendon enthesis.</a> J.Orthop.Res. 33 (8), 1142-1151 (2015).</li><li>Ushiku, C., Adams, D., Jiang, X., Wang, L., Rowe, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long+Bone+Fracture+Repair+in+Mice+Harboring+GFP+Reporters+for+Cells+within+the+Osteoblastic+Lineage.">Long Bone Fracture Repair in Mice Harboring GFP Reporters for Cells within the Osteoblastic Lineage.</a> J.Orthop.Res. 28 (10), 1338-1347 (2010).</li><li>Matthews, B. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+asMA-labeled+progenitor+cell+commitment+identifies+notch+signaling+as+an+important+pathway+in+fracture+healing.">Analysis of asMA-labeled progenitor cell commitment identifies notch signaling as an important pathway in fracture healing.</a> J.Bone Miner.Res. 29 (5), 1283-1294 (2014).</li><li>Dyment, N. A., Hagiwara, Y., Jiang, X., Huang, J., Adams, D. J., Rowe, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+knee+fibrocartilage+to+joint+destabilization.">Response of knee fibrocartilage to joint destabilization.</a> Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 23 (6), 996-1006 (2015).</li><li>Grcevic, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+fate+mapping+identifies+mesenchymal+progenitor+cells.">In vivo fate mapping identifies mesenchymal progenitor cells.</a> Stem Cells. 30 (2), 187-196 (2012).</li><li>Hong, S. H., Jiang, X., Chen, L., Josh, P., Shin, D. G., Rowe, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer-Automated+Static,+Dynamic+and+Cellular+Bone+Histomorphometry.">Computer-Automated Static, Dynamic and Cellular Bone Histomorphometry.</a> J Tissue Sci Eng. Suppl 1, 004 (2012).</li><li>Matthews, B. G., Torreggiani, E., Roeder, E., Matic, I., Grcevic, D., Kalajzic, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteogenic+potential+of+alpha+smooth+muscle+actin+expressing+muscle+resident+progenitor+cells.">Osteogenic potential of alpha smooth muscle actin expressing muscle resident progenitor cells.</a> Bone. 84, 69-77 (2016).</li><li>Hagiwara, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fixation+stability+dictates+the+differentiation+pathway+of+periosteal+progenitor+cells+in+fracture+repair.">Fixation stability dictates the differentiation pathway of periosteal progenitor cells in fracture repair.</a> J.Orthop.Res. 33 (7), 948-956 (2015).</li><li>Jiang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+analysis+of+GFP+expression+in+murine+bone.">Histological analysis of GFP expression in murine bone.</a> J.Histochem.Cytochem. 53 (5), 593-602 (2005).</li><li>Nissanov, J., Bertrand, L., Tretiak, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryosectioning+distortion+reduction+using+tape+support.">Cryosectioning distortion reduction using tape support.</a> Microsc.Res.Tech. 53 (3), 239-240 (2001).</li><li>Kawamoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+new+adhesive+film+for+the+preparation+of+multi-purpose+fresh-frozen+sections+from+hard+tissues,+whole-animals,+insects+and+plants.">Use of a new adhesive film for the preparation of multi-purpose fresh-frozen sections from hard tissues, whole-animals, insects and plants.</a> Arch.Histol.Cytol. 66 (2), 123-143 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

여기에서 우리는 공동 현지화 및 단일 섹션에 염색 / 영상의 여러 라운드에서 이미지를 정렬하여 여러 가지 생물학적 조치를 정량화하기위한 세부 cryohistology 프로토콜을 제시 하였다. 이 섹션 조직에 어려운 형태 (예를 들어, 광물 뼈와 연골을) 유지로 cryotape을 사용하여 설명하는 방법은 특히 유용합니다. 또한, 단면 조직은 동일한 부의 염색 / 영상 여러 발사를 허용 유리 슬라이드에 단단?...

생물학적 연구는 종종 자주 조직 학적 분석 1-3 일종의와 관련된 효율적인 표현형가 필요합니다. 이 필요 마우스 게놈 4 각 유전자를 방해 더욱 분명 야심 찬 프로젝트가있다. 이러한 조직 학적 분석은 개별 세포에 특정 유전자 또는 단백질의 매핑 표현 세포 형태 및 / 또는 해부학 적 특징을 평가에 이르기까지 다양 할 수 있습니다. 사실, 유전체 분야에 조직학의 기본적인 기여 중 하나가 특정 영역 또는 세포 유형으로 특정 분자 신호를 연결하는 기능이다. 특히 근골격계 조직에 대한 조직 검사의 전통적인 방법은 종종 시간이 많이 걸리고 힘들고, 때로는 해결하기 위해 주를 필요로하고, 석회, 섹션, 얼룩 및 이미지 시편은 인간의 해석을 통해 이미지를 분석 할 수 있습니다. 시츄 hybridizat의 여부 면역 통해 여러 분자 신호를 분석이온, 또는 특수 얼룩, 적절하게 수행하기 위해 여러 섹션, 심지어 여러 표본을 필요로한다. 또한, 이러한 복수 응​​답은 주어진 시료 내 특정 지역에 공동 지역화 할 수 없습니다 때로는 동일한 셀에 공동 지역화 할 수 없습니다. 게놈과 후성 유전체 매핑 센터, 후성 유전체학 분야는 디지털 시대로 이동함에 따라, 조직 학적 필드는 효율적이고 높은 처리량, 단일 조직 학적 섹션 내 분자 신호의 다양한 자동화 된 분석을 제공하기 위해 소송을 수행해야합니다. 실제로, 소정의 시험편의 특정 셀에 다수의 분자 신호들을 연결할 수 향상 조직학 기술에 대한 필요성이 대두되고있다. 최근에, 우리는 광물 조직 5-14에서 주어진 섹션 내에서 여러 가지 대응 방안을 평가하기위한 새로운 높은 처리량 cryohistological 방법을 발표했다. 방법은 현미경 슬라이드에 견고하게 접착 테이프 부 냉동 cryotape로 동결 절단 (Cryosections) 안정화 포함하며각 섹션에 염색 및 이미징의 여러 라운드를 실시. 이미지의 이러한 라운드는 수동 또는 이미지 분석하기 전에 컴퓨터 자동화 (그림 1)을 통해 정렬됩니다. 여기, 우리는이 과정에 대한 자세한 프로토콜을 제시하고 이러한 기술은 서로 다른 생물학적 과정에 대한 우리의 이해를 향상 예를 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>10% neutral buffered formalin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>HT501128-4L</td><td>Multiple suppliers available. Toxic. Can be substituted with 4% paraformaldehyde.</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S9378</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>PBS</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5368</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Cryomolds</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>Fisherbrand #22-363-554</td><td>Different sizes can be used depending on tissue</td></tr><tr><td>Cryomatrix</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>6769006</td><td>Can be substitituted with other cryomatrices. However, PVA/PEG-based resins have worked best in our hands.</td></tr><tr><td>2-methyl-butane</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M32631</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Leica Biosystems</td><td>3050s</td><td>Can be substituted with other brands/models.</td></tr><tr><td>Specimen disc</td><td>Leica Biosystems</td><td>14037008587</td><td>Can be substituted with other brands/models.</td></tr><tr><td>Cryostat blades</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3051835</td><td>Can be substituted with other brands/models.</td></tr><tr><td>Cryotape</td><td>Section Lab</td><td>Cryofilm 2C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Roller</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>62800-46</td><td>Can be substituted with other brands/models.</td></tr><tr><td>Plastic microscope slides</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>71890-01</td><td>Can be substituted with other brands/models.</td></tr><tr><td>Glass microscope slides</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>3051</td><td>Can be substituted with other brands/models.</td></tr><tr><td>Norland Optical Adhesive, 61</td><td>Norland Optical</td><td>Norland Optical Adhesive, 61</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV Black Light</td><td>General Electric</td><td>F15T8-BLB</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glacial acetic acid</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>ARK2183</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Chitosan</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C3646</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>InSpeck red microscopheres</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>I-14787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>InSpeck green microspheres</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>I-14785</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcein Blue</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M1255</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Calcein</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C0875&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Alizarin complexone</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A3882&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Demeclocycline</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D6140&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S5761</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G5516</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>ELF 97 yellow fluorescent acid phosphatase substrate</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>E-6588</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>62247</td><td>Multiple suppliers available. Can be substituted with Hoechst 33342 or other nuclear dyes.</td></tr><tr><td>TO-PRO-3 (Cy5 nuclear counterstain)</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>T3605</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Propidium Iodide</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>R37108</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium acetate anhydrous</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S2889</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>sodium tartrate dibasic dihydrate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T6521</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium nitrite</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S2252</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Tris</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>15504</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; hexahydrate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M9272</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S7653</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Fast Red TR Salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F8764</td><td>Multiple suppliers available. Can also be substituted with other substrate kits such as Vector Blue (Vector Laboratories, Cat# SK-5300)</td></tr><tr><td>Naphthol AS-MX&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>N4875</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>N,N dimethylformamide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D158550</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Toluidine blue O</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>T3260</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>Axio Scan.Z1</td><td>Carl Zeiss AG</td><td>Axio Scan.Z1</td><td>Other linear or tiled scanners may also be used.</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>49000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CFP Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>49001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GFP Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>49020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>YFP Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>49003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Custom yellow (ELF 97) Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>custom; HQ409sp, HQ555/30m, 425dxcr</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRITC Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>49004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cy5 Filter Set</td><td>Chroma Technology Corp.</td><td>49009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CryoJane Tape Transfer System</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>62800-10</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>CryoJane Tape Windows</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>62800-72</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr><tr><td>CryoJane Adhesive Slides</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>62800-4X</td><td>Multiple suppliers available.</td></tr></tbody></table>

high-throughput, multi-image cryohistology of mineralized tissues

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.

높은 처리량, 멀티 이미지 Cryohistology을위한 일반 워크 플로 그림 1은이 기술에 사용되는 일반적인 작업을 나타냅니다. 이 영상 마지막 이미지 정렬 / 분석의 여러 라운드를 통해 고정에서 여러 단계를 포함한다. 일주일이 샘플의이 유형을 석회하는 데 걸리는 시간보다 적은 시간 영상 4 라운드를 통해...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues at JoVE.com

High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues

In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues.

높은 처리량, 광물 조직의 멀티 이미지 Cryohistology

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious ...

high-throughput-multi-image-cryohistology-of-mineralized-tissues

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

15.9K 조회수.  University of Connecticut Health Center. In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues. 

비디오: High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues

High Resolution 3D Imaging of Ex-Vivo Biological Samples by Micro CT

Non-destructive volume visualization can be achieved only by tomographic techniques, of which the most efficient is the x-ray micro computerized tomography (&mu;CT).
High resolution &mu;CT is a very versatile yet accurate (1-2 microns of resolution) technique for 3D examination of ex-vivo biological samples1, 2. As opposed to electron tomography, the &mu;CT allows the examination of up to 4 cm thick samples. This technique requires only few hours of measurement as compared to weeks in histology. In addition, &mu;CT does not rely on 2D stereologic models, thus it may complement and in some cases can even replace histological methods3, 4, which are both time consuming and destructive. Sample conditioning and positioning in &mu;CT is straightforward and does not require high vacuum or low temperatures, which may adversely affect the structure. The sample is positioned and rotated 180&deg; or 360&deg;between a microfocused x-ray source and a detector, which includes a scintillator and an accurate CCD camera, For each angle a 2D image is taken, and then the entire volume is reconstructed using one of the different available algorithms5-7. The 3D resolution increases with the decrease of the rotation step. The present video protocol shows the main steps in preparation, immobilization and positioning of the sample followed by imaging at high resolution.

High Resolution 3D Imaging of Ex-Vivo Biological Samples by Micro CT

Non-destructive volume visualization can be achieved only by tomographic techniques, of which the most efficient is the x-ray micro computerized tomography ( CT).

고해상도 3D 영상의 전 VIVO</em마이크로 중부 표준시로> 생물 학적 샘플

Non-destructive volume visualization can be achieved only by tomographic techniques, of which the most efficient is the x-ray micro computerized ...

연구

생체공학

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality microscopic images is not entirely dependent upon the quality of the microscope, but also upon the methods of tissue processing, which often involve multiple critical actions or steps. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell types in the skin and other tissues represent a new challenge for tissue preparation and imaging. Here, we present a complete process, from tissue harvest to microscopy. Our technique, called &#34;horizontal whole mount,&#34; is one that novices can quickly become proficient in and that allows for antigen preservation and detection in 60-300 &#181;m-thick sections cut with a cryostat. Sections of this thickness provide enhanced visualization of tissue microarchitecture in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, the protocol preserves mesenchymal cells in a manner that enhances image quality when compared to standard cryostat or paraffin sections, thereby increasing the efficacy and reliability of immunostaining. We believe that this protocol will benefit all laboratories that visualize skin, and possibly other tissues and organs.

This work presents a novel processing and imaging protocol for thick, three-dimensional tissue cross-section analysis that enables the full exploitation of confocal imaging modalities. This protocol preserves antigenicity and represents a robust system to analyze skin histology and potentially other tissue types.

수평 한 전체적인 거치 : 피부의 두껍고, 3 차원 조직 단면도를위한 비발 한 가공 그리고 화상 진찰 의정서

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

발생학

Multimodal Hierarchical Imaging of Serial Sections for Finding Specific Cellular Targets within Large Volumes

Targeting specific cells at ultrastructural resolution within a mixed cell population or a tissue can be achieved by hierarchical imaging using a combination of light and electron microscopy. Samples embedded in resin are sectioned into arrays consisting of ribbons of hundreds of ultrathin sections and deposited on pieces of silicon wafer or conductively coated coverslips. Arrays are imaged at low resolution using a digital consumer like smartphone camera or light microscope (LM) for a rapid large area overview, or a wide field fluorescence microscope (fluorescence light microscopy (FLM)) after labeling with fluorophores. After post-staining with heavy metals, arrays are imaged in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Selection of targets is possible from 3D reconstructions generated by FLM or from 3D reconstructions made from the SEM image stacks at intermediate resolution if no fluorescent markers are available. For ultrastructural analysis, selected targets are finally recorded in the SEM at high-resolution (a few nanometer image pixels). A ribbon-handling tool that can be retrofitted to any ultramicrotome is demonstrated. It helps with array production and substrate removal from the sectioning knife boat. A software platform that allows automated imaging of arrays in the SEM is discussed. Compared to other methods generating large volume EM data, such as serial block-face SEM (SBF-SEM) or focused ion beam SEM (FIB-SEM), this approach has two major advantages: (1) The resin-embedded sample is conserved, albeit in a sliced-up version. It can be stained in different ways and imaged with different resolutions. (2) As the sections can be post-stained, it is not necessary to use samples strongly block-stained with heavy metals to introduce contrast for SEM imaging or render the tissue blocks conductive. This makes the method applicable to a wide variety of materials and biological questions. Particularly prefixed materials e.g., from biopsy banks and pathology labs, can directly be embedded and reconstructed in 3D.

This protocol targets specific cells in tissue for imaging at nanoscale resolution using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Large numbers of serial sections from resin-embedded biological material are first imaged in a light microscope to identify the target and then in a hierarchical manner in the SEM.

큰 볼륨 내에서 특정 세포 목표를 찾아내기를 위한 직렬 섹션의 복합 계층적 이미징

Targeting specific cells at ultrastructural resolution within a mixed cell population or a tissue can be achieved by hierarchical imaging using a ...

Preparing Lamellae from Vitreous Biological Samples Using a Dual-Beam Scanning Electron Microscope for Cryo-Electron Tomography

Presented here is a protocol for preparing cryo-lamellae from plunge-frozen grids of Plasmodium falciparum-infected&#160;human erythrocytes, which could easily be adapted for other biological samples. The basic principles for preparing samples, milling, and viewing lamellae are common to all instruments and the protocol can be followed as a general guide to on-grid cryo-lamella preparation for cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryoET). Electron microscopy grids supporting the cells are plunge-frozen into liquid nitrogen-cooled liquid ethane using a manual or automated plunge freezer, then screened on a light microscope equipped with a cryo-stage. Frozen grids are transferred into a cryo-scanning electron microscope equipped with a focused ion beam (cryoFIB-SEM). Grids are routinely sputter coated prior to milling, which aids dispersal of charge build-up during milling. Alternatively, an e-beam rotary coater can be used to apply a layer of carbon-platinum to the grids, the exact thickness of which can be more precisely controlled. Once inside the cryoFIB-SEM an additional coating of an organoplatinum compound is applied to the surface of the grid via a gas injection system (GIS). This layer protects the front edge of the lamella as it is milled, the integrity of which is critical for achieving uniformly thin lamellae. Regions of interest are identified via SEM and milling is carried out in a step-wise fashion, reducing the current of the ion beam as the lamella reaches electron transparency, in order to avoid excessive heat generation. A grid with multiple lamellae is then transferred to a transmission electron microscope (TEM) under cryogenic conditions for tilt-series acquisition. A robust and contamination-free workflow for lamella preparation is an essential step for downstream techniques, including cellular cryoEM, cryoET, and sub-tomogram averaging. Development of these techniques, especially for lift-out and milling of high-pressure frozen samples, is of high-priority in the field.

Using focused ion beam milling to produce vitreous on-grid lamellae from plunge frozen biological samples for cryo-electron tomography.

극저온 전자 단층 촬영을 위한 이중 빔 주사 전자 현미경을 사용하여 유리체 생물학적 샘플에서 라멜라 준비

Presented here is a protocol for preparing cryo-lamellae from plunge-frozen grids of Plasmodium falciparum-infected&#160;human erythrocytes, which could ...

생화학

A Rapid Method for Multispectral Fluorescence Imaging of Frozen Tissue Sections

Multispectral fluorescence imaging on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues enables the detection of multiple markers in a single tissue sample that can provide information about antigen coexpression and spatial distribution of the markers. However, a lack of suitable antibodies for formalin-fixed tissues may restrict the nature of markers that can be detected. In addition, the staining method is time-consuming. Here we describe a rapid method to perform multispectral fluorescence imaging on frozen tissues. The method includes the fluorophore combinations used, detailed steps for the staining of mouse and human frozen tissues, and the scanning, acquisition, and analysis procedures. For staining analysis, a commercially available semiautomated multispectral fluorescence imaging system is used. Through this method, up to six different markers were stained and detected in a single frozen tissue section. The machine learning analysis software can phenotype cells that can be used for quantitative analysis. The method described here for frozen tissues is useful for the detection of markers that cannot be detected in FFPE tissues or for which antibodies are not available for FFPE tissues.

We describe a rapid staining method to perform multispectral imaging on frozen tissues.

냉동 조직 섹션의 다스펙트럼 형광 이미징을위한 신속한 방법

Multispectral fluorescence imaging on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues enables the detection of multiple markers in a single tissue sample ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Biological Sample Preparation by High-pressure Freezing, Microwave-assisted Contrast Enhancement, and Minimal Resin Embedding for Volume Imaging

The described sample preparation technique is designed to combine the best quality of ultrastructural preservation with the most suitable contrast for the imaging modality in a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM), which is used to obtain stacks of sequential images for 3D reconstruction and modelling. High-pressure freezing (HPF) allows close to native structural preservation, but the subsequent freeze substitution often does not provide sufficient contrast, especially for a bigger specimen, which is needed for high-quality imaging in the SEM required for 3D reconstruction. Therefore, in this protocol, after the freeze substitution, additional contrasting steps are carried out at room temperature. Although these steps are performed in a microwave, it is also possible to follow traditional bench processing, which requires longer incubation times.The subsequent embedding in minimal amounts of resin allows for faster and more precise targeting and preparation inside the FIB-SEM. This protocol is especially useful for samples that require preparation by high-pressure freezing for a reliable ultrastructural preservation but do not gain enough contrast during the freeze substitution for volume imaging using FIB-SEM. In combination with the minimal resin embedding, this protocol provides an efficient workflow for the acquisition of high-quality volume data.

Here we present a protocol for combining two sample processing techniques, high-pressure freezing and microwave-assisted sample processing, followed by minimal resin embedding for acquiring data with a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM). This is demonstrated using a mouse tibial nerve sample and Caenorhabditis elegans.

고압 냉동, 전자 레인지를 이용한 콘트라스트 향상, 그리고 볼륨 이미지에 대 한 포함 하는 최소한의 수 지에 의해 생물학 견본 준비

The described sample preparation technique is designed to combine the best quality of ultrastructural preservation with the most suitable contrast for the ...

생물학

A Sectioning, Coring, and Image Processing Guide for High-Throughput Cortical Bone Sample Procurement and Analysis for Synchrotron Micro-CT

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been studied substantially using traditional two-dimensional techniques. Recent advancements in X-ray imaging technology via desktop micro-computed tomography (&#181;CT) and synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography (SR&#181;CT) have allowed for the acquisition of high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) scans of a larger field of view (FOV) than other 3D imaging techniques (e.g., SEM) providing a more complete picture of microscopic structures within human cortical bone. The specimen should be accurately centered within the FOV, however, to limit the appearance of streak artifacts known to impact data analysis. Previous studies have reported procurement of irregularly shaped rectilinear bone blocks that result in imaging artifacts due to uneven edges or image truncation. We have applied a geological sampling protocol (coring) to procure consistently sized cortical bone core specimens for SR&#181;CT experiments from the anterior aspect of human femora. This coring method is efficient and minimally destructive to tissue. It creates uniform cylindrical samples that decrease imaging artifacts by nature of being isometric during rotation and providing a uniform path length for X-ray beams throughout scanning. Image processing of X-ray tomographic data of cored and irregularly shaped samples confirms the potential of the technique to improve visualization and analysis of cortical bone microarchitecture. A goal of this protocol is to deliver a reliable and repeatable method for the extraction of cortical bone cores that is adaptable for various types of high-resolution bone imaging experiments. An overarching goal of the work is to create a standardized cortical bone procurement for SR&#181;CT that is affordable, consistent, and straightforward. This procedure may further be adapted by researchers in related fields who commonly evaluate hard composite materials such as in biological anthropology, geosciences, or material sciences.

We employed a geological (coring) sampling protocol to procure cortical bone specimens of uniform size for SR&#181;CT experiments from the anterior aspect of human femora. This method is minimally destructive, efficient, results in cylindrical specimens that minimize imaging artifacts from irregular sample shapes and improves microarchitectural visualization and analysis.

싱크로트론 마이크로 CT를 위한 고처리량 피질 뼈 샘플 조달 및 분석을 위한 단면, 코링 및 이미지 처리 가이드

Bone is a dynamic and mechanically active tissue that changes in structure over the human lifespan. The products of the bone remodeling process have been ...

A 3D Cartographic Description of the Cell by Cryo Soft X-ray Tomography

Imaging techniques are fundamental in order to understand cell organization and machinery in biological research and the related fields. Among these techniques, cryo soft X-ray tomography (SXT) allows imaging whole cryo-preserved cells in the water window X-ray energy range (284-543 eV), in which carbon structures have intrinsically higher absorption than water, allowing the 3D reconstruction of the linear absorption coefficient of the material contained in each voxel. Quantitative structural information at the level of whole cells up to 10 &#181;m thick is then achievable this way, with high throughput and spatial resolution down to 25-30 nm half-pitch. Cryo-SXT has proven itself relevant to current biomedical research, providing 3D information on cellular infection processes (virus, bacteria, or parasites), morphological changes due to diseases (such as recessive genetic diseases) and helping us understand drug action at the cellular level, or locating specific structures in the 3D cellular environment. In addition, by taking advantage of the tunable wavelength at synchrotron facilities, spectro-microscopy or its 3D counterpart, spectro-tomography, can also be used to image and quantify specific elements in the cell, such as calcium in biomineralization processes. Cryo-SXT provides complementary information to other biological imaging techniques such as electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence or visible light fluorescence, and is generally used as a partner method for 2D or 3D correlative imaging at cryogenic conditions in order to link function, location, and morphology.

Here, a protocol describing the sample preparation and data collection steps required in cryo soft X-ray tomography (SXT) to image the ultrastructure of whole cryo-preserved cells at a resolution of 25 nm half pitch, is presented.

Cryo Soft X선 단층 촬영에 의한 세포의 3D Cartographic 설명

Imaging techniques are fundamental in order to understand cell organization and machinery in biological research and the related fields. Among these ...

Cryo-Structured Illumination Microscopic Data Collection from Cryogenically Preserved Cells

Three-dimensional (3D) structured illumination microscopy (SIM) allows imaging of fluorescently labelled cellular structures at higher resolution than conventional fluorescence microscopy. This super-resolution (SR) technique enables visualization of molecular processes in whole cells and has the potential to be used in conjunction with electron microscopy and X-ray tomography to correlate structural and functional information. A SIM microscope for cryogenically preserved samples (cryoSIM) has recently been commissioned at the correlative cryo-imaging beamline B24 at the UK synchrotron. 
It was designed specifically for 3D imaging of biological samples at cryogenic temperatures in a manner compatible with subsequent imaging of the same samples by X-ray microscopy methods such as cryo-soft X-ray tomography. This video article provides detailed methods and protocols for successful imaging using the cryoSIM. In addition to instructions on the operation of the cryoSIM microscope, recommendations have been included regarding the choice of samples, fluorophores, and parameter settings. The protocol is demonstrated in U2OS cell samples whose mitochondria and tubulin have been fluorescently labelled.

This protocol demonstrates how to image biological cryo-preserved samples using cryo-structured illumination microscopy. We demonstrate the methodology by imaging the cytoskeleton of U2OS cells.

극저온 보존 된 세포에서 극저온 구조 조명 현미경 데이터 수집

Three-dimensional (3D) structured illumination microscopy (SIM) allows imaging of fluorescently labelled cellular structures at higher resolution than ...

Strategies for Optimization of Cryogenic Electron Tomography Data Acquisition

Cryogenic electron tomography (cryoET) is a powerful method to study the 3D structure of biological samples in a close-to-native state. Current state-of-the-art cryoET combined with subtomogram averaging analysis enables the high-resolution structural determination of macromolecular complexes that are present in multiple copies within tomographic reconstructions. Tomographic experiments usually require a vast amount of tilt series to be acquired by means of high-end transmission electron microscopes with important operational running-costs. Although the throughput and reliability of automated data acquisition routines have constantly improved over the recent years, the process of selecting regions of interest at which a tilt series will be acquired cannot be easily automated and it still relies on the user's manual input. Therefore, the set-up of a large-scale data collection session is a time-consuming procedure that can considerably reduce the remaining microscope time available for tilt series acquisition. Here, the protocol describes the recently developed implementations based on the SerialEM package and the PyEM software that significantly improve the time-efficiency of grid screening and large-scale tilt series data collection. The presented protocol illustrates how to use SerialEM scripting functionalities to fully automate grid mapping, grid square mapping, and tilt series acquisition. Furthermore, the protocol describes how to use PyEM to select additional acquisition targets in off-line mode after automated data collection is initiated. To illustrate this protocol, its application in the context of high-end data collection of Sars-Cov-2 tilt series is described. The presented pipeline is particularly suited to maximizing the time-efficiency of tomography experiments that require a careful selection of acquisition targets and at the same time a large amount of tilt series to be collected.

The increasing demand for large-scale data collection in cryogenic electron tomography requires high-throughput image acquisition routines. Described here is a protocol that implements the recent developments of advanced acquisition strategies aimed at maximizing the time-efficiency and throughput of tomographic data collection.

높은 처리량, 광물 조직의 멀티 이미지 Cryohistology

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