This work was performed on behalf of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Working Group on CSF Proteins, which has the following composition: Kaj Blennow (Chair) and Henrik Zetterberg, Gothenburg University, Sweden; Les Shaw and Magdalena Korecka, University of Philadelphia, PA, USA; Ingrid Zegers, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium; Piotr Lewczuk, Universit&#228;tsklinikum Erlangen, Germany; and Rand Jenkins, PPD Bioanalytical Laboratory, Richmond, VA, USA; Randall Bateman, Washington University, MO, USA; and H Vanderstichele, Innogenetics NV, Ghent, Belgium. This work was also part of the Global Consortium for Biomarker Standardization CSF Reference Methods Working Group, which is led by Maria C. Carrillo, Ph.D., Senior Director, Medical &amp; Scientific Relations, Alzheimer's Association. The study was supported by The Swedish Research Council (grants #14002, #521-2011-4709, and #2013-2546); the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation; Demensf&#246;rbundet; and Emil and Wera Cornell's, Aina Wallstr&#246;m and Mary-Ann Sj&#246;blom's, Gun and Bertil Stohne's, Magnus Bergvall's, and Gamla Tj&#228;narinnor's Foundations.

주 :이 프로토콜은 출발 물질로서 각각 Aβ 펩타이드를 50㎍ / ㎖의 농도에서 50 μL의 분취 량을 필요로한다. Aβ 펩타이드의 탈 이온수 중 20 % 아세토 니트릴 (ACN) 및 4 % 진한 암모니아 용액 (V / V)에 용해시키고, 80 ℃에서 보관해야한다. 주의 : 안전 정보는 표 1을 참조하십시오. 솔루션 1. 준비 <ol><li> ACN 20㎖의 탈 이온수에서 농축 암모니아 4 ㎖ (~ 25 %)을 희석하여 20 % ACN과 4 % 100 ㎖를 탈 이온수 (v / v)로 농축 암모니아 용액을 제조 하였다. 탈 이온수 100 ㎖에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. 신선한 매일 확인합니다. </li><li> 50 ㎖의 최종 부피의 탈 이온수에 구아니딘 염산염 26.08 g을 용해하여 5 M 구아니딘 히드로 클로라이드 50 ㎖를 준비한다. 20 ° C에서 보관하고 신선한 매월합니다. </li><li> (탈 이온수 4 % 인산 200㎖를 준비 V /V)의 탈 이온수에서 농축 인산 (~ 85 %) 9.4 mL로 희석. 탈 이온수 200 ㎖에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. 냉장고에 저장하고 신선한 주간을합니다. </li><li> ACN 37.5 mL의 탈 이온수에서 농축 암모니아 5 ㎖ (~ 25 %)를 희석하여, 탈 이온수 50 75 % ACN ㎖의 10 % 진한 암모니아 용액 (V / V)를 준비한다. 탈 이온수로 50 ㎖에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. 신선한 매일 확인합니다. </li><li> 일상적인 임상 분석 드 식별 남은 샘플에서 얻은 교정기, 인간 CSF의 적어도 2.5 mL로 녹여. </li><li> 150 mM의 나트륨, 3.0 mM의 K, 1.4 mM의 CA, 0.8mm의 마그네슘, 1.0 mM의 P, 및 탈 이온수 155 mM의 CL을 포함하는 인공 CSF를 준비하여 4 mg / ml의 최종 농도로 우 혈청 알부민을 추가한다. 단 1 mL의 향후 사용을 위해 분취 량을, 저장, 분석 당 필요하지만, 많은 양을 준비한다. </li></ol> 구경 2. 준비 <ol><li> 4 μg의 0.5 mL의 준비 / mL의 10.5 ㎖의 마이크로 원심 튜브에 20 % ACN과 4 % 진한 암모니아 용액을 0.46 / ㎖ 15 142 NAβ 50 μg의 40 μL를 첨가하여 5 NAβ 1-42 펩티드. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li><li> 2 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에서 20 % ACN과 4 % 진한 암모니아 1.95 mL의 4 μg의 / ㎖ 15 NAβ 142 50 μL를 첨가하여 100 NG / ㎖ 15 NAβ 1-42 펩티드이 용액을 준비한다. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li><li> 표 2에 나타낸 각각의 용액의 양을 혼합하여 용액 여섯 교정기 (AF)를 준비한다. 0.5, 1.5, 2 ML의의 microcentrifuge 튜브를 사용합니다. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li><li> 해당 교정 솔루션 및 1 분을위한 와류 믹서 표 3. 믹스에 따라 인간의 CSF를 추가하여 0.5 ML의의 microcentrifuge 튜브 (중복)에 최종 교정기를 준비합니다. </li></ol> 내부 표준 3. 준비 <ol><li> 2 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에서 20 % ACN 4 % 농축 암모니아 1.968 mL의 / mL의 13 CAβ (142) 50 μg의 32 μL를 추가하여 / mL의 13 CAβ 1-42 펩타이드 0.8 μg의 2 용액을 준비합니다. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li><li> 5 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에서 20 % ACN과 4 % 진한 암모니아 용액 4.9 μg의 0.8 / mL의 0.1 mL를 첨가하여 16 NG / ㎖ 13 CAβ 1-42 펩티드 5 ㎖를 준비한다. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li></ol> 응답 인자 샘플 4. 준비 참고 : 응답 팩터 (RF) 결정은 교정 (15 NAβ 1-42)에 사용되는 표지 된 펩타이드의 농도를 결정하기 위해 수행된다. 이것은 천연 Aβ 1-42 펩티드의 농도는 아미노산 분석 (AAA)를 사용하여 측정 된 것을 필요로한다. 따라서, 체적 고유 Aβ 1-42 펩티드 분취 농도AAA의 요구 사항을 충족해야합니다. <ol><li> 0.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에서 20 % ACN 4 % 농축 암모니아 0.46 mL의 / mL의 기본 Aβ 1-42 50 μg의 40 μL를 추가하여 (레이블이 지정되지 않은) 4 μg의 / ML의 기본 Aβ 1-42 0.5 mL로 준비합니다. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li><li> 20 %의 1.96 mL의 4 μg의의 / mL의 기본 Aβ 1-42 및 4μg 20 μL / mL의 15 NAβ 1-42을 20 μL를 추가하여 기본 15 NAβ 1-42의 2 mL의 40 NG / ML의 믹스를 준비 ACN과 4 %는 2 ML의 microcentrifuge 관 암모니아를 농축시켰다. 1 분 동안 와동 혼합기에서 혼합한다. </li><li> 0.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 관에서 인공 CSF의 0.38 mL의 40 NG / ML의 믹스의 20 μL를 추가합니다. 중복을 준비하고 1 분 동안 와류 믹서에 혼합한다. </li></ol> 5. 샘플 준비 주의 : 샘플을 해동은 롤러 실온에서 측정한다. <ol><li>그림 1 항에있어서, 1 mL의 단백질 96 깊은 웰 플레이트에 각 교정기, 응답 계수, 및 (사용 된 경우 품질 관리 [QC] 샘플 포함) 미지 시료의 0.18 mL를 넣고 (전체 판을 가정하는 데 사용됩니다). 에 샘플을 추가해야하거나, 우물의 바닥에 근접합니다. </li><li> 각 웰 (즉, 교정기, 응답 인자, QCS, 그리고 미지수)에 내부 표준의 20 μL를 추가; 이는 피펫 팁을 침지하지 않고 시료 표면에 충분히 가까운 측의 방울을 방출하는 것이 중요하다. </li><li> 각 웰에 0.2 ㎖의 5 M 구아니딘 염산염을 추가합니다. </li><li> 마이크로 통에 샘플 플레이트를 배치하고 1,100 rpm에서 45 분 동안 샘플을 섞는다. 최적의 주파수는 기기에 따라 다를 수 있습니다. 혼합기의 주파수 및 진폭을 설정 용액 철저히 혼합하고, 내부 표준 또는 CSF의 어떠한 방울을 웰의 측면에 섞이지 남지 않도록. </li><li> 4 % 인산 0.2 mL를 넣고또한 각. 소용돌이 간략하게 섞는다. </li></ol> 6. 고체 단계 추출 참고 : 모든 세척,로드 및 용출 단계에서는 솔루션을 추가 한 후 가장 낮은 진공을 적용하고로드하거나 솔루션을 용출 필요에 따라 점차적으로 증가한다. 각각의로드 및 용출 단계 사이의 진공을 해제합니다. <ol><li> 혼합 모드에서 폐기물 저장소 트레이를 넣고 추출 플레이트 매니 폴드 챔버 내에서 양이온 교환, 96 웰 고체상 추출 (SPE) 판. </li><li> 각 웰에 0.2 ㎖의 메탄올을 첨가하여 SPE 흡착제를 조정. </li><li> 각 웰에 4 % 인산 0.2 mL를 첨가하여 흡착 평형. </li><li> 특수 목적 판에 깊은 웰 플레이트에서 모든 샘플 (각 웰 약 0.62 ㎖)에 전송합니다. 특수 목적 판에 깊은 웰 플레이트에서 샘플을 전송할 때 8 채널 피펫을 사용하여; 샘플이 인턴 포함 이래로, 모든 시료의 전체 또는 같은 부피를 전송하는 것이 중요하지 않다변화를 보상합니다 알 표준입니다. </li><li> 샘플을 각 웰에 4 % 인산 0.2 mL를 첨가하여 통과 한 후 흡착제를 세척한다. </li><li> 세정 용매 흡착제에서 용출 한 후, 컬렉션 플레이트 또는 튜브 저수지 트레이를 교체합니다. </li><li> 배 75 % ACN / 10 % 농축 암모니아 50 μL를 첨가하여 흡착제로부터 시료를 용출하고,이 용액이 흡착제를 통과하는 매우 낮은 진공을 요구주의. 각 추가 사이의 진공을 해제해야합니다. <ol><li> 선택 사항 : 컬렉션 플레이트 또는 튜브를 밀봉하고 -80 ° C에서 그들을 고정. 6.8.2 단계로 진행하기 전에 수집 판 또는 튜브에서 씰을 제거합니다. </li><li> (열을 가하지 않고) 진공 원심 분리를 이용하여 용출액을 건조; 이것은 진공 원심 분리기에 따라 몇 시간이 하나로부터 취할 수있다. </li><li> 용기를 밀봉하고 -80 ° C에서 그들을 고정. </li></ol></li></ol> 7. 액체 크로마토 그래피에그래피로 <ol><li> , 바늘 세척 (50 % ACN (ACN [V / V]에서 4 % 탈 이온수와 0.1 % 농축 암모니아), B (탈 이온수 [V / V] 5 % ACN 0.3 % 농축 암모니아) 모바일 A 상을 준비 4 %가 탈 물에 암모니아를 집중 [V / V]). <ol><li> 이동상 A의 500 ㎖를 들어, ACN 25 mL의 탈 이온수에 집중 암모니아 1.5 mL를 넣어. 탈 이온수 500 ㎖에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. </li><li> 이동상 B의 500 ㎖를 들어, 진한 암모니아 500 μL와 ACN을 증류수 25 mL를 첨가. ACN 500 mL의에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. </li><li> ACN 120 mL의 탈 이온수에 집중 암모니아 10 ㎖를 추가하여 바늘 세척 250 mL로 준비합니다. 탈 이온수 250 mL의에 최종 볼륨을 조정합니다. </li><li> 액정 시스템을 사용하기 전에 20 분 동안 초음파 욕조에서 열린 이동상 A와 B와 바늘 세척 병을 넣어 </li></ol></li><li> 25 μL 집중하고 % ACN 20 %의 4 각 샘플을 녹여테드 암모니아 용액을 20 분 동안 진탕에 배치합니다. 샘플 아래 원심 분리기 및 자동 시료 주입기에 배치 (7 ° C로 유지). </li><li> 50 ° C로 유지 된 1 × 250mm이 폴리스티렌 - 디 비닐 벤젠 (역상) 모노리스 컬럼 시료 20 μL를 주입한다. <ol><li> 0.3 mL / 분의 유속으로 표 4에 나타낸 LC 구배를 사용한다. 질량 분광계 오염을 감소시키기위한 전환 밸브를 사용하여 (이후 열) 낭비 처음 두 개의 지난 5 분 전환. </li></ol></li></ol> 8. 질량 분석 주의 : 이러한 파라미터 aheated 전기 분무 이온화 소스를 구비 한 하이브리드 orbitrap 극자 질량 분광계를 사용 하였다. <ol><li> 표 5에 따라 이온 소스의 매개 변수를 설정합니다. </li><li> (네이티브 Aβ 1-42의 4+ 충전 상태를 분리 1,129.48 질량을 MS 악기를 설정2.5 m / z의 분리 폭을 갖는 사중 극 질량 분석 장치에 충전 비율 [의 m / z), 1-42 15 NAβ (1,143.00 m / z), 13 CAβ 1-42 (1,179.50 m / z). </li><li> 17.0의 충돌 에너지 정규화 (NCE)에 충돌 셀의 격리 펩타이드 조각. (예를 들면, 삼중 사중 MS와 같은 악기의 다른 형태를 사용하여, 특히 경우)에도 동일한 형태의 이것은 각 기기 조율 할 필요가 있습니다. </li><li> 2 × 5 요금 자동 이득 제어 대상 및 250 ms의 최대 분사 시간과, 17.500의 해상도 단편 스펙트럼을 기록한다. </li></ol> 9. 데이터 처리 <ol><li> 각 펩티드에 대한 크로마토 그래피 영역을 계산하기 표 6 (± 250 밀리 질량 부 [MMU]의 질량 공차) 생성물 이온의 합을 사용한다. 이온의 종류와 숫자가 네이티브 Aβ에 대해 표시되어 있습니다 <suB&gt; 1-42 산물 이온들은 NAβ 15 1-42 13 CAβ 1-42 모두 동일하기 때문이다. </li><li> 천연 Aβ 1-42의 곡선 아래 영역 (15) NAβ 1-42 곡선 (크로마토 그래피 피크) 아래의 영역을 분할하여 두 응답 인자 샘플들의 평균 응답 인자를 결정한다. </li><li> 단계 9.2에서 계산 된 반응 인자를 곱하여 보정에 사용 된 15 NAβ 1-42의 농도를 조정한다. </li><li> 농도 대 구경 두 세트에서 13 CAβ 1-42에 NAβ 1-42 (15)의 면적비를 플로팅하여 교정 곡선을 구축. </li><li> 선형 회귀를 사용하여 보정 곡선의 기울기 및 절편을 계산한다. </li><li> 해제에 대한 내부 표준 (13 CAβ 1-42) 네이티브 Aβ 1-42의 면적 비율을 계산알려진 샘플. </li><li> 단계 9.5에서 얻어진 기울기 및 절편을 이용하여 검량선으로부터 미지 시료의 농도를 추정. </li></ol>

<ol>
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J., Zetterberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alzheimer's+disease.">Alzheimer's disease.</a> Lancet. 368 (9533), 387-403 (2006).</li><li>Dubois, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advancing+research+diagnostic+criteria+for+Alzheimer's+disease:+the+IWG-2+criteria.">Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease: the IWG-2 criteria.</a> Lancet Neurol. 13 (6), 614-629 (2014).</li><li>Blennow, K., Hampel, H., Weiner, M., Zetterberg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+and+plasma+biomarkers+in+Alzheimer+disease.">Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease.</a> Nat Rev Neurol. 6 (3), 131-144 (2010).</li><li>Buchhave, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+levels+of+beta-amyloid+1-42,+but+not+of+tau,+are+fully+changed+already+5+to+10+years+before+the+onset+of+Alzheimer+dementia.">Cerebrospinal fluid levels of beta-amyloid 1-42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia.</a> Arch Gen Psychiatry. 69 (1), 98-106 (2012).</li><li>Olsson, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CSF+and+blood+biomarkers+for+the+diagnosis+of+Alzheimer's+disease:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> The Lancet Neurology. 15 (7), 673-684 (2016).</li><li>Bjerke, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confounding+factors+influencing+amyloid+Beta+concentration+in+cerebrospinal+fluid.">Confounding factors influencing amyloid Beta concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.</a> Int J Alzheimers Dis. , (2010).</li><li>Dumurgier, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersite+variability+of+CSF+Alzheimer's+disease+biomarkers+in+clinical+setting.">Intersite variability of CSF Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in clinical setting.</a> Alzheimers Dement. 9 (4), 406-413 (2013).</li><li>Mattsson, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CSF+biomarker+variability+in+the+Alzheimer's+Association+quality+control+program.">CSF biomarker variability in the Alzheimer's Association quality control program.</a> Alzheimers Dement. 9 (3), 251-261 (2013).</li><li>Kang, J. H., Korecka, M., Toledo, J. B., Trojanowski, J. Q., Shaw, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Utility+and+Analytical+Challenges+in+Measurement+of+Cerebrospinal+Fluid+Amyloid-beta1-42+and+tau+Proteins+as+Alzheimer+Disease+Biomarkers.">Clinical Utility and Analytical Challenges in Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid-beta1-42 and tau Proteins as Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers.</a> Clin Chem. 59 (6), 903-916 (2013).</li><li>Mattsson, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+measurement+procedures+for+Alzheimer's+disease+cerebrospinal+fluid+biomarkers:+definitions+and+approaches+with+focus+on+amyloid+beta42.">Reference measurement procedures for Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: definitions and approaches with focus on amyloid beta42.</a> Biomark Med. 6 (4), 409-417 (2012).</li><li>Ahmadkhaniha, R., Shafiee, A., Rastkari, N., Kobarfard, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accurate+quantification+of+endogenous+androgenic+steroids+in+cattle's+meat+by+gas+chromatography+mass+spectrometry+using+a+surrogate+analyte+approach.">Accurate quantification of endogenous androgenic steroids in cattle's meat by gas chromatography mass spectrometry using a surrogate analyte approach.</a> Anal Chim Acta. 631 (1), 80-86 (2009).</li><li>Jemal, M., Schuster, A., Whigan, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liquid+chromatography/tandem+mass+spectrometry+methods+for+quantitation+of+mevalonic+acid+in+human+plasma+and+urine:+method+validation,+demonstration+of+using+a+surrogate+analyte,+and+demonstration+of+unacceptable+matrix+effect+in+spite+of+use+of+a+stable+isotope+analog+internal+standard.">Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantitation of mevalonic acid in human plasma and urine: method validation, demonstration of using a surrogate analyte, and demonstration of unacceptable matrix effect in spite of use of a stable isotope analog internal standard.</a> Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 17 (15), 1723-1734 (2003).</li><li>Leinenbach, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometry-based+candidate+reference+measurement+procedure+for+quantification+of+amyloid-beta+in+cerebrospinal+fluid.">Mass spectrometry-based candidate reference measurement procedure for quantification of amyloid-beta in cerebrospinal fluid.</a> Clin Chem. 60 (7), 987-994 (2014).</li><li>Li, W., Cohen, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+endogenous+analytes+in+biofluid+without+a+true+blank+matrix.">Quantitation of endogenous analytes in biofluid without a true blank matrix.</a> Anal Chem. 75 (21), 5854-5859 (2003).</li><li>Perret-Liaudet, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebrospinal+fluid+collection+tubes:+a+critical+issue+for+Alzheimer+disease+diagnosis.">Cerebrospinal fluid collection tubes: a critical issue for Alzheimer disease diagnosis.</a> Clin Chem. 58 (4), 787-789 (2012).</li><li>Lewczuk, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+sample+collection+tubes+on+cerebrospinal+fluid+concentrations+of+tau+proteins+and+amyloid+beta+peptides.">Effect of sample collection tubes on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of tau proteins and amyloid beta peptides.</a> Clin Chem. 52 (2), 332-334 (2006).</li><li>Pannee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+measurement+procedure+for+CSF+amyloid+beta+(A&#946;)1-42+and+the+CSF+A&#946;1-42+/A&#946;1-40+ratio+-+a+cross-validation+study+against+amyloid+PET.">Reference measurement procedure for CSF amyloid beta (A&#946;)1-42 and the CSF A&#946;1-42 /A&#946;1-40 ratio - a cross-validation study against amyloid PET.</a> J Neurochem. 139 (4), 651-658 (2016).</li><li>Thienpont, L. M., Van Houcke, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traceability+to+a+common+standard+for+protein+measurements+by+immunoassay+for+in-vitro+diagnostic+purposes.">Traceability to a common standard for protein measurements by immunoassay for in-vitro diagnostic purposes.</a> Clin Chim Acta. 411 (23-24), 2058-2061 (2010).</li><li>Vesper, H. W., Thienpont, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Traceability+in+laboratory+medicine.">Traceability in laboratory medicine.</a> Clin Chem. 55 (6), 1067-1075 (2009).</li></ol>

JP and EP reports no disclosures. HZ has served on the advisory boards of Roche Diagnostics, Eli Lilly, and Pharmasum Therapeutics. KB has served as a consultant or on the advisory boards for Fujirebio Europe, IBL International, and Roche Diagnostics. HZ and KB are co-founders of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB, a GU Venture-based platform company at the University of Gothenburg.

상술 한 방법 대신 대용 행렬을 이용하여, 우리는 인간 CSF의 교정을 가능하게 대리 분석 방법 13, 14, 15, 16을 사용 하였다. 대리 분석 방법은 두 가지 동위 원소 표지 된 표준을 포함한다. 또 (13 CAβ 142) 내부 표준으로 사용되는 동안 온 (15 NAβ 142), 인간 CSF의 보정 곡선을 ...

알츠하이머 병 (AD)은 치매의 가장 흔한 형태이며, 전 세계적으로 한 약 35 만명에 영향을 미친다. 널리 AD의 발병 기전의 핵심 거짓말을 믿고 병의 신경 병리학 적 특징은 집계 아밀로이드 - 베타 (Aβ) 펩타이드 3 구성된 hyperphosphorylated 타우 단백질이 세포 내 신경 섬유 엉킴 및 세포 외 플라크 있습니다. 이에 맞춰, 바이오 마커에 의해 생체 내에서 플라크 병리의 평가는 최근에 AD 4에 대한 연구 진단 기준에 포함되었습니다. Aβ 1-42의 CSF 측정을 위해 여러 가지 면역 사용할 수 있으며 많은 임상 실험실 (5)에 사용됩니다. CSF에서 Aβ 1-42의 농도는 BR에 플라크의 펩티드의 침착을 반영인지 정상 노인보다 AD 환자의 약 50 % 낮다아인 (6, 7). 이러한 생체는 주로 면역 (예를 들어, 항체 - 기반 기술)을 사용하여 분석하지만, 이러한 분석은 매트릭스의 효과 (8)에 의해 영향을받을 수있다. 다른 기술 플랫폼의 면역 분석 및 표준화 9의 부재의 사용은 10 11 12 어려운 글로벌 컷오프 농도로 도입한다. 해석 적 검증 RMP는 이상적으로 분석 플랫폼에서 더 나은 비교와 전체 측정 변동에 기여하는 요인의 더 나은 제어의 결과로, 다른 분석 플랫폼의 균일 보정을 허용합니다. 현상 된 LC-MS / MS 방법을 사용하여 Aβ 1-42의 절대 정량 항체 기반 TECHN와 관련된 많은 문제들을 극복iques. 실험 의약 추적을위한 합동위원회 (JCTLM 데이터베이스 식별 번호 C11RMP9)에 의해 RMP로 나열있어서, CSF Aβ 한 조화하는 인증 표준 물질 (CRM)에서 Aβ 1-42의 절대 농도를 결정하는 데 사용될 기술 및 분석 플랫폼에서 -42 측정. 설명 된 워크 플로는 의학의 다른 영역에서 펩타이드 및 단백질 후보 참조 방법의 개발을위한 관련이 있어야한다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Protein LoBind microcentrifuge tubes, 0.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022431081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Protein LoBind microcentrifuge tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022431081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Protein LoBind microcentrifuge tubes, 2 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022431102</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Protein LoBind microcentrifuge tubes, 5 mL</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 108.310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Protein LoBind Deepwell Plates 96</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>951032905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micronic 0.75 mL polypropylene tubes, V-bottom</td>
			<td>Micronic</td>
			<td>MPW32071BC3</td>
			<td>Tubes used for collecting SPE eluate, but other collection devices can be used such as 96-well plates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micronic Split TPE Capcluster for 96 ind. tubes</td>
			<td>Micronic</td>
			<td>MP53026</td>
			<td>Caps for Micronic tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micronic Loborack-96 white w high cover bar coded</td>
			<td>Micronic</td>
			<td>MPW51015BC3</td>
			<td>Holder for Micronic tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biohit Optifit tips 1.2 mL</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>791210</td>
			<td>Used to reach all the way to the bottom of the LoBind deepwell plates (96-well). Other narrow tips might work as well.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waters Oasis MCX 96-well &#181;Elution Plate</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186001830BA&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waters Plate manifold reservoir tray</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>WAT058942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Waters Extraction Plate Manifold for Oasis 96-Well Plates</td>
			<td>Waters</td>
			<td>186001831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium hydroxide solution, puriss. p.a., reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ~25% NH3 basis</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30501-1L-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile, Far UV HPLC Gradient grade, 2.5 L</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A/0627/17X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ortho-Phosphoric acid 85%, ACS,ISO,Reag. Ph Eur</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1005731000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guanidine Hydrochloride, 500 g</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>24110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Q-exactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap Mass Spectrometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>IQLAAEGAAPFALGMAZR</td>
			<td>With bundled Dionex Ultimate 3000 LC &#38; autosampler.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dionex ProSwift RP-4H Monolith Column (1.0 x 250mm)</td>
			<td>Dionex</td>
			<td>066640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin, lyophilized powder, suitable for (for molecular biology), Non-acetylated</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beta-Amyloid (1-42), Ultra Pure, TFA</td>
			<td>rPeptide</td>
			<td>A-1002-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15N Beta-Amyloid (1-42), Uniformly labeled</td>
			<td>rPeptide</td>
			<td>A-1102-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>13C Beta-Amyloid (1-42), Uniformly labeled</td>
			<td>rPeptide</td>
			<td>A-1106-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate shakers, TiMix 2</td>
			<td>Edmund B&#252;hler</td>
			<td>6110 000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

absolute quantification of a&#946;1-42 in csf using a mass spectrometric reference measurement procedure

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly and accounts for 60-80% of all cases of dementia. Currently, the diagnosis of AD is based on cognitive tests and mental state exams, but the peptide amyloid-beta (A&#946;) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is increasingly used in clinical trials and settings. As for most protein and peptide biomarkers, quantification is performed using antibody-based techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, intra- and inter-laboratory variability in these assays hamper its use as a diagnostic marker in clinical routine.
An antibody-independent Reference Measurement Procedure (RMP) was developed based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), where stable, isotope-labeled A&#946; peptides were used as internal standards, enabling absolute quantification. A high-resolution quadrupole-orbitrap hybrid instrument was used for the measurements. The method allows for the quantification of CSF A&#946;1-42 between 150-4,000 pg/mL.

그림 1의 판 설치 샘플의 전체 판에 사용됩니다. 이하 미지 시료를 분석 할 경우, 제 교정기는 RF 및 QC 세트는 미지 시료의 전반부 뒤에 배치한다. 도 2에 도시 된 바와 같이, 구경이 낮은 표준 편차와, 회귀 직선에 가깝다. 이 방법은 150 pg / ml 인 4,000 pg / ml 인의 정량의 상위 레벨의 정량의 낮은 수준을 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Absolute Quantification of AÎ²1-42 in CSF Using a Mass Spectrometric Reference Measurement Procedure at JoVE.com

Absolute Quantification of A&#946;1-42 in CSF Using a Mass Spectrometric Reference Measurement Procedure

A reference measurement procedure for the absolute quantification of A&#946;1-42 in human CSF based on solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is described.

Aβ의 절대 정량<sub&gt; 1-42</sub&gt; CSF의 질량 분석 참조 측정 절차를 사용하여

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly and accounts for 60-80% of all cases of dementia. Currently, the ...

absolute-quantification-a1-42-csf-using-mass-spectrometric-reference

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.5K 조회수.  The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital. A reference measurement procedure for the absolute quantification of Aβ1-42 in human CSF based on solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is described.

비디오: Absolute Quantification of Aβ1-42 in CSF Using a Mass Spectrometric Reference Measurement Procedure

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects 
during normoxia (inspired O2, fraction (FIO2) = 0.21) hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.125), and hyperoxia 
(FIO2 = 1.00). In addition, the physiological responses of the subject are monitored in the MR scan environment. MR images 
were obtained on a 1.5 T GE MRI scanner during a breath hold from a sagittal slice in the right lung at functional residual capacity. An arterial 
spin labeling sequence (ASL-FAIRER) was used to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow 1,2 and a multi-echo fast 
gradient echo (mGRE) sequence 3 was used to quantify the regional proton (i.e. H2O) density, allowing the quantification 
of density-normalized perfusion for each voxel (milliliters blood per minute per gram lung tissue). 
With a pneumatic switching valve and facemask equipped with a 2-way non-rebreathing valve, different oxygen concentrations 
were introduced to the subject in the MR scanner through the inspired gas tubing. A metabolic cart collected expiratory gas via expiratory tubing. Mixed expiratory O2 and CO2 concentrations, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, 
respiratory frequency and tidal volume were measured. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were monitored using pulse-oximetry. 
Data obtained from a normal subject showed that, as expected, heart rate was higher in hypoxia (60 bpm) than during normoxia (51) or hyperoxia (50) and the arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) was reduced during hypoxia to 86%. Mean ventilation was 8.31 L/min BTPS during hypoxia, 7.04 L/min during normoxia, and 6.64 L/min during hyperoxia. Tidal volume was 0.76 L during hypoxia, 0.69 L during normoxia, and 0.67 L during hyperoxia. 
Representative quantified ASL data showed that the mean density normalized perfusion was 8.86 ml/min/g during hypoxia, 8.26 ml/min/g during normoxia and 8.46 ml/min/g during hyperoxia, respectively. In this subject, the relative dispersion4, an index of global heterogeneity, was increased in hypoxia (1.07 during hypoxia, 0.85 during normoxia, and 0.87 during hyperoxia) while the fractal dimension (Ds), another index of heterogeneity reflecting vascular branching structure, was unchanged (1.24 during hypoxia, 1.26 during normoxia, and 1.26 during hyperoxia). 
Overview. This protocol will demonstrate the acquisition of data to measure the distribution of pulmonary perfusion noninvasively under conditions of normoxia, hypoxia, and hyperoxia using a magnetic resonance imaging technique known as arterial spin labeling (ASL). 
Rationale: Measurement of pulmonary blood flow and lung proton density using MR technique offers high spatial resolution images which can be quantified and the ability to perform repeated measurements under several different physiological conditions. In human studies, PET, SPECT, and CT are commonly used as the alternative techniques. However, these techniques involve exposure to ionizing radiation, and thus are not suitable for repeated measurements in human subjects.

A MR imaging method to study the distribution of pulmonary blood flow under a variety of physiological conditions, in this case exposure to three different inspired oxygen concentrations: hypoxia, normoxia, and hyperoxia, is described. This technique utilizes human pulmonary physiology research techniques in an MR scanning environment.

조정 아티 스핀 라벨을 사용하여 폐 관류의 자기 공명 이미징 부량

This demonstrates a MR imaging method to measure the spatial distribution of pulmonary blood flow in healthy subjects 
during normoxia (inspired O2, ...

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의학

Segmentation and Measurement of Fat Volumes in Murine Obesity Models Using X-ray Computed Tomography

Obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as reduced metrics in quality of life.1 Both environmental and genetic factors are associated with obesity, though the precise underlying mechanisms that contribute to the disease are currently being delineated.2,3 Several small animal models of obesity have been developed and are employed in a variety of studies.4 A critical component to these experiments involves the collection of regional and/or total animal fat content data under varied conditions.
Traditional experimental methods available for measuring fat content in small animal models of obesity include invasive (e.g. ex vivo measurement of fat deposits) and non-invasive (e.g. Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), or Magnetic Resonance (MR)) protocols, each of which presents relative trade-offs. Current invasive methods for measuring fat content may provide details for organ and region specific fat distribution, but sacrificing the subjects will preclude longitudinal assessments. Conversely, current non-invasive strategies provide limited details for organ and region specific fat distribution, but enable valuable longitudinal assessment. With the advent of dedicated small animal X-ray computed tomography (CT) systems and customized analytical procedures, both organ and region specific analysis of fat distribution and longitudinal profiling may be possible. Recent reports have validated the use of CT for in vivo longitudinal imaging of adiposity in living mice.5,6 Here we provide a modified method that allows for fat/total volume measurement, analysis and visualization utilizing the Carestream Molecular Imaging Albira CT system in conjunction with PMOD and Volview software packages.

Fat content analysis is routinely conducted in studies utilizing murine obesity models. Emerging methods in small animal CT imaging and analysis are providing for longitudinal detail rich fat content analysis. Here we detail step by step procedures for performing small animal CT imaging, analysis, and visualization.

세분화 및 Murine 비만 모델에서 지방 볼륨 측정 X 선 계산된 Tomography를 사용하여

Obesity is associated with increased morbidity and mortality as well as reduced metrics in quality of life.1 Both environmental and genetic factors are ...

Epidural Intracranial Pressure Measurement in Rats Using a Fiber-optic Pressure Transducer

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and cardiac arrest. This elevation may result in further neurological injury, in the form of transtentorial herniation1,2,3,4, midbrain compression, neurological deficit or increased cerebral infarct2,4. Current therapies are often inadequate to control elevated ICP in the clinical setting5,6,7 . Thus there is a need for accurate methods of ICP measurement in animal models to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms and to develop new treatments for elevated ICP.
In both the clinical and experimental setting ICP cannot be estimated without direct measurement. Several methods of ICP catheter insertion currently exist. Of these the intraventricular catheter has become the clinical 'gold standard' of ICP measurement in humans8. This method involves the partial removal of skull and the instrumentation of the catheter through brain tissue. Consequently, intraventricular catheters have an infection rate of 6-11%9. For this reason, subdural and epidural cannulations have become the preferred methods in animal models of ischemic injury. 
Various ICP measurement techniques have been adapted for animal models, and of these, fluid-filled telemetry catheters10 and solid state catheters are the most frequently used11,12,13,14,15. The fluid-filled systems are prone to developing air bubbles in the line, resulting in false ICP readings. Solid state probes avoid this problem (Figure 1). An additional problem is fitting catheters under the skull or into the ventricles without causing any brain injury that might alter the experimental outcomes. Therefore, we have developed a method that places an ICP catheter contiguous with the epidural space, but avoids the need to insert it between skull and brain. 
An optic fibre pressure catheter (420LP, SAMBA Sensors, Sweden) was used to measure ICP at the epidural location because the location of the pressure sensor (at the very tip of the catheter) was found to produce a high fidelity ICP signal in this model. There are other manufacturers of similar optic fibre technologies13 that may be used with our methodology. Alternative solid state catheters, which have the pressure sensor located at the side of the catheter tip, would not be appropriate for this model as the signal would be dampened by the presence of the monitoring screw. 
Here, we present a relatively simple and accurate method to measure ICP. This method can be used across a wide range of ICP related animal models.

A novel technique to record the pressures within the skull is described. The minimally invasive method uses a fibre-optic pressure sensing system to accurately measure intracranial pressure (ICP) in anaesthetized rats without causing significant brain trauma. The technique may be used in a wide range of experimental models.

광섬유 압력 변환기를 사용하여 쥐에서 경막외 Intracranial 압력 측정

Elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is a significant problem in several forms of ischemic brain injury including stroke, traumatic brain injury and ...

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional (3D) Model

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been demonstrated to be a critical regulator of cell behavior in culture and homeostasis in vivo. The current approach of culturing cells on two-dimensional (2D), plastic surfaces results in the disturbance and loss of complex interactions between cells and their microenvironment. Through the use of three-dimensional (3D) culture assays, the conditions for cell-microenvironment interaction are established resembling the in vivo microenvironment. This article provides a detailed methodology to grow breast cancer cells in a 3D basement membrane protein matrix, exemplifying the potential of 3D culture in the assessment of cell invasion into the surrounding environment. In addition, we discuss how these 3D assays have the potential to examine the loss of signaling molecules that regulate epithelial morphology by immunostaining procedures. These studies aid to identify important mechanistic details into the processes regulating invasion, required for the spread of breast cancer.

Quantification of Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness Using a Three-dimensional 3D Model

This article provides detailed methodologies for the use of three-dimensional (3D) assays to quantify breast cancer cell invasion. Specifically, we discuss the procedures required to set up such assays, quantification, and data analysis, as well as methods to examine the loss of membrane integrity that occurs when cells invade.

3 차원 (3D) 모델을 사용하여 유방암 세포 침윤의 정량화

It is now well known that the cellular and tissue microenvironment are critical regulators influencing tumor initiation and progression. Moreover, the ...

Quantification of the Immunosuppressant Tacrolimus on Dried Blood Spots Using LC-MS/MS

The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is the cornerstone of most immunosuppressive treatment protocols after solid organ transplantation in the United States. Tacrolimus is a narrow therapeutic index drug and as such requires therapeutic drug monitoring and dose adjustment based on its whole blood trough concentrations. To facilitate home therapeutic drug and adherence monitoring, the collection of dried blood spots is an attractive concept. After a finger stick, the patient collects a blood drop on filter paper at home. After the blood is dried, it is mailed to the analytical laboratory where tacrolimus is quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) in combination with a simple manual protein precipitation step and online column extraction.
For tacrolimus analysis, a 6-mm disc is punched from the saturated center of the blood spot. The blood spot is homogenized using a bullet blender and then proteins are precipitated with methanol/0.2 M ZnSO4 containing the internal standard D2,13C-tacrolimus. After vortexing and centrifugation, 100 &#181;l of supernatant is injected into an online extraction column and washed with 5 ml/min of 0.1 formic acid/acetonitrile (7:3, v:v) for 1 min. Hereafter, the switching valve is activated and the analytes are back-flushed onto the analytical column (and separated using a 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile gradient). Tacrolimus is quantified in the positive multi reaction mode (MRM) using a tandem mass spectrometer.
The assay is linear from 1 to 50 ng/ml. Inter-assay variability (3.6%-6.1%) and accuracy (91.7%-101.6%) as assessed over 20 days meet acceptance criteria. Average extraction recovery is 95.5%. There are no relevant carry-over, matrix interferences and matrix effects. Tacrolimus is stable in dried blood spots at RT and at +4 &#176;C for 1 week. Extracted samples in the autosampler are stable at +4 &#176;C for at least 72 hr.

Here we describe a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay to quantify the immunosuppressant tacrolimus in dried blood spots using a simple manual protein precipitation step and online column extraction.

LC-MS / MS를 사용하여 건조 혈액 명소에 면역 억제제 타 크롤리 무스의 정량화

The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is the cornerstone of most immunosuppressive treatment protocols after solid organ transplantation in the United ...

Quantitative Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Cancer-cell Proteomes Derived From Liquid and Solid Tumors

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. However, methods for quantitative proteomic characterization of patient-derived tumors and in particular their cellular subpopulations are largely lacking. Here we describe an experimental set-up that allows quantitative analysis of proteomes of cancer cell subpopulations derived from either liquid or solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic data analysis. To enrich specific cellular subsets, liquid tumors are first immunophenotyped by flow cytometry followed by FACS-sorting; for solid tumors, laser-capture microdissection is used to purify specific cellular subpopulations. In a second step, proteins are extracted from the purified cells and subsequently combined with a tumor-specific, SILAC-labeled spike-in standard that enables protein quantification. The resulting protein mixture is subjected to either gel electrophoresis or Filter Aided Sample Preparation (FASP) followed by tryptic digestion. Finally, tryptic peptides are analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer, and the data obtained are processed with bioinformatic software suites including MaxQuant. By means of the workflow presented here, up to 8,000 proteins can be identified and quantified in patient-derived samples, and the resulting protein expression profiles can be compared among patients to identify diagnostic proteomic signatures or potential drug targets.

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes facilitate identification of novel drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers. We describe an experimental workflow for quantitative analysis of (phospho-)proteomes in cancer cell subpopulations derived from liquid and solid tumors. This is achieved by combining cellular enrichment strategies with quantitative Super-SILAC-based mass spectrometry.

액체 및 고체 종양 유래의 암세포 프로테옴 정량적 질량 분석 프로파일

In-depth analyses of cancer cell proteomes are needed to elucidate oncogenic pathomechanisms, as well as to identify potential drug targets and diagnostic ...

Network Analysis of Foramen Ovale Electrode Recordings in Drug-resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Patients

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control seizures. However, a significant minority of patients continues to exhibit post-operative seizures, even in those cases in which the suspected source of seizures has been correctly localized and resected. The protocol presented here combines a clinical procedure routinely employed during the pre-operative evaluation of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with a novel technique for network analysis. The method allows for the evaluation of the temporal evolution of mesial network parameters. The bilateral insertion of foramen ovale electrodes (FOE) into the ambient cistern simultaneously records electrocortical activity at several mesial areas in the temporal lobe. Furthermore, network methodology applied to the recorded time series tracks the temporal evolution of the mesial networks both interictally and during the seizures. In this way, the presented protocol offers a unique way to visualize and quantify measures that considers the relationships between several mesial areas instead of a single area.

This protocol describes a procedure to track the evolution of mesial network measures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients. It is based on the combination of intracranial recordings with a novel numerical technique for data analysis. Specifically, we present a protocol for network analyses of foramen ovale recordings.

Approximately 30% of epilepsy patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs. In these cases, surgery is the only alternative to eliminate/control ...

Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCM-LC/MS)

Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improvements to existing drug regimens and the development of novel therapeutics are urgently required. The ability of dosed TB drugs to reach and sterilize bacteria within poorly-vascularized necrotic regions (caseum) of pulmonary granulomas is crucial for successful therapeutic intervention. Effective therapeutic regimens must therefore contain drugs with favorable caseum penetration properties. Current LC/MS methods for quantifying drug levels in biological tissues have limited spatial resolution capabilities, making it difficult to accurately determine absolute drug concentrations within small tissue compartments such as those found within necrotic granulomas. Here we present a protocol combining laser capture microdissection (LCM) of pathologically-distinct tissue regions with LC/MS quantification. This technique provides absolute quantification of drugs within granuloma caseum, surrounding cellular lesion and uninvolved lung tissue and, therefore, accurately determines whether bactericidal concentrations are being achieved. In addition to tuberculosis research, the technique has many potential applications for spatially-resolved quantification of drugs in diseased tissues.

Spatial Quantification of Drugs in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Lesions by Laser Capture Microdissection Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry LCM-LC/MS

Here, we describe a protocol using laser capture microdissection coupled with LC/MS analysis to spatially-quantify drug distributions within pulmonary tuberculosis granulomas. The approach has broad applicability to quantifying drug concentrations within tissues at high spatial detail.

레이저에 의해 폐 결핵 병 변에서 약의 공간 정량화 캡처 서 액체 착 색 인쇄기 질량 분석 (LCM-LC/MS)

Tuberculosis is still a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Improvements to existing drug regimens and the development of novel ...

Measurement of Carotenoids in Perifovea using the Macular Pigment Reflectometer

The macular pigment reflectometer (MPR) objectively measures the overall macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and further provides the lutein optical density (L-OD) and zeaxanthin optical density (Z-OD) in the central 1 degree of the fovea. A modification of the technique was developed to evaluate in vivo carotenoid density eccentric to the fovea. An adjustable track system with red LED lights was placed 6.1 m away from the participant to facilitate ocular fixation. Lights were spaced appropriately to create increments of 1 degree retinal disparity during the reflectometry measurements. All reflectometry measurements were obtained with pupillary dilation. The mean MPR-MPOD value for the central measurement was 0.593 (SD 0.161) with an L-OD to Z-OD ratio of 1:2.61. The MPR-MPOD value at 1 degree was 0.248 and the mean MPR-MPOD value at 2 degrees in the parafoveal region was 0.143. The L-OD to Z-OD ratio at 1 degree and 2 degrees off center was 1.38:1.0 and 2.08:1.0, respectively. The results demonstrate that MPOD measurements obtained using the MPR decrease as a function of retinal eccentricity and that there is a higher concentration of zeaxanthin centrally compared to lutein. The L-OD to Z-OD ratio changes with foveal eccentricity, with twice more lutein than zeaxanthin at 2 degrees off center. Our technique successfully provides a quick in vivo method for the measurement of macular pigment optical density at various foveal eccentricities. The results agree with prior published in vivo and in vitro xanthophyll carotenoid density distribution measurements.

We present a protocol to determine the levels of overall macular pigment, lutein, and zeaxanthin optical density in the central and parafoveal regions of the retina. The protocol includes a novel adjustable track system used to measure macular pigment optical density in the foveal eccentricity.

황반 색소 반사계를 사용하여 페리포베아에서 카로티노이드 측정

The macular pigment reflectometer (MPR) objectively measures the overall macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and further provides the lutein optical ...

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

A smartphone app has been developed to perform the automated photographic Hirschberg test for objective measurement of ocular misalignment. By computing the difference in corneal reflection generated by the phone camera flash relative to the iris center based on high resolution images, the app can measure misalignment with a much higher precision than the naked eye performing the Hirschberg test. It has been validated in a previous clinical evaluation study by comparing to the clinical gold standard-prism and alternate cover test. The goal of this article is to describe the testing techniques regarding how to use the app to measure ocular alignment for different fixation distances, without or with cover to break fusion, as well as angle kappa, so that users can use the app to perform equivalent tests typically done in clinic using prisms.

We present a protocol of using a smartphone app to perform Hirschberg test for measuring manifest and intermittent ocular misalignment (strabismus) under near and far fixation conditions.

안구 정렬을 평가하기 위해 자동화 된 Hirschberg 테스트 응용 프로그램을 사용하여

A smartphone app has been developed to perform the automated photographic Hirschberg test for objective measurement of ocular misalignment. By computing ...

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