Microwell 배열은 미국 에너지 부 기본 에너지 과학 사무실의 Nanophase Materials Sciences 사용자 시설 부문 센터에서 제조 및 특성 분석되었습니다. 이 연구에 대한 재정 지원은 Oak Ridge 국립 연구소의 연구 개발 기금을 통해 제공되었습니다. 저자들은 또한이 연구에 사용 된 P. aeruginosa 균주의 공급에 대해 J. Mougous Laboratory (Washington, Seattle, WA)에 감사 드리고자 합니다.

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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

이 기사에서는 박테리아 공동체 개발에 대한 높은 처리량 및 고감도 생체 이미징 기반 분석을 가능하게하도록 설계된 마이크로 웰 어레이 장치 및 실험 프로토콜을 발표했습니다. 여기 시위의 초점은 지역 사회 개발에 접촉 매개 형 VI 형 분비의 효과를 연구하는 것이었지만, 배열은 유연하고 다양한 미생물 군집 및 미생물 - 미생물 상호 작용에 대한 연구를 수용하도록 설계되었습니다. 여기에서...

미생물 군집은 환경의 구조, 세포 사멸, 분열, 단백질 농도, 세포 소기관 수 및 돌연변이와 관련된 확률 적 과정과 같은 결정 론적 요인에 의해 형성된다. 자연 환경에서 이러한 영향이 지역 사회의 구성과 활동에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것은 거의 불가능합니다. 자연 구조에 의해 가려지고 화학 및 생물학적 환경에 묻혀 지역 공동체 구성원을 확인하고 자연 환경 내에서 시공간적 분포를 해결하는 것은 매우 어렵습니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 최근의 노력은 지역 사회 기능에 대한 공간 조직의 중요성을 강조하고 진행중인 연구 2 , 3 , 4 에서 회원 수와 조직 모두를 설명 할 필요성을 지적했다. 그것( 예 : 토양 구조, 식물 뿌리, 해양 입자 또는 장 미세 덩어리), 산소의 존재 또는 부재, 그리고 미생물의 도입과 같은 화학적 환경 ( 즉 , 영양소와 이차 대사 산물의 이용 가능성) 병원성 종은 모두 미생물 군집의 구성, 구조 및 기능에 영향을 미친다. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 . 그럼에도 불구하고 이러한 요소를 포착하는 것을 게을리하는 전통 문화 기술은 계속해서 널리 퍼집니다. 공동체 구성 ( 예 : 공존하는 종의 존재), 물리적 부착, 신호 분자 농도 및 직접 세포 - 세포 접촉은 모두 미생물 군집 형성에 중요한 요소이며 c예방 적 문화 조건. 이러한 특성은 대량 액체 배양 또는 한천 플레이트에서 복제하기가 어렵습니다. 그러나 자연 환경의 주요 물리적 및 화학적 특성을 복제 할 수있는 미세 유체, 미세 패터닝 및 나노 제작 기술을 이용할 수있게 됨으로써 많은 연구자들이 박테리아 공동체를 구축하여 상호 작용을 연구하고 상호 작용을 연구하고 합성 환경을 개발할 수있었습니다. 자연 조건 4 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20을 모방한다. 이 프로토콜은 microwell 배열 장치를 조작하는 방법을 설명하고 th 기능화하는 데 사용할 수있는 자세한 실험 절차를 제공합니다e 웰을 배열하고 박테리아를 단일 종의 식민지와 다중 구성원 공동체로 성장시킬 수 있습니다. 이 연구는 또한 형광 리포터 단백질을 생산하기 위해 변형 된 박테리아가 시간이 지남에 따라 웰 내의 박테리아 성장을 모니터링하는 데 어떻게 사용될 수 있는지를 보여줍니다. 유사한 배열이 이전에 제시되었고 마이크로 웰에서 녹농균 ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa) ( P. aeruginosa) 의 단일 종 콜로니의 성장을 추적하는 것이 가능하다는 것을 보여 주었다. 웰 크기와 파종 밀도를 조절함으로써 초기 접종 조건이 박테리아의 성장 능력에 어떻게 영향을 주는지를 결정하기 위해 수 천 번의 성장 실험의 시작 조건을 병렬로 변화시킬 수 있습니다 21 . 현재 연구는 다중 배열의 동시 비교를 가능하게하고보다 견고한 실험 프로토콜을 사용함으로써 이전 연구를 기반으로하는 마이크로 웰 어레이의 약간 수정 된 버전을 사용합니다. 이 저작물에 사용 된 배열은 여러 개의 하위 배열 또는 배열 ensem을 포함합니다.(직경 2x, 3x 및 4x의 우물 직경)로 배열 된 직경이 15 - 100 μm 인 다양한 크기의 우물을 포함하고 있습니다. 어레이는 실리콘으로 에칭되고, 실리콘 어레이에 시드 된 박테리아의 증식은 매체 주입 아가로 오스 겔로 코팅 된 커버 슬립으로 어레이를 밀봉함으로써 가능해진다. Type Ⅵ 분비 시스템을 연구하기 위해 설계된 P. aeruginosa 돌연변이 체는이 시연에서 사용됩니다. 여기에 제시된 결과는 마이크로 웰 어레이 내에서 다중 구성원 커뮤니티를 분석하는 궁극적 인 목표를 향해 만들어졌으며 연구원은 화학 환경을 제어 및 프로빙하면서 현장 에서 박테리아의 풍부 성과 조직을 모니터링 할 수있었습니다. 이것은 궁극적으로 지역 사회 개발과 승계를 지배하는 &quot;규칙&quot;에 대한 통찰력을 제공해야합니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Parylene N</td>
			<td>Specialty Coating Systems</td>
			<td>CAS NO.:1633-22-3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parylene coater</td>
			<td>Specialty Coating Systems</td>
			<td>Labcoter 2 Parylene Deposition Unit PDS2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon Wafer</td>
			<td>WRS Materials</td>
			<td>100mm diameter, 500-550&#956;m thickness, Prime, 10-20 resistivity, N/Phos&#60;100&#62;,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>adhesion promoter</td>
			<td>Shin-Etsu Microsci</td>
			<td>MicroPrime P20 adhesion promoter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>postive tone photoresist</td>
			<td>Rohm and Haas Electronics Materials LLC (Owned by Dow)</td>
			<td>Microposit S1818 Positive Photoresist (code 10018357)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quintel Contact Aligner</td>
			<td>Neutronix Quintel Corp</td>
			<td>NXQ 7500 Mask Aligner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reactive Ion Etching Tool</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td>Plasmalab System 100 Reactive Ion Etcher</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R2A Broth</td>
			<td>TEKnova</td>
			<td>R0005</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9647</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multimode Plate Reader</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>Enspire, 2300-0000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent Microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti-U</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automated Stage</td>
			<td>Prior</td>
			<td>ProScan III</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCD camera</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>DS-QiMc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stage-top environmental control chamber</td>
			<td>In Vivo Scientific</td>
			<td>STEV ECU-HOC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14190144</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure Agarose</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>16500500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 x 75 mm No. 1.5 coverslip</td>
			<td>Nexterion</td>
			<td>High performance #1.5H coverslips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Reference Slides</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>2273</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Physical Stylus Profilometer</td>
			<td>KLA Tencor</td>
			<td>P-6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lab wipes</td>
			<td>Kimberly Clark</td>
			<td>Kimipe KIMTECH SCIENCE Brand, 34155</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>commercial software</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>NIS Elements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zeiss 710 Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>filter cubes</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Nikon FITC (96311), Nikon Texas Red(96313)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assembly and tracking of microbial community development within a microwell array platform

미생물 군집의 개발은 공동체 구성원의 공간 분포와 활동을 극적으로 바꿀 수있는 복잡한 결정 론적 요인과 확률 론적 요인의 조합에 달려있다. 우리는 수천 개의 세균 공동체를 신속하게 조립하고 추적하는 데 사용할 수있는 마이크로 웰 어레이 플랫폼을 개발했습니다. 이 프로토콜은 플랫폼의 유용성을 강조하고 플랫폼 내의 배열 앙상블 내에서 간단한 2 인 커뮤니티의 개발을 광학적으로 모니터링하기위한 용도를 설명합니다. 이 시연은 유형 VI 분비 병원성을 연구하기 위해 개발 된 일련의 돌연변이 체의 일부인 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 의 두 가지 돌연변이 체를 사용합니다. mCherry 또는 GFP 유전자의 염색체 삽입물은 각 마이크로 웰 내에서 커뮤니티 구성원의 풍부 성과 위치를 모니터링하는 데 사용할 수있는 별개의 방출 파장을 지닌 형광 단백질의 구성 적 발현을 촉진합니다. 이 프로토콜은 상세한 메토d 어레이의 우물에 박테리아의 혼합물을 조립하고 시간 경과에 따른 각 구성원의 상대적 성장을 측정하기 위해 시간 경과 형광 이미징 및 정량적 이미지 분석을 사용합니다. 마이크로 웰 플랫폼의 파종 및 조립, 어레이 내 미생물 군집의 정량 분석에 필요한 이미징 절차 및 모두 논의 된 미생물 종간의 상호 작용을 밝힐 수있는 방법.

여기에 제시된 실험 플랫폼은 박테리아 공동체에 대한 높은 처리량과 높은 함량의 연구를 위해 고안되었습니다. 이 설계로 인해 다양한 크기의 우물에서 자라는 수천 개의 공동체를 동시에 분석 할 수 있습니다. 이 마이크로 웰 어레이 디자인을 사용하면 초기 종자 밀도, 우물 크기 및 화학적 환경에 대한 최종 커뮤니티 구성의 의존성을 결정할 수 있습니다. 이 작업은 마...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assembly and Tracking of Microbial Community Development within a Microwell Array Platform at JoVE.com

Assembly and Tracking of Microbial Community Development within a Microwell Array Platform

미생물 군집의 개발은 환경 구조, 구성원의 풍부 성, 형질 및 상호 작용을 포함하는 여러 요소의 조합에 달려있다. 이 프로토콜은 틈새 크기 및 감금과 같은 핵심 요소가 근사 될 수있는 femtoliter 우물에 포함 된 수천 개의 공동체를 동시에 추적하기위한 합성, 미세 제작 환경을 설명합니다.

마이크로 웰 어레이 플랫폼 내 미생물 공동체 개발의 구성 및 추적

The development of microbial communities depends on a combination of complex deterministic and stochastic factors that can dramatically alter the spatial ...

assembly-tracking-microbial-community-development-within-microwell

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8.9K 조회수.  Oak Ridge National Laboratory.  미생물 군집의 개발은 환경 구조, 구성원의 풍부 성, 형질 및 상호 작용을 포함하는 여러 요소의 조합에 달려있다. 이 프로토콜은 틈새 크기 및 감금과 같은 핵심 요소가 근사 될 수있는 femtoliter 우물에 포함 된 수천 개의 공동체를 동시에 추적하기위한 합성, 미세 제작 환경을 설명합니다. 

비디오: Assembly and Tracking of Microbial Community Development within a Microwell Array Platform

Tracking Hypoxic Signaling within Encapsulated Cell Aggregates

In Diabetes mellitus type 1, autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic &beta;-cells results in loss of insulin production and potentially lethal hyperglycemia. As an alternative treatment option to exogenous insulin injection, transplantation of functional pancreatic tissue has been explored1,2. This approach offers the promise of a more natural, long-term restoration of normoglycemia. Protection of the donor tissue from the host's immune system is required to prevent rejection and encapsulation is a method used to help achieve this aim.
Biologically-derived materials, such as alginate3 and agarose4, have been the traditional choice for capsule construction but may induce inflammation or fibrotic overgrowth5 which can impede nutrient and oxygen transport. Alternatively, synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogels are non-degrading, easily functionalized, available at high purity, have controllable pore size, and are extremely biocompatible,6,7,8. As an additional benefit, PEG hydrogels may be formed rapidly in a simple photo-crosslinking reaction that does not require application of non-physiological temperatures6,7. Such a procedure is described here. In the crosslinking reaction, UV degradation of the photoinitiator, 1-[4-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-phenyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-propane-1-one (Irgacure 2959), produces free radicals which attack the vinyl carbon-carbon double bonds of dimethacrylated PEG (PEGDM) inducing crosslinking at the chain ends. Crosslinking can be achieved within 10 minutes. PEG hydrogels constructed in such a manner have been shown to favorably support cells7,9, and the low photoinitiator concentration and brief exposure to UV irradiation is not detrimental to viability and function of the encapsulated tissue10. While we methacrylate our PEG with the method described below, PEGDM can also be directly purchased from vendors such as Sigma.
An inherent consequence of encapsulation is isolation of the cells from a vascular network. Supply of nutrients, notably oxygen, is therefore reduced and limited by diffusion. This reduced oxygen availability may especially impact &beta;-cells whose insulin secretory function is highly dependent on oxygen11-13. Capsule composition and geometry will also impact diffusion rates and lengths for oxygen. Therefore, we also describe a technique for identifying hypoxic cells within our PEG capsules. Infection of the cells with a recombinant adenovirus allows for a fluorescent signal to be produced when intracellular hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways are activated14. As HIFs are the primary regulators of the transcriptional response to hypoxia, they represent an ideal target marker for detection of hypoxic signaling15. This approach allows for easy and rapid detection of hypoxic cells. Briefly, the adenovirus has the sequence for a red fluorescent protein (Ds Red DR from Clontech) under the control of a hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) trimer. Stabilization of HIF-1 by low oxygen conditions will drive transcription of the fluorescent protein (Figure 1). Additional details on the construction of this virus have been published previously15. The virus is stored in 10% glycerol at -80&deg; C as many 150 &mu;L aliquots in 1.5 mL centrifuge tubes at a concentration of 3.4 x 1010 pfu/mL. 
Previous studies in our lab have shown that MIN6 cells encapsulated as aggregates maintain their viability throughout 4 weeks of culture in 20% oxygen. MIN6 aggregates cultured at 2 or 1% oxygen showed both signs of necrotic cells (still about 85-90% viable) by staining with ethidium bromide as well as morphological changes relative to cells in 20% oxygen. The smooth spherical shape of the aggregates displayed at 20% was lost and aggregates appeared more like disorganized groups of cells. While the low oxygen stress does not cause a pronounced drop in viability, it is clearly impacting MIN6 aggregation and function as measured by glucose-stimulated insulin secretion15. Western blot analysis of encapsulated cells in 20% and 1% oxygen also showed a significant increase in HIF-1&alpha; for cells cultured in the low oxygen conditions which correlates with the expression of the DsRed DR protein.

A method for photo-encapsulation of cells in a crosslinked PEG hydrogel is described. Hypoxic signaling within encapsulated murine insulinoma (MIN6) aggregates is tracked using a fluorescent marker system. This system allows serial examination of cells within a hydrogel scaffold and correlation of hypoxic signaling with changes in cell phenotype.

캡슐화된 세포 집계 내에서 추적 Hypoxic 신호

In Diabetes mellitus type 1, autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic &beta;-cells results in loss of insulin production and potentially lethal ...

연구

생체공학

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, each offering its own advantages and shortcomings5,6. Most prominently, due to the microscale device dimensions, a high modulus is required to facilitate implantation into living tissue. Conversely, the stiffness of the device should match the surrounding tissue to minimize induced local strain7-9. Therefore, we recently developed a new class of bio-inspired materials to meet these requirements by responding to environmental stimuli with a change in mechanical properties10-14. Specifically, our poly(vinyl acetate)-based nanocomposite (PVAc-NC) displays a reduction in stiffness when exposed to water and elevated temperatures (e.g. body temperature). Unfortunately, few methods exist to quantify the stiffness of materials in vivo15, and mechanical testing outside of the physiological environment often requires large samples inappropriate for implantation. Further, stimuli-responsive materials may quickly recover their initial stiffness after explantation. Therefore, we have developed a method by which the mechanical properties of implanted microsamples can be measured ex vivo, with simulated physiological conditions maintained using moisture and temperature control13,16,17. 
To this end, a custom microtensile tester was designed to accommodate microscale samples13,17 with widely-varying Young's moduli (range of 10 MPa to 5 GPa). As our interests are in the application of PVAc-NC as a biologically-adaptable neural probe substrate, a tool capable of mechanical characterization of samples at the microscale was necessary. This tool was adapted to provide humidity and temperature control, which minimized sample drying and cooling17. As a result, the mechanical characteristics of the explanted sample closely reflect those of the sample just prior to explantation.
The overall goal of this method is to quantitatively assess the in vivo mechanical properties, specifically the Young's modulus, of stimuli-responsive, mechanically-adaptive polymer-based materials. This is accomplished by first establishing the environmental conditions that will minimize a change in sample mechanical properties after explantation without contributing to a reduction in stiffness independent of that resulting from implantation. Samples are then prepared for implantation, handling, and testing (Figure 1A). Each sample is implanted into the cerebral cortex of rats, which is represented here as an explanted rat brain, for a specified duration (Figure 1B). At this point, the sample is explanted and immediately loaded into the microtensile tester, and then subjected to tensile testing (Figure 1C). Subsequent data analysis provides insight into the mechanical behavior of these innovative materials in the environment of the cerebral cortex.

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

A method is discussed by which the in vivo mechanical behavior of stimuli-responsive materials is monitored as a function of time. Samples are tested ex vivo using a microtensile tester with environmental controls to simulate the physiological environment. This work further promotes understanding the in vivo behavior of our material.

에 대한 기계적 적응 고분자 나노 복합 재료의 환경 제어 Microtensile 테스트<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; 특성

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, ...

Synthesis of an Intein-mediated Artificial Protein Hydrogel

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein block-copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. A highly hydrophilic random coil is inserted into one of the block-copolymers for water retention. Mixing of the two protein block copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit with crosslinkers at either end that rapidly self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is very stable under both acidic and basic conditions, at temperatures up to 50 &#176;C, and in organic solvents. The hydrogel rapidly reforms after shear-induced rupture. Incorporation of a &#34;docking station peptide&#34; into the hydrogel building block enables convenient incorporation of &#34;docking protein&#34;-tagged target proteins. The hydrogel is compatible with tissue culture growth media, supports the diffusion of 20 kDa molecules, and enables the immobilization of bioactive globular proteins. The application of the intein-mediated protein hydrogel as an organic-solvent-compatible biocatalyst was demonstrated by encapsulating the horseradish peroxidase enzyme and corroborating its activity.

We present the synthesis of a split-intein-mediated protein hydrogel. The building blocks of this hydrogel are two protein copolymers each containing a subunit of a trimeric protein that serves as a crosslinker and one half of a split intein. Mixing of the two protein copolymers triggers an intein trans-splicing reaction, yielding a polypeptide unit that self-assembles into a hydrogel. This hydrogel is highly pH- and temperature-stable, compatible with organic solvents, and easily incorporates functional globular proteins.

테인 매개 인공 단백질 히드로 겔의 합성

We present the synthesis of a highly stable protein hydrogel mediated by a split-intein-catalyzed protein trans-splicing reaction. The building blocks of ...

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic physiological tear volumes.7 The traditional model also lacks the natural tear flow component and the blinking reflex, both of which are defining factors of the ocular environment. The development of a novel model is described in this study, which consists of a unique 2-piece design, eyeball and eyelid piece, capable of mimicking physiological tear volume. The models are created from 3-D printed molds (Polytetrafluoroethylene or Teflon molds), which can be used to generate eye models from various polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and agar. Further modifications to the eye pieces, such as the integration of an explanted human or animal cornea or human corneal construct, will permit for more complex in vitro ocular studies. A commercial microfluidic syringe pump is integrated with the platform to emulate physiological tear secretion. Air exposure and mechanical wear are achieved using two mechanical actuators, of which one moves the eyelid piece laterally, and the other moves the eyeballeyepiece circularly. The model has been used to evaluate CLs for drug delivery and deposition of tear components on CLs.

Development of an In Vitro Ocular Platform to Test Contact Lenses

Current in vitro models for evaluating contact lenses (CLs) and other eye-related applications are severely limited. The presented ocular platform simulates physiological tear flow, tear volume, air exposure and mechanical wear. This system is highly versatile and can be applied to various in vitro analyses with CLs.

개발<em&gt; 체외</em&gt; 안구 플랫폼은 콘택트 렌즈를 테스트하는

Currently, in vitro evaluations of contact lenses (CLs) for drug delivery are typically performed in large volume vials,1-6 which fail to mimic ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass based substrates, and hydrogel-based tube formation assays. These assays, while informative, do not recapitulate lumen geometry, proper extracellular matrix, and multi-cellular proximity, which play key roles in modulating vascular function. This manuscript describes an injection molding method to generate engineered vessels with diameters on the order of 100 &#181;m. Microvessels are fabricated by seeding endothelial cells in a microfluidic channel embedded within a native type I collagen hydrogel. By incorporating parenchymal cells within the collagen matrix prior to channel formation, specific tissue microenvironments can be modeled and studied. Additional modulations of hydrodynamic properties and media composition allow for control of complex vascular function within the desired microenvironment. This platform allows for the study of perivascular cell recruitment, blood-endothelium interactions, flow response, and tissue-microvascular interactions. Engineered microvessels offer the ability to isolate the influence from individual components of a vascular niche and precisely control its chemical, mechanical, and biological properties to study vascular biology in both health and disease.

This manuscript presents an injection molding method to engineer microvessels that recapitulate physiological properties of endothelium. The microfluidic-based process creates patent 3D vascular networks with tailorable conditions, such as flow, cellular composition, geometry, and biochemical gradients. The fabrication process and examples of potential applications are described.

미세화 및 3D 미세 혈관의 조립

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to spatially fractionate the sample based on a biological property of interest. For the resultant spatial distribution to be used as the assay readout, microfluidic devices are often subjected to microscopic analysis requiring complex instrumentation with higher cost and reduced portability. To address this limitation, we have developed an integrated electronic sensing technology for multiplexed detection of particles at different locations on a microfluidic chip. Our technology, called Microfluidic CODES, combines Resistive Pulse Sensing with Code Division Multiple Access to compress 2D spatial information into a 1D electrical signal. In this paper, we present a practical demonstration of the Microfluidic CODES technology to detect and size cultured cancer cells distributed over multiple microfluidic channels. As validated by the high-speed microscopy, our technology can accurately analyze dense cell populations all electronically without the need for an external instrument. As such, the Microfluidic CODES can potentially enable low-cost integrated lab-on-a-chip devices that are well suited for the point-of-care testing of biological samples.

We demonstrate a microfluidic platform with an integrated surface electrode network that combines resistive pulse sensing (RPS) with code division multiple access (CDMA), to multiplex detection and sizing of particles in multiple microfluidic channels.

입자의 공간 추적을위한 멀티 플렉스 전자 감지와 미세 유체 플랫폼

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to ...

Rodent Behavioral Testing to Assess Functional Deficits Caused by Microelectrode Implantation in the Rat Motor Cortex

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes demonstrate the ability to record action potentials from individual or small groups of neurons. Such recorded signals have successfully been used to allow patients to interface with or control&#160;computers, robotic limbs, and their own limbs. However, previous animal studies have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the brain not only damages the surrounding tissue but can also result in functional deficits. Here, we discuss a series of behavioral tests to quantify potential motor impairments following the implantation of intracortical microelectrodes into the motor cortex of a rat. The methods for open field grid, ladder crossing, and grip strength testing provide valuable information regarding the potential complications resulting from a microelectrode implantation. The results of the behavioral testing are correlated with endpoint histology, providing additional information on the pathological outcomes and impacts of this procedure on the adjacent tissue.

We have shown that a microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex of rats causes immediate and lasting motor deficits. The methods proposed herein outline a microelectrode implantation surgery and three rodent behavioral tasks to elucidate potential changes in the fine or gross motor function due to implantation-caused damage to the motor cortex.

설치류 쥐 모터 피 질에서 Microelectrode 주입으로 인 한 기능적 적자를 평가 하기 위해 테스트 행동

Medical devices implanted in the brain hold tremendous potential. As part of a Brain Machine Interface (BMI) system, intracortical microelectrodes ...

Prospecting Microbial Strains for Bioremediation and Probiotics Development for Metaorganism Research and Preservation

Pollution affects all biomes. Marine environments have been particularly impacted, especially coral reefs, one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth. Globally, 4.5 billion people are economically dependent on the sea, where most of their livelihood is provided by coral reefs. Corals are of great importance and therefore their extinction leads to catastrophic consequences. There are several possible solutions to remediate marine pollutants and local contamination, including bioremediation. Bioremediation is the capacity of organisms to degrade contaminants. The approach presents several advantages, such as sustainability, relatively low cost, and the fact that it can be applied in different ecosystems, causing minimal impacts to the environment. As an extra advantage, the manipulation of endogenous microbiomes, including putative beneficial microorganisms for corals (pBMCs), may have probiotic effects for marine animals. In this context, the use of the two approaches, bioremediation and pBMC inoculation combined, could be promising. This strategy would promote the degradation of specific pollutants that can be harmful to corals and other metaorganisms while also increasing host resistance and resilience to deal with pollution and other threats. This method focuses on the selection of pBMCs to degrade two contaminants: the synthetic estrogen 17a-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and crude oil. Both have been reported to negatively impact marine animals, including corals, and humans. The protocol describes how to isolate and test bacteria capable of degrading the specific contaminants, followed by a description of how to detect some putative beneficial characteristics of these associated microbes to their coral host. The methodologies described here are relatively cheap, easy to perform, and highly adaptable. Almost any kind of soluble target compound can be used instead of EE2 and oil.

Pollution affects all biomes. Marine environments have been particularly impacted, especially coral reefs, one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth. Bioremediation is the capacity of organisms to degrade contaminants. Here, we describe methodologies to isolate and test microbes presenting bioremediation ability and potential probiotic characteristics for corals.

메타유기 연구 및 보존을 위한 생물 정화 및 프로바이오틱스 개발을 위한 미생물 균주 발굴

Pollution affects all biomes. Marine environments have been particularly impacted, especially coral reefs, one of the most sensitive ecosystems on Earth. ...

Fabrication and Implementation of a Reference-Free Traction Force Microscopy Platform

Quantifying cell-induced material deformation provides useful information concerning how cells sense and respond to the physical properties of their microenvironment. While many approaches exist for measuring cell-induced material strain, here we provide a methodology for monitoring strain with sub-micron resolution in a reference-free manner. Using a two-photon activated photolithographic patterning process, we demonstrate how to generate mechanically and bio-actively tunable synthetic substrates containing embedded arrays of fluorescent fiducial markers to easily measure three-dimensional (3D) material deformation profiles in response to surface tractions. Using these substrates, cell tension profiles can be mapped using a single 3D image stack of a cell of interest. Our goal with this methodology is to make traction force microscopy a more accessible and easier to implement tool for researchers studying cellular mechanotransduction processes, especially newcomers to the field.

This protocol provides instructions for implementing multiphoton lithography to fabricate three-dimensional arrays of fluorescent fiducial markers embedded in poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels for use as reference-free, traction force microscopy platforms. Using these instructions, measurement of 3D material strain and calculation of cellular tractions is simplified to promote high-throughput traction force measurements.

레퍼런스 프리 견인력 현미경 플랫폼 제작 및 구현

Quantifying cell-induced material deformation provides useful information concerning how cells sense and respond to the physical properties of their ...

Formulating and Characterizing Lipid Nanoparticles for Gene Delivery using a Microfluidic Mixing Platform

Lipid-based drug carriers have been used for clinically and commercially available delivery systems due to their small size, biocompatibility, and high encapsulation efficiency. Use of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to encapsulate nucleic acids is advantageous to protect the RNA or DNA from degradation, while also promoting cellular uptake. LNPs often contain multiple lipid components including an ionizable lipid, helper lipid, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugated lipid. LNPs can readily encapsulate nucleic acids due to the ionizable lipid presence, which at low pH is cationic and allows for complexation with negatively charged RNA or DNA. Here LNPs are formed by encapsulating messenger RNA (mRNA) or plasmid DNA (pDNA) using rapid mixing of the lipid components in an organic phase and the nucleic acid component in an aqueous phase. This mixing is performed using a precise microfluidic mixing platform, allowing for nanoparticle self-assembly while maintaining laminar flow. The hydrodynamic size and polydispersity are measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The effective surface charge on the LNP is determined by measuring the zeta potential. The encapsulation efficiency is characterized using a fluorescent dye to quantify entrapped nucleic acid. Representative results demonstrate the reproducibility of this method and the influence that different formulation and process parameters have on the developed LNPs.

Lipid nanoparticles are developed using a microfluidic mixing platform approach for mRNA and DNA encapsulation.

미세 유체 혼합 플랫폼을 사용하여 유전자 전달을 위한 지질 나노 입자 제조 및 특성화

Lipid-based drug carriers have been used for clinically and commercially available delivery systems due to their small size, biocompatibility, and high ...