우리는 Taarna Studemund와 Hagen Wendler에게 그림 설치를위한 준비뿐만 아니라 실험 설정의 사진을 찍어 주신 것에 대해 감사드립니다. 또한 샘플 준비를위한 Anne Hildebrandt와 Sreedhar Unnikrishnakurup, Alexander Battig, Felix Fritzsche에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다.

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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다.

제시된 프로토콜은 표면에 수직으로 향한 인공적인 표면 하의 결함을 찾는 방법을 기술한다. 이 방법의 주요 아이디어는 표면 결함과 상호 작용하는 간섭 열 파 필드를 생성하는 것이다. 가장 중요한 단계는 (i) SLM과 다이오드 레이저를 결합하여 시료 표면에 고전력 조명 패턴을 교대로 생성하는 것, 이 패턴들은 광열 적으로 열 간섭계 (coherent thermal wave field)로 전환되고, (ii) 표면 결함과 상호 작?...

레이저 투영 광열 열처리 (LPPT) 방법은 시험편의 부피에 묻혀 표면에 주로 수직으로 배향 된 표면 결함을 찾는 데 사용됩니다. 상기 방법은 도 1b 에 도시 된 바와 같이 동일한 신장 및 주파수의 2 개의 반 위상 열 파 필드의 상쇄 간섭을 사용한다. 등방성 결함이없는 물질에서, 열파는 응집력 중첩에 의해 대칭 평면에서 파괴적으로 중성화 ( 즉, 제로 온도 진동)됩니다. 표면 결함이있는 재료의 경우이 방법은 과도 열 흐름과이 결함 사이의 측면 ( 즉 , 평면 내) 구성 요소의 상호 작용을 이용합니다. 이 상호 작용은 샘플 표면의 대칭 선에서 재현 된 진동 온도 신도에서 측정 할 수 있습니다. 이제, 결함을 포함하는 샘플은 중첩 된 열파 필드에 의해 스캐닝되고,온도 신장의 레벨은 샘플 위치와 관련하여 측정된다. 대칭으로 인해, 결함이 대칭 평면을 가로 지르면 상쇄 간섭 조건이 다시 충족됩니다. 이렇게하면 결함을 매우 민감하게 찾을 수 있습니다. 또한, 상쇄 간섭의 최대 외란의 수준은 결함의 깊이와 관련되기 때문에, 온도 스캔을 분석하여 깊이를 결정할 수 있습니다 1 . LPPT는 능동형 열처리 방법론에 할당 될 수 있습니다.이 방법론은 과도 가열이 적극적으로 발생하고 일시적인 온도 분포가 열 IR 카메라를 통해 측정되는 잘 설정된 비파괴 방식입니다. 일반적으로,이 방법론의 민감도는 과도 열 흐름과 본질적으로 수직 인 결함으로 제한됩니다. 더욱이, 지배적 인 과도 열전도 방정식은 포물선 부분 차분ntial 방정식, 볼륨으로의 열 흐름은 강하게 감쇠됩니다. 결과적으로 능동형 열 화상 기법의 프로빙 깊이는 일반적으로 밀리미터 범위에 가까운 표면 영역으로 제한됩니다. 가장 보편적 인 능동 열 화상 촬영 기술은 펄스 및 자물쇠 열 화상입니다. 그것들은 평면 광학 표면 조명으로 인해 빠르지 만, 표면에 수직 한 열 흐름을 발생시킵니다. 따라서 이러한 기술의 민감도는 가열 된 시료 표면에 대해 우세하게 평행하게 배향 된 결함 ( 예 : 박리 또는 보이드)으로 제한됩니다. 펄스 열 화상 측정을위한 경험적 규칙은 &quot;검출 할 수있는 가장 작은 결함의 반경은 표면 아래의 깊이보다 최소한 1 ~ 2 배 커야합니다&quot; 3 라고 말합니다. 직각으로 배향 된 결함 ( 예 : 크랙)과 열 흐름 사이의 유효 상호 작용 영역을 증가 시키려면 열 흐름의 방향이변경되었습니다. 예를 들어 직선 또는 원형 스폿이있는 집속 된 레이저를 사용하여 국부 여기는 수직 결함 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 과 효과적으로 상호 작용할 수있는 면내 구성 요소로 열 흐름을 생성합니다. 제시된 방법에서, 우리는 또한 표면 열 결함을 검출하기 위해 측 방향 열 흐름 성분을 사용하지만, 열 파가 중첩 될 수 있다는 사실을 이용한다. 결함, 특히 수직 방향 열은 이러한 중첩을 방해한다. 이러한 방법으로, 제시된 방법은 너비 / 깊이 비율이 8,9 보다 훨씬 낮은 인공적인 표면 하의 결함을 검출 할 수 있기 때문에 기준없는, 대칭적이고 매우 민감한 방법과 닮았다. 지금까지는 충분한 에너지를 공급하는 2 개의 반 위상 열 파 필드를 만드는 것이 어려웠습니다. 우리는 이것을 달성했습니다.공간 광 변조기 (SLM)를 고전력 다이오드 레이저에 연결함으로써 레이저 시스템의 높은 광 출력을 SLM의 공간 및 시간 해상도 ( 그림 2 참조)와 고출력 프로젝터에 병합 할 수있었습니다 . 열 파 필드는 투영 된 이미지의 픽셀 밝기를 통해 2 개의 반 위상 사인 곡선으로 변조 된 선 패턴의 광열 변환에 의해 생성됩니다 ( 그림 2 , 그림 1a 참조). 이것은 샘플 표면의 구조화 된 가열을 초래하고 잘 정의 된 파괴적인 열파 장을 초래합니다. 표면 결함을 발견하기 위해, 파괴적인 추론의 방해는 IR 카메라를 사용하여 표면에서의 온도 진동으로 측정됩니다. 열파라는 용어는 열 전파의 확산 특성으로 인해 열파가 에너지를 전달하지 않기 때문에 논쟁의 여지가 있습니다. 아직도, hea 일 때 물결 같은 행동이 있습니다.<html> 우리는 실제 파와 확산 과정 10 , 11 , 12 사이의 유사점을 사용할 수있게 해줍니다. 따라서, 열파는 전파 방향으로 매우 감쇠되지만 시간에 따라 주기적으로 감쇠 될 수 있습니다 ( 그림 1b ). 특성 열 확산 길이 <img alt="방정식 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733eq1.jpg" /> (열전도율 k , 열용량 c p 및 밀도 ρ ) 및 여기 주파수 f에 의해 설명된다. 열파가 강하게 붕괴 되더라도 그 파동 특성을 적용하여 시료의 특성에 대한 통찰력을 얻을 수 있습니다. 열파 간섭의 첫 번째 적용은 레이어의 두께를 결정하는 데 사용되었습니다. 우리의 방법과는 달리, 간섭 효과는 깊이 치수 ( 즉 , 표면에 수직)<html> 레이저 빔을 분할하여 간섭의 개념을 제 2 차원으로 확장시키면서, 표면 결함 14의 크기를 결정하기 위해 열파 간섭이 사용되었다. 여전히이 방법은 전송 구성에 적용되었는데, 이는 투과에 의해 제한된다는 것을 의미한다 또한 하나의 레이저 소스 만 사용 되었기 때문에이 방법은 보강 간섭이 적용되므로 결함없는 참조가 필요합니다. 열파 간섭을 사용한다는 아이디어 외에도 공간 및 시간적으로 제어 된 가열은 광 출력이 극도로 제한된 광원이 내장 된 수정되지 않은 액정 디스플레이 (LCD) 프로젝터를 사용하여 홀트만 (Holtmann) 등에 의해 수행되었다 .Pribe와 Ravichandran의 더 많은 접근법은 광학 또한 레이저를 SLM ( 16 )<html> s = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 17. 여기에 제시된 프로토콜은 강재 샘플의 표면에 수직으로 배향 된 표면 결함을 찾기 위해 LPPT 방법을 적용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 방법은 초기 단계에 있지만 제안 된 접근 방식을 검증 할만큼 강력합니다. 그러나, 그것은 실험 장치의 달성 가능한 광 출력의 관점에서 여전히 제한적이다. 광 출력의 증가는 여전히 과제이므로, 제시된 방법은 인공 전기 방전 가공 노치를 포함하는 코팅 강에 적용된다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 프로토콜의 가장 중요하고 가장 중요한 단계는 균일 한 구조 조명을 생성하고, 파괴적인 열파 간섭에 대한 전제 조건을 충족하며, 결함을 찾는 것이 더 까다로운 결함에도 적용됩니다. 지배적 인 양은 열 확산 길이 μ이기 때문에, LPPT 방법은 수많은 다른 재료에도 적용될 수 있습니다. nt &quot;&gt; <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 : 상쇄 간섭 효과의 원리. ( a ) 실험 도중 사용 된 조명 패턴의 도식. 샘플은 π의 위상 변화를 갖는 두 개의 주기적으로 조명 된 패턴에 의해 공간적 및 시간적으로 가열된다. 파선은 두 패턴 사이의 대칭 선을 나타냅니다. 이 라인은 평가를 위해 &quot;고갈 라인&quot;으로 사용됩니다. ( b ) 열적 열전도 방정식의 해석 해에서 계산 된 공간적, 시간적으로 교번 된 열 결과의 다이어그램. 이것은 (a)의 조명에 대한 응답 열 파를 보여주고 P opt 1 = 1.5 W sin (2π 0.125 Hz t ) + 1.5 W와 P opt 2 = 1.5 W sin (2π 0.125 Hz t + π) + 건축용 강 ρ 에 대한 1.5 W </m = 7,850 kg / m3, cp = 461 J / (kg · K), k = 54 W / (m · K). 점선의 온도 프로파일은 균일 한 등방성 물질에 대한 열 발진을 보여줍니다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig2.jpg" /> 그림 2 : 능동형 열 화상 장치에 사용되는 구조화 된 가열의 측정 원리 개요 톱햇 프로파일로 균질화 된 가우시안 빔은 공간 광 변조기 (Spatial Light Modulator, SLM)에 적용된다. SLM은 빔을 스위칭 가능한 요소로 공간적으로 분해하고 스위칭 속도로 시간적으로 분해합니다. 각 요소는 SLM 픽셀을 나타냅니다. 이 실험에서 SLM은 디지털 마이크로 미러 디바이스 (DMD)입니다. 시간 결정적 제어 소프트웨어로 픽셀 휘도 A 를 변조함으로써, 샘플 표면구조화 된 방식으로 가열된다. 제시된 실험의 경우, 각 주파수 ω에서 코 히어 런트 간섭 열 파 필드의 기원 인 두 개의 반 위상 라인 (위상 : φ = 0, π)을 변조한다. 웨이브 필드는 샘플의 내부 구조와 상호 작용하여 표면의 온도 장에 영향을 미칩니다. 이것은 중파 적외선 카메라에 의한 열 방출을 통해 측정됩니다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55733/55733fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>500 W diode laser system, 940 nm</td><td>Laserline</td><td>LDM 500 - 20</td><td>Pilot laser class 2 @ 650&amp;nbsp;nm, diode laser is a class 4 laser system --&gt; special laboratory needed</td></tr><tr><td>Laser control box</td><td>Laserline</td><td>Laser control box LDM</td><td>Add on to the laser system, used to switch electronically, laser threshold, shutter, laser on 0 V..5 V TTL</td></tr><tr><td>Control box scanner</td><td>Laserline</td><td></td><td>Add on to the laser system, used to adjust the optical output power via analog signal from 0&amp;nbsp;V..10 V</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber Laser Mount 2&quot;, f = 80 mm</td><td>Laserline</td><td></td><td>Add on to the laser system</td></tr><tr><td>Multifunction Data Aquisition (DAQ) Device + BNC Terminal</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>NI-USB 6251</td><td>The DAQ card is used to trigger the IR camera,&amp;nbsp; the DLP Light Commander 5500, control Laser and diode PDA 36A</td></tr><tr><td>Standard - PC&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td></td><td>Control PC - graphic card for two screens, at least 4 x USB, Windows based</td></tr><tr><td>BNC cabel</td><td></td><td></td><td>Standard cable</td></tr><tr><td>HDMI cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>Standard cable</td></tr><tr><td>Micro USB to USB cable</td><td></td><td></td><td>Standard cable</td></tr><tr><td>LabVIEW 2013 SP1 Development System</td><td>National Instruments</td><td></td><td>Development environment for device control</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT control software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>part of the LPPT software package by LabVIEW 2013 SP1</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT intensity&amp;nbsp; software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>part of the LPPT software package by LabVIEW 2013 SP1</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT laser control software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>part of the LPPT software package by LabVIEW 2013 SP1</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab 2016b</td><td>MathWorks</td><td></td><td>Postprocessing of the measurement data</td></tr><tr><td>LPPT postprocessing software</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Postprocessing of the measurement data</td></tr><tr><td>IR camera control PC</td><td>InfraTec</td><td></td><td>Control PC is supplied by camera distributor</td></tr><tr><td>IR camera control software</td><td>InfraTec</td><td>Irbis 3 Professional</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>InfraTec SDK</td><td>InfraTec</td><td></td><td>Dynamic Link Library as interface between the native data aquisition format of Infratec and Matlab</td></tr><tr><td>IR camera</td><td>InfraTec</td><td>Image IR 8300</td><td>640 x 512, cooled InSb detector, wavelength 2&amp;nbsp;&amp;micro;m..5.7 &amp;micro;m, noise = 20&amp;nbsp;mK + accessories (LAN cable, Digital in/out cable, space ring, power supply, case)</td></tr><tr><td>Tripod</td><td>Manfrotto</td><td>161MK2B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IR camera mount</td><td>Manfrotto</td><td>405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Projector development kit (PDK) for digital light processing (DLP) technology (DLP Light Commander 5500)</td><td>Logic PD</td><td>DLP-LC-DLP5500-10R</td><td>DLP5500 Digital Micromirror Device from Texas Instruments included , light engine and case need to be disassembed</td></tr><tr><td>PDK control software</td><td>Logic PD</td><td></td><td>Included when delivered, DLP Light Commander control software</td></tr><tr><td>Mechanical platform for the PDK</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Self made (140 x 230 x 420) mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Power meter control unit</td><td>Ophir</td><td>Vega</td><td>USB Interface</td></tr><tr><td>30 W power meter head&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Ophir</td><td>30(150)A-LP1-18</td><td>Power meter head to determine Transmission of the projector system</td></tr><tr><td>500 W power meter head</td><td>Ophir</td><td>FL500A</td><td>Power meter for process supervision</td></tr><tr><td>Motion controller</td><td>Newport</td><td>ESP301</td><td>with USB Interface</td></tr><tr><td>Translation stage</td><td>Newport</td><td>M-ILS200CC</td><td>Connected to ESP301</td></tr><tr><td>Photodiode with amplifier</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PDA 36A-EC</td><td>1&quot; mount</td></tr><tr><td>Reflective filter ND1</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ND10A</td><td>to be mounted to the PDA 36A</td></tr><tr><td>Pinhole 1&quot;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>P1000S</td><td>to be mounted to the PDA 36A</td></tr><tr><td>Optical aluminium breadboard&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MB60120/M</td><td>(1,200 mm x 900 mm) base</td></tr><tr><td>Plano Convex Lens f = 200 mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1979-B</td><td>Coated for IR, first telescope lens</td></tr><tr><td>Plano Convex Lens f = 75 mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1145-B</td><td>Coated for IR, second telescope lens</td></tr><tr><td>xy-translation stage</td><td>Newport</td><td>M401</td><td>Used for adjusting the telecope</td></tr><tr><td>Beamsampler</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BSF20-B&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Splits the optical output, used to reduce the optical input for the projector system</td></tr><tr><td>Mirror</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>BB2-E03</td><td>Mirror for coupling the beam to the DLP Light Commander</td></tr><tr><td>Heavy duty lab jack</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>L490</td><td>Used for the fiber mount and on top of the linear stage to position the sample (2x)</td></tr><tr><td>PDK-objective&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon</td><td>Nikon AF Nikkor 50 mm 1:1:8:D&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Objective for DLP Light Commander, 50 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Plano Convex Lens f = 100 mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LA1050 -B</td><td>Lens is attached to the Nikon Objective</td></tr><tr><td>Bi-Convex Lens f = 60&amp;nbsp;mm</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LB1723 -B</td><td>Lens to be attached to the Nikon objective in order to determine the optical transmission with the 30 W measurement head</td></tr><tr><td>Square protected gold mirror</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PFSQ20-03-M01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>High power IR sensor card</td><td>Newport</td><td>F-IRC-HP-M</td><td>Sensor card to check the optical pathway</td></tr><tr><td>2&quot; crosshairs</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Self-made</td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; crosshairs</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>Self-made</td></tr><tr><td>Bullseye level</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LCL01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Translation Stage</td><td>Newport</td><td>M-UMR8.25</td><td>Used for measuring the beam profile</td></tr><tr><td>Micrometer screw</td><td>Newport</td><td>DM17-25</td><td>Used with translation stage M-UMR8.25</td></tr><tr><td>Mounted Zero Aperture Iris</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ID75Z/M</td><td>used to check the optical pathway</td></tr><tr><td>Bases and Post Holders Essentials Kit, Metric and Universal Components</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ESK01/M</td><td>Basis</td></tr><tr><td>Posts &amp;amp; Accessories Essentials Kit, Metric and Universal Components</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>ESK03/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>M6 Cap Screw and Hardware Kit</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>HW-KIT2/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Construction Rails</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>XE25L700/M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&quot; Construction Cube</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>RM1G</td><td>Used to mount construction rails</td></tr><tr><td>Electrical discharge machining</td><td>Sodick</td><td>AG60L</td><td>www.sodick.de</td></tr><tr><td>St37 block of steel&lt;br /&gt;(100 x 100 x 40) mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>self-made, hidden defect with remaining wall thicknesses of 0.25&amp;nbsp;mm, 0.5 mm, 0.70 mm, 1.25&amp;nbsp;mm (shown in &lt;strong&gt;Figure 5&lt;/strong&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>St37 block of steel&lt;br /&gt;(100 x 100 x 40) mm</td><td>BAM</td><td></td><td>self-made, hidden defect with remaining wall thicknesses of 1&amp;nbsp;mm, 1.5&amp;nbsp;mm, 1.75 mm, 2 mm (shown in &lt;strong&gt;Figure 5&lt;/strong&gt;)</td></tr><tr><td>Graphite spray</td><td>CRC Industries Europe NV</td><td>GRAPHIT 33</td><td>Ref. 20760, 200 mL aerosol (Kontakt-Chemie)</td></tr><tr><td>Protective tape</td><td>Tesa</td><td>tesakrepp 4348</td><td>used to protect the hidden defects while coating</td></tr></tbody></table>

subsurface defect localization by structured heating using laser projected photothermal thermography

제시된 방법은 표면에 수직하게 배향 된 표면 결함을 찾아내는 데 사용됩니다. 이를 달성하기 위해 우리는 결함에 의해 방해받는 파괴적으로 간섭하는 열 파 필드를 생성합니다. 이 효과를 측정하여 결함 위치를 찾습니다. 우리는 수정 된 프로젝터를 사용하여 파괴적인 간섭 파 필드를 형성합니다. 프로젝터의 원래 광 엔진은 파이버 결합 고출력 다이오드 레이저로 대체되었습니다. 빔은 프로젝터의 공간 광 변조기와 모양을 맞추고 정렬되며 빔 프로파일을 먼저 특성화하고 기계적 및 수치 적으로 보정하여 최적의 광학 처리량과 균일 한 투영을 위해 최적화됩니다. 정밀한 기하학적 상황 (기하학적 이미지 왜곡의 보정 포함)과 샘플 표면의 약한 온도 진동을 감지하는 요구 사항에 따라 고성능 적외선 (IR) 카메라가 설치됩니다. 데이터 수집은 한 번 동기화 할 수 있습니다.개별 열 파 필드 소스, 스캐닝 스테이지 및 IR 카메라 간의 론칭은 조사중인 특정 재료에 맞춰 조정해야하는 전용 실험 설정을 사용하여 설정됩니다. 데이터 후 처리 동안, 샘플의 표면 아래의 결함 존재에 대한 관련 정보가 추출된다. 이는 샘플 표면의 소위 공핍 선 (depletion line)에서 나오는 획득 된 열 방사의 진동 부분에서 검색됩니다. 결함의 정확한 위치는 최종 단계에서 이러한 진동의 공간 - 시간적 모양 분석에서 추론됩니다. 이 방법은 참고가 필요하지 않으며 열 파 필드 내의 변화에 ​​매우 민감합니다. 지금까지,이 방법은 강철 샘플로 테스트되었지만 다른 재료, 특히 온도에 민감한 재료에도 적용 가능합니다.

프로토콜에 따라 0.25 mm 깊이의 표면 결함이있는 강재 샘플의면 1을 선택하여 대표 결과를 생성했습니다. 결함은 초기에 조명 영역의 대략 중앙에 위치 하였다. 이어서, 샘플을 0.05mm / s의 속도로 선형 스테이지를 통해 -5mm에서 5mm로 이동시켰다. 이 매개 변수를 사용하여, 그림 11a 는 공핍 라인에서 스캔 데이터를 추출한 후의 스캔 데이터를 보여줍니다. 이 단계...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography at JoVE.com

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

이 방법은 수직 표면 하의 결함을 찾는 것을 목표로합니다. 여기서 우리는 레이저를 공간 광 변조기와 결합시키고 비디오 입력을 트리거하여 고분해능 열 화상을 얻는 동안 2 개의 반대 위상 변조 선으로 결정 성있게 시료 표면을 가열합니다. 결함 위치는 열파 간섭 최소값을 평가하여 검색됩니다.

레이저 조사 형 광열 열 분석을 이용한 구조 가열에 의한 지층 결함 국산화

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

subsurface-defect-localization-structured-heating-using-laser

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.0K 조회수.  Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM).  이 방법은 수직 표면 하의 결함을 찾는 것을 목표로합니다. 여기서 우리는 레이저를 공간 광 변조기와 결합시키고 비디오 입력을 트리거하여 고분해능 열 화상을 얻는 동안 2 개의 반대 위상 변조 선으로 결정 성있게 시료 표면을 가열합니다. 결함 위치는 열파 간섭 최소값을 평가하여 검색됩니다. 

비디오: Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

A Rapid Laser Probing Method Facilitates the Non-invasive and Contact-free Determination of Leaf Thermal Properties

Plants can produce valuable substances such as secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins. The purification of the latter from plant biomass can be streamlined by heat treatment (blanching). A blanching apparatus can be designed more precisely if the thermal properties of the leaves are known in detail, i.e., the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity. The measurement of these properties is time consuming and labor intensive, and usually requires invasive methods that contact the sample directly. This can reduce the product yield and may be incompatible with containment requirements, e.g., in the context of good manufacturing practice. To address these issues, a non-invasive, contact-free method was developed that determines the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of an intact plant leaf in about one minute. The method involves the application of a short laser pulse of defined length and intensity to a small area of the leaf sample, causing a temperature increase that is measured using a near infrared sensor. The temperature increase is combined with known leaf properties (thickness and density) to determine the specific heat capacity. The thermal conductivity is then calculated based on the profile of the subsequent temperature decline, taking thermal radiation and convective heat transfer into account. The associated calculations and critical aspects of sample handling are discussed.

A method was developed to determine the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of leaf tissue by non-invasive, contact-free near infrared laser probing, which requires less than 1 min per sample.

빠른 레이저 방법은 잎 열적 특성의 비 침습적과 연락이없는 결정을 촉진 프로빙

Plants can produce valuable substances such as secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins. The purification of the latter from plant biomass can be ...

연구

생화학

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

양적 시각화 및 동적 써멀 이미징을 사용하여 피부암의 감지

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

의학

Investigation of Protein Recruitment to DNA Lesions Using 405 Nm Laser Micro-irradiation

The DNA Damage Response (DDR) uses a plethora of proteins to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Delineating this response is critical to understand genome maintenance mechanisms. Since recruitment and exchange of proteins at lesions are highly dynamic, their study requires the ability to generate DNA damage in a rapid and spatially-delimited manner. Here, we describe procedures to locally induce DNA damage in human cells using a commonly available laser-scanning confocal microscope equipped with a 405 nm laser line. Accumulation of genome maintenance factors at laser stripes can be assessed by immunofluorescence (IF) or in real-time using proteins tagged with fluorescent reporters. Using phosphorylated histone H2A.X (&#947;-H2A.X) and Replication Protein A (RPA) as markers, the method provides sufficient resolution to discriminate locally-recruited factors from those that spread on adjacent chromatin. We further provide ImageJ-based scripts to efficiently monitor the kinetics of protein relocalization at DNA damage sites. These refinements greatly simplify the study of the DDR dynamics.

Studying DNA damage repair kinetics requires a system to induce lesions at defined sub-nuclear regions. We describe a method to create localized double-stranded breaks using a laser-scanning confocal microscope equipped with a 405 nm laser and provide automated procedures to quantify the dynamics of repair factors at these lesions.

단백질 DNA 장애 405 Nm 레이저 마이크로 방사선 조사를 사용 하 여 채용의 조사

The DNA Damage Response (DDR) uses a plethora of proteins to detect, signal, and repair DNA lesions. Delineating this response is critical to understand ...

유전학

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient optical micro-imaging technique which can be used to map and quantify such behavior. Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has a 612 nm luminescence line whose activation efficiency drops strongly with increasing temperature, due to T-dependent interactions between the Eu3+ ion and the organic chelating compound. This material may be readily coated on to a sample surface by thermal sublimation in vacuum. When the coating is excited with ultraviolet light (337 nm) an optical micro-image of the 612 nm luminescent response can be converted directly into a map of the sample surface temperature. This technique offers spatial resolution limited only by the microscope optics (about 1 micron) and time resolution limited by the speed of the camera employed. It offers the additional advantages of only requiring comparatively simple and non-specialized equipment, and giving a quantitative probe of sample temperature.

Europium thenoyltrifluoroacetonate (EuTFC) has an optical luminescence line at 612 nm, whose activation efficiency decreases strongly with temperature. If a sample coated with a thin film of this material is micro-imaged, the 612 nm luminescent response intensity may be converted into a direct map of sample surface temperature.

유로퓸 킬레이트 발광 코팅을 사용하여 고해상도 열 마이크로 이미징

Micro-electronic devices often undergo significant self-heating when biased to their typical operating conditions. This paper describes a convenient ...

공학

Custom-designed Laser-based Heating Apparatus for Triggered Release of Cisplatin from Thermosensitive Liposomes with Magnetic Resonance Image Guidance

Liposomes have been employed as drug delivery systems to target solid tumors through exploitation of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect resulting in significant reductions in systemic toxicity. Nonetheless, insufficient release of encapsulated drug from liposomes has limited their clinical efficacy. Temperature-sensitive liposomes have been engineered to provide site-specific release of drug in order to overcome the problem of limited tumor drug bioavailability. Our lab has designed and developed a heat-activated thermosensitive liposome formulation of cisplatin (CDDP), known as HTLC, to provide triggered release of CDDP at solid tumors. Heat-activated delivery in vivo was achieved in murine models using a custom-built laser-based heating apparatus that provides a conformal heating pattern at the tumor site as confirmed by MR thermometry (MRT). A fiber optic temperature monitoring device was used to measure the temperature in real-time during the entire heating period with online adjustment of heat delivery by alternating the laser power. Drug delivery was optimized under magnetic resonance (MR) image guidance by co-encapsulation of an MR contrast agent (i.e.,&#160;gadoteridol) along with CDDP into the thermosensitive liposomes as a means to validate the heating protocol and to assess tumor accumulation. The heating protocol consisted of a preheating period of 5 min prior to administration of HTLC and 20 min heating post-injection. This heating protocol resulted in effective release of the encapsulated agents with the highest MR signal change observed in the heated tumor in comparison to the unheated tumor and muscle. This study demonstrated the successful application of the laser-based heating apparatus for preclinical thermosensitive liposome development and the importance of MR-guided validation of the heating protocol for optimization of drug delivery.

AN MRI-compatible&#160;custom-designed laser-based heating apparatus has been developed to provide local heating of subcutaneous tumors in order to activate release of agents from thermosensitive liposomes specifically at the tumor region.

자기 공명 이미지 지침에 열성 리포좀에서 시스플라틴의 트리거 된 릴리스를위한 맞춤 설계 레이저 기반의 가열 장치

Liposomes have been employed as drug delivery systems to target solid tumors through exploitation of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect ...

생체공학

In Situ Surface Temperature Measurement in a Conveyor Belt Furnace via Inline Infrared Thermography

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. Currently, the surface temperature of objects processed in conveyor belt furnaces is typically measured via thermocouples. However, infrared (IR) thermography presents multiple advantages compared to thermocouple measurements, as it is a contactless, real-time, and spatially resolved method. Here, as a representative proof-of-concept example, an inline thermography system is successfully installed into an IR lamp powered solar firing furnace, which is used for the contact firing process of industrial Si solar cells. This protocol describes how to install an IR camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and perform the evaluation of spatial surface temperature distribution on a target object.

This protocol describes how to install an infrared camera into a conveyor belt furnace, conduct a customer correction of a factory calibrated IR camera, and evaluate the spatial surface temperature distribution of an object of interest. The example objects are industrial silicon solar cells.

인라인 적외선 테르모그래피를 통한 컨베이어 벨트 용광로의 시투 표면 온도 측정

Measuring the surface temperature of objects that are processed in conveyor belt furnaces is an important tool in process control and quality assurance. ...

Control of Cell Geometry through Infrared Laser Assisted Micropatterning

Micropatterning is an established technique in the cell biology community used to study connections between the morphology and function of cellular compartments while circumventing complications arising from natural cell-to-cell variations. To standardize cell shape, cells are either confined in 3D molds or controlled for adhesive geometry through adhesive islands. However, traditional micropatterning techniques based on photolithography and deep UV etching heavily depend on clean rooms or specialized equipment. Here we present an infrared laser assisted micropatterning technique (microphotopatterning) modified from Doyle et al. that can be conveniently set up with commercially available imaging systems. In this protocol, we use a Nikon A1R MP+ imaging system to generate micropatterns with micron precision through an infrared (IR) laser that ablates preset regions on poly-vinyl alcohol coated coverslips. We employ a custom script to enable automated pattern fabrication with high efficiency and accuracy in systems not equipped with a hardware autofocus. We show that this IR laser assisted micropatterning (microphotopatterning) protocol results in defined patterns to which cells attach exclusively and take on the desired shape. Furthermore, data from a large number of cells can be averaged due to the standardization of cell shape. Patterns generated with this protocol, combined with high resolution imaging and quantitative analysis, can be used for relatively high throughput screens to identify molecular players mediating the link between form and function.

The protocol presented here enables automated fabrication of micropatterns that standardizes cell shape to study cytoskeletal structures within mammalian cells. This user-friendly technique can be set up with commercially available imaging systems and does not require specialized equipment inaccessible to standard cell biology laboratories.

적외선 레이저 보조 마이크로패터닝을 통한 세포 지오메트리 제어

Micropatterning is an established technique in the cell biology community used to study connections between the morphology and function of cellular ...

Flapping Soft Fin Deformation Modeling using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging

Propulsive mechanisms inspired by the fins of various fish species have been increasingly researched, given their potential for improved maneuvering and stealth capabilities in unmanned vehicle systems. Soft materials used in the membranes of these fin mechanisms have proven effective at increasing thrust and efficiency compared with more rigid structures, but it is essential to measure and model the deformations in these soft membranes accurately. This study presents a workflow for characterizing the time-dependent shape deformation of flexible underwater flapping fins using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). Pigmented polydimethylsiloxane fin membranes with varying stiffnesses (0.38 MPa and 0.82 MPa) are fabricated and mounted to an assembly for actuation in two degrees of freedom: pitch and roll. PLIF images are acquired across a range of spanwise planes, processed to obtain fin deformation profiles, and combined to reconstruct time-varying 3D deformed fin shapes. The data are then used to provide high-fidelity validation for fluid-structure interaction simulations and improve the understanding of the performance of these complex propulsion systems.

The present protocol involves the measurement and characterization of 3D shape deformation in underwater flapping fins built with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) materials. Accurate reconstruction of these deformations is essential for understanding the propulsive performance of compliant flapping fins.

평면 레이저 유도 형광 이미징을 사용한 플랩핑 소프트 핀 변형 모델링

Propulsive mechanisms inspired by the fins of various fish species have been increasingly researched, given their potential for improved maneuvering and ...

Continuous-wave Thulium Laser for Heating Cultured Cells to Investigate Cellular Thermal Effects

An original method to heat cultured cells using a 1.94 &#181;m continuous-wave thulium laser for biological assessment is introduced here. Thulium laser radiation is strongly absorbed by water, and the cells at the bottom of the culture dish are heated through thermal diffusion. A laser fiber with a diameter of 365 &#181;m is set about 12 cm above the culture dish, without any optics, such that the laser beam diameter is almost equivalent to the inner diameter of the culture dish (30 mm). By keeping a consistent amount of culture medium in each experiment, it is possible to irradiate the cells with a highly reproducible temperature increase.
To calibrate the temperature increase and its distribution in one cell culture dish for each power setting, the temperature was measured during 10 s of irradiation at different positions and at the cellular level. The temperature distribution was represented using a mathematical graphics software program, and its pattern across the culture dish was in Gaussian form. After laser irradiation, different biological experiments could be performed to assess temperature-dependent cell responses. In this manuscript, viability staining (i.e., distinguishing live, apoptotic, and dead cells) is introduced to help determine the threshold temperatures for cell apoptosis and death after different points in time.
The advantages of this method are the preciseness of the temperature and the time of heating, as well as its high efficiency in heating cells in a whole cell culture dish. Furthermore, it allows for study with a wide variety of temperatures and time durations, which can be well-controlled by a computerized operating system.

An original experimental setup for heating cells in a culture dish using 1.94 &#181;m continuous-wave laser radiation is introduced here. Using this method, the biological responses of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells after different thermal exposures can be investigated.

배양 된 세포를 세포 열 효과를 조사하기 위해 가열하는 연속파 툴륨 레이저

An original method to heat cultured cells using a 1.94 &#181;m continuous-wave thulium laser for biological assessment is introduced here. Thulium laser ...

생물학

Plasma Membrane Repair 연구를 위한 레이저 유도 열플라즈몬 천자

A Thermoplasmonic Approach for Investigating Plasma Membrane Repair in Living Cells and Model Membranes

The cell membrane is crucial for cell survival, and ensuring its integrity is essential as the cell experiences injuries throughout its entire life cycle. To prevent damage to the membrane, cells have developed efficient plasma membrane repair mechanisms. These&#160;repair mechanisms can be studied by combining confocal microscopy and nanoscale thermoplasmonics to identify and investigate the role of key proteins, such as annexins, involved in surface repair in living cells and membrane model systems.
The puncturing method employs a laser to induce highly localized heating upon nanoparticle irradiation. The use of near-infrared light minimizes phototoxicity in the biological sample, while the majority of the absorption takes place in the near-infrared resonant plasmonic nanoparticle. This thermoplasmonic method has been exploited for potential photothermal and biophysical research to enhance the understanding of intracellular mechanisms and cellular responses through vesicle and cell fusion studies. The approach has shown to be complementary to existing methods for membrane disruption, such as mechanically, chemically, or optically induced injuries, and provides a high level of control by inflicting extremely localized injuries. The extent of the injury is limited to the vicinity of the spherical nanoparticle, and no detrimental damage occurs along the beam path as opposed to pulsed lasers using different wavelengths. Despite certain limitations, such as the formation of nanobubbles, the thermoplasmonic method offers a unique tool for investigating cellular responses in plasma membrane repair in an almost native environment without compromising cell viability.
When integrated with confocal microscopy, the puncturing method can provide a mechanistic understanding of membrane dynamics in model membrane systems as well as quantitative information on protein responses to membrane damage, including protein recruitment and their biophysical function. Overall, the application of this method to reduced model systems can enhance our understanding of the intricate plasma membrane repair machinery in living cells.

저자 스포트라이트: 혁신적인 열플라즈모닉 천공을 통한 원형질막 복구 메커니즘 탐구 

The thermoplasmonic puncture method integrates confocal microscopy, optical tweezers, and gold nanoparticles to study protein responses during plasma membrane repair in cells and giant unilamellar vesicles. The technique enables rapid and localized membrane puncture, allowing the identification of key proteins and their functional roles in the intricate plasma membrane repair machinery.

살아있는 세포 및 모델 막의 원형질막 복구를 조사하기 위한 열플라즈몬 접근법

The cell membrane is crucial for cell survival, and ensuring its integrity is essential as the cell experiences injuries throughout its entire life cycle. ...