저자 아무 승인 있다.

<ol>
	<li>Aronson, S. J., Rehm, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+the+foundation+for+genomics+in+precision+medicine.">Building the foundation for genomics in precision medicine.</a> Nature. 526 (7573), 336-342 (2015).</li><li>Ball, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+a+GWAS:+power,+sample+size,+and+data+structure.">Designing a GWAS: power, sample size, and data structure.</a> Genome-Wide Association Studies and Genomic Prediction. , 37-98 (2013).</li><li>Kwon, J. M., Goate, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+candidate+gene+approach.">The candidate gene approach.</a> Alcohol research and health. 24 (3), 164-168 (2000).</li><li>Oeth, P., Mistro, G. D., Marnellos, G., Shi, T., van den Boom, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Qualitative+and+quantitative+genotyping+using+single+base+primer+extension+coupled+with+matrix-assisted+laser+desorption/ionization+time-of-flight+mass+spectrometry+(MassARRAY).">Qualitative and quantitative genotyping using single base primer extension coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MassARRAY).</a> Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms: Methods and Protocols. , 307-343 (2009).</li><li>Pusch, W., Kostrzewa, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+MALDI-TOF+mass+spectrometry+in+screening+and+diagnostic+research.">Application of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry in screening and diagnostic research.</a> Current pharmaceutical design. 11 (20), 2577-2591 (2005).</li><li>Su, K. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pretreatment+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+(EGFR)+T790M+mutation+predicts+shorter+EGFR+tyrosine+kinase+inhibitor+response+duration+in+patients+with+non-small-cell+lung+cancer.">Pretreatment epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation predicts shorter EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor response duration in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.</a> Journal of clinical oncology. 30 (4), 433-440 (2012).</li><li>Singhal, N., Kumar, M., Kanaujia, P. K., Virdi, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MALDI-TOF+mass+spectrometry:+an+emerging+technology+for+microbial+identification+and+diagnosis.">MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: an emerging technology for microbial identification and diagnosis.</a> Frontiers in microbiology. 6, 791 (2015).</li><li>Cricca, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+genotyping+of+high-risk+Human+Papillomavirus+by+MALDI-TOF+Mass+Spectrometry-based+method.">High-throughput genotyping of high-risk Human Papillomavirus by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry-based method.</a> New Microbiologica. 38 (2), 211-223 (2015).</li><li>Ashley, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+Variation+at+the+Th2+Immune+Gene+IL13+is+Associated+with+IgE-mediated+Paediatric+Food+Allergy.">Genetic Variation at the Th2 Immune Gene IL13 is Associated with IgE-mediated Paediatric Food Allergy.</a> Clinical &amp; Experimental Allergy. 47 (8), 1032-1037 (2017).</li><li>Bousman, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+NRG1+and+DAOA+genetic+variation+on+transition+to+psychosis+in+individuals+at+ultra-high+risk+for+psychosis.">Effects of NRG1 and DAOA genetic variation on transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis.</a> Translational psychiatry. 3 (4), e251 (2013).</li><li>Moffatt, M. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+large-scale,+consortium-based+genomewide+association+study+of+asthma.">A large-scale, consortium-based genomewide association study of asthma.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 363 (13), 1211-1221 (2010).</li><li>Granada, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genome-wide+association+study+of+plasma+total+IgE+concentrations+in+the+Framingham+Heart+Study.">A genome-wide association study of plasma total IgE concentrations in the Framingham Heart Study.</a> Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 129 (3), 840-845 (2012).</li><li>Oeth, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=iPLEX+assay:+Increased+plexing+efficiency+and+flexibility+for+MassARRAY+system+through+single+base+primer+extension+with+mass-modified+terminators.">iPLEX assay: Increased plexing efficiency and flexibility for MassARRAY system through single base primer extension with mass-modified terminators.</a> Sequenom application note. 27, (2005).</li><li>Ellis, J. A., Ong, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MassARRAY+System+for+Targeted+SNP+Genotyping.">The MassARRAY System for Targeted SNP Genotyping.</a> Genotyping: Methods and Protocols. , 77-94 (2017).</li><li>Johnson, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SNAP:+A+web-based+tool+for+identification+and+annotation+of+proxy+SNPs+using+HapMap.">SNAP: A web-based tool for identification and annotation of proxy SNPs using HapMap.</a> Bioinformatics. 24 (24), 2938-2939 (2008).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

여기, 다중화 된 유전형 질량 분석을 사용 하 여 방법을 설명 합니다. 대표 결과 MALDI TOF 질량 분석4 분석 결과 화학 재료의 표13에 나열와 결합 하는 PCR를 사용 하 여 생성 되었다. 이 플랫폼으로 실험실에서 총 1,255 개인 40 h 이내 9 Snp에 대 한 11,295 genotypes 생성 했습니다.
우리는 생성 SNP 후보 유전자 IL13 발견 임상 코 호트 ?...

인간의 복잡 한 질병에 유전 이체 질병 민감성에 기여 하 고 이러한 변형 측정 이해 병 인, 고 위험 환자 그룹, 및 치료 조치를 식별 하는 데 유용 있을 수 있습니다. 실제로, 정밀 의학의 약속은 환자 서브 그룹1을 식별 하는 게놈 정보를 이용 하 여 의존 합니다. 불행히도, 공간 내에 복잡 한 질병 생물학, 어디 질병 고기 상당한 유전이 성분, 낮은 penetrance, 가변 표현력에 의해 underpinned 아 르, 일대 소설 식별을 게놈 넓은 접근에 대 한 요구 사항 크기 후보 들은 엄청나게 큰2입니다. 또한, 대상된 후보 유전자 접근 질병 병 인3특정 유전자/경로 대 한 선험적 가설으로 시작합니다. 경로 분석 도구 일반적으로 탐구 될 수많은 후보 경로 생성 한 확인된 대상 loci의 이상 조사 하는 데 사용 됩니다. 여기 다중화 유전형 접근 인간의 코 호트 연구4에 적합 한 분석 결과 함께 Snp의 수백 수만의 조사에 대 한 수 있도록 설명 합니다. 이 방식은 상대적으로 높은 통해-넣어, 수백 수 소설 발견 연구에 대 한 genotyped DNA 샘플의 수천 및 특정 경로 조사를 허용 합니다. 여기에 설명 된 메서드는 유용 식별 위험 대립 유전자 및 임상 특성의 그들의 협회에 대 한 상대적으로 신속 하 고 저렴 한 방식으로 합니다. 이 플랫폼은 미생물 감염7 및 인간 유 두 종 바이러스8등에 대 한 검사 및 진단 목적5,6, 최근, 매우 유리한 되었습니다.
이 프로토콜은 조사, 즉유전자의 세트의 선택과 시작., 일반적으로 문학 검색, 또는 질병 과정;에 참여에 대 한 선험적 가설을 통해 결정 대상 지역 또는 아마도 검색 게놈 넓은 협회 (GWA) 연구의 주요한 연결으로 복제에 대 한 선택. 유전자 집합에서 연구원 태그 Snp의 세련 된 목록을 선택 합니다. 즉, 결합 불균형 (LD), 또는 지역에서 변종 사이 상호 관계는 haplotype 이라고 높은 LD에 Snp의 그룹에 대 한 대표 '태그 SNP' 식별 하 데 사용 됩니다. 지역의 높은 LD는 유전형 한 SNP는 haplotype에서 모든 Snp에 변화를 표현 하기 위해 충분 한 Snp는 함께 상속 자주는 것을 의미 합니다. 또는, 많은 지역, 예를 들어에서 Snp의 최종 목록에 다음과 같은 경우., GWA 연구에 대 한 복제,이 프로세스 해야 하지. 멀티플렉스 유전형 분석 결과 다음 설계 되어야 합니다 이러한 목표 주위는 증폭 뇌관 연장 뇌관의 질량 다른의 고 해석할 생산 제품 질량 스펙트럼. 이 매개 변수는 멀티플렉스 유전형 분석 결과 디자인 도구에 의해 쉽게 구현 됩니다. 이 디자인에서 앞으로 역 뇌관 관심의 마커를 대상 하는 SNP를 포함 하는 시퀀스를 증폭에 사용 됩니다. 확장 뇌관은 Snp에 직접 인접 연결 하 고 단일, 대량 수정, '터미네이터' 기반은 SNP에 보완을 추가 됩니다. 터미네이터 자료 추가 DNA의 확장을 방지합니다. 기지의 대량 수정 파편을 질량 분석에 의해 감지 되는 단일 자료에 의해 다른 수 있습니다. 유전형 화학을 포함 하는 접시 측정 질량 분석 플랫폼에 대 한 칩에 적용 됩니다. 시스템에 의해 감지 원시 유전형 호출에 적절 한 품질 제어를 적용 한 후 데이터는 수출 고 연관 질병 고기에 대 한 테스트에 통계 분석을 위해 사용 될 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="695">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Genomic DNA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">1 &#956;L at a concentration of 5-10 ng/&#956;L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Primers: forward and reverse amplification and extension</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">IDT</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">see manuscript section 1.2.1 on design of primers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deionized water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">E.g. Milli-Q water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>deionized with 18.2 M&#937;.cm resistivity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Genotyping reagent kit. iPLEX Gold Chemistry reagent set&#160;</td>
			<td>Agena Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#10148-2</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">includes all reagents for reactions in 2.2.1, 2.3.1 and 2.4.2 , chip and resin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">PCR plates (384-well)</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Abgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#ABGAB-1384</td>
			<td style="width:235px;">For the MassARRAY system plates by Abgene are compatible</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micropipettes</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>single and 8-channel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Centrifuge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>compatible with 384-well plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Thermocycler</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">compatible with PCR programs as detailed in 2.2.4, 2.3.2 and 2.4.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dimple resin plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Agena Bioscience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>6mg, 384-well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate rotator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">MassARRAY Analyzer 4 System</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Agena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:235px;">MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization &#8211; time of flight) Mass Spectrometer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RS1000 Nanodispenser</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Agena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Assay Design Suite</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Agena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Tool used to design the multiplex genotyping assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hot Start Taq</td>
			<td style="width:127px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>DNA polymerase enzyme&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Resin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:127px;">Agena Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Supplied with iPLEX kit</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

candidate gene testing in clinical cohort studies with multiplexed genotyping and mass spectrometry

복잡 한 질병 종종 질병 민감성에 기여 하는 여러 일반적인 유전자 변종에 의해 underpinned 아 르. 여기, 우리는 질량 분석, 있는 멀티플렉스 유전형 분석 결과 사용 하 여 임상 동료에 있는 유전자 통로 협회 조사 비용 효율적인 태그 단일 염기 다형성 (SNP) 접근을 설명 합니다. 우리는 예를 들어 음식 알레르기 후보 소재 시 Interleukin13 (IL13)를 조사합니다. 이 메서드는 효율적으로 지역 내의 공유 결합 불균형 (LD)을 이용 하 여 범위를 최대화 합니다. 선택 된 LD Snp는 다음에 설계 다중화 분석 결과 40 다른 Snp 동시에 분석할 수 있도록 비용 효율성을 향상. 연쇄 반응 (PCR) 단일 뉴클레오티드 확장명 대상 loci를 증폭 하는 사용 되 고 있는 amplicons 다음 매트릭스 보조 레이저 탈 착/이온화 시간의 flight(MALDI-TOF) 질량 분석을 사용 하 여 측정 됩니다. 원시 출력 소프트웨어, 엄격한 품질 관리 정 및 컷-오프를 사용 하 여 호출 하는 유전자 형을 분석 하 고 높은 확률 genotypes 되 고 데이터 분석에 대 한 출력.

위에서 설명한 프로토콜, genotyped 우리는 Th2 면역 유전자 IL13 의 음식 알레르기의 경우 및 컨트롤9일대에 걸쳐 Snp를 태그. 우리 음식 알레르기 위험을 증가 하는 관심의 영역 내에 유전자 변형 여부를 테스트 하는 조상과 다른 잠재적인 covariates에 대 한 조정 하는 로지스틱 회귀 분석을 적용. 표 10 9 한 변형 rs1295686 도전...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry at JoVE.com

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

후보 유전자 다중화 유전형과 질량 분석 임상 코 호트 연구에서 테스트

복잡 한 인간의 질병에 기여 하는 유전 이체의 소설 메커니즘을 식별 수 있습니다. 여기, 후보 유전자 또는 유전자 통로 분석 낮은 비용 범위를 극대화 하 고 코 호트 기반 연구 의무가 멀티플렉스 유전형 접근 방식을 설명 합니다.

Complex diseases are often underpinned by multiple common genetic variants that contribute to disease susceptibility. Here, we describe a cost-effective ...

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10.0K 조회수.  Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine. 복잡 한 인간의 질병에 기여 하는 유전 이체의 소설 메커니즘을 식별 수 있습니다. 여기, 후보 유전자 또는 유전자 통로 분석 낮은 비용 범위를 극대화 하 고 코 호트 기반 연구 의무가 멀티플렉스 유전형 접근 방식을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry

siRNA Transfection and EMSA Analyses on Freshly Isolated Human Villous Cytotrophoblasts

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend diseases related to pregnancy. In this protocol, human primary villous cytotrophoblasts freshly isolated from placentas through a standard DNase/trypsin protocol are microporated with small interfering RNA (siRNA). This approach provided greater efficiency for siRNA transfection when compared to a lipofection-based method. Transfected cells can subsequently be analyzed by standard Western blot within a time frame of 3-4 days post-transfection. In addition, using cultured primary villous cytotrophoblasts, Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA) analysis was optimized and performed on extracts from days 1 to 4. The use of these cultured primary cells and the protocol described allow for an evaluation of the implication of specific genes and transcription factors in the process of villous cytotrophoblast differentiation into a syncytiotrophoblast-like cell layer. However, the limited time span allowable in culture precludes the use of methods requiring more time, such as generation of a stable cell population. Therefore testing of this cell population requires highly optimized gene transfer protocols.

This protocol describes a method for efficiently transfecting siRNA in freshly isolated human villous cytotrophoblasts using microporation and identifying DNA-protein complexes in these cells. Transfected cells can be monitored by Western blot and EMSA analyses during the 4-day culture time.

갓 고립 된 인간의 산모 Cytotrophoblasts에 siRNA를 형질 및 EMSA 분석

Human primary villous cytotrophoblasts are a very useful source of primary cells to study placental functions and regulatory mechanisms, and to comprehend ...

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유전학

Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei Isolates Using Mass Spectrometry-based PhyloProteomics (MSPP)

MALDI-TOF MS offers the possibility to differentiate some bacteria not only at the species and subspecies level but even below, at the strain level. Allelic isoforms of the detectable biomarker ions result in isolate-specific mass shifts. Mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (MSPP) is a novel technique that combines the mass spectrometric detectable biomarker masses in a scheme that allows deduction of phyloproteomic relations from isolate specific mass shifts compared to a genome sequenced reference strain. The deduced amino acid sequences are then used to calculate MSPP-based dendrograms.
Here we describe the workflow of MSPP by typing a Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei isolate collection of seven strains. All seven strains were of human origin and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) demonstrated their genetic diversity. MSPP-typing resulted in seven different MSPP sequence types, sufficiently reflecting their phylogenetic relations.
The C. jejuni ssp. doylei MSPP scheme includes 14 different biomarker ions, mostly ribosomal proteins in the mass range of 2 to 11 kDa. MSPP can in principle, be adapted to other mass spectrometric platforms with an extended mass range. Therefore, this technique has the potential to become a useful tool for strain level microbial typing.

Subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei Isolates Using Mass Spectrometry-based PhyloProteomics MSPP

Mass spectrometry-based phyloproteomics (MSPP) was used to type a collection of Campylobacter jejuni ssp. doylei isolates at the strain level in comparison to multilocus sequence typing (MLST).

의 하위 유형<em&gt; 캄 필로 박터 jejuni와</em&gt; SSP.<em&gt; doylei</em&gt;은 질량 분석 기반 PhyloProteomics를 사용하여 분리 (MSPP)

MALDI-TOF MS offers the possibility to differentiate some bacteria not only at the species and subspecies level but even below, at the strain level. ...

Improved Polymerase Chain Reaction-restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Genotyping of Toxic Pufferfish by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

An improved version of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for genotyping toxic pufferfish species by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) is described. DNA extraction is carried out using a silica membrane-based DNA extraction kit. After the PCR amplification using a detergent-free PCR buffer, restriction enzymes are added to the solution without purifying the reaction solution. A reverse-phase silica monolith column and a Fourier transform high resolution mass spectrometer having a modified Kingdon trap analyzer are employed for separation and detection, respectively. The mobile phase, consisting of 400 mM 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol, 15 mM triethylamine (pH 7.9) and methanol, is delivered at a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. The cycle time for LC/ESI-MS analysis is 8 min including equilibration of the column. Deconvolution software having an isotope distribution model of the oligonucleotide is used to calculate the corresponding monoisotopic mass from the mass spectrum. For analysis of oligonucleotides (range 26-79 nucleotides), mass accuracy was 0.62 &#177; 0.74 ppm (n = 280) and excellent accuracy and precision were sustained for 180 hr without use of a lock mass standard.

An improved polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method for genotyping pufferfish species by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is described. A reverse-phase silica monolith column is employed for separating digested amplicons. This method can elucidate the monoisotopic masses of oligonucleotides, which is useful for identifying base composition.

액체 크로마토 그래피 / 질량 분석 유독 복어의 개선 중합 효소 연쇄 반응 - 제한 조각의 길이 다형성 유전자형

An improved version of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for genotyping toxic pufferfish species by ...

Parallel Measurement of Circadian Clock Gene Expression and Hormone Secretion in Human Primary Cell Cultures

Circadian clocks are functional in all light-sensitive organisms, allowing for an adaptation to the external world by anticipating daily environmental changes. Considerable progress in our understanding of the tight connection between the circadian clock and most aspects of physiology has been made in the field over the last decade. However, unraveling the molecular basis that underlies the function of the circadian oscillator in humans stays of highest technical challenge. Here, we provide a detailed description of an experimental approach for long-term (2-5 days) bioluminescence recording and outflow medium collection in cultured human primary cells. For this purpose, we have transduced primary cells with a lentiviral luciferase reporter that is under control of a core clock gene promoter, which allows for the parallel assessment of hormone secretion and circadian bioluminescence. Furthermore, we describe the conditions for disrupting the circadian clock in primary human cells by transfecting siRNA targeting CLOCK. Our results on the circadian regulation of insulin secretion by human pancreatic islets, and myokine secretion by human skeletal muscle cells, are presented here to illustrate the application of this methodology. These settings can be used to study the molecular makeup of human peripheral clocks and to analyze their functional impact on primary cells under physiological or pathophysiological conditions.

Here, we describe settings to monitor in parallel circadian bioluminescence and the secretory activity of human islet cells and primary myotubes. For this, we employed lentiviral gene delivery of a luciferase core clock reporter, followed by in vitro synchronization and collection of outflow medium by continuous cell perifusion.

인간의 기본 세포 배양의 일주기 시계 유전자 발현 및 호르몬 분비의 병렬 측정

Circadian clocks are functional in all light-sensitive organisms, allowing for an adaptation to the external world by anticipating daily environmental ...

Perturbations of Circulating miRNAs in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Detected Using a Multiplexed High-throughput Gene Expression Platform

The gene expression platform assay allows for robust and highly reproducible quantification of the expression of up to 800 transcripts (mRNA or miRNAs) in a single reaction. The miRNA assay counts transcripts by directly imaging and digitally counting miRNA molecules that are labeled with color-coded fluorescent barcoded probe sets (a reporter probe and a capture probe). Barcodes are hybridized directly to mature miRNAs that have been elongated by ligating a unique oligonucleotide tag (miRtag) to the 3&#39; end. Reverse transcription and amplification of the transcripts are not required. Reporter probes contain a sequence of six color positions populated using a combination of four fluorescent colors. The four colors over six positions are used to construct a gene-specific color barcode sequence. Post-hybridization processing is automated on a robotic prep station. After hybridization, the excess probes are washed away, and the tripartite structures (capture probe-miRNA-reporter probe) are fixed to a streptavidin-coated slide via the biotin-labeled capture probe. Imaging and barcode counting is done using a digital analyzer. The immobilized barcoded miRNAs are visualized and imaged using a microscope and camera, and the unique barcodes are decoded and counted. Data quality control (QC), normalization, and analysis are facilitated by a custom-designed data processing and analysis software that accompanies the assay software. The assay demonstrates high linearity over a broad range of expression, as well as high sensitivity. Sample and assay preparation does not involve enzymatic reactions, reverse transcription, or amplification; has few steps; and is largely automated, reducing investigator effects and resulting in high consistency and technical reproducibility. Here, we describe the application of this technology to identifying circulating miRNA perturbations in irritable bowel syndrome.

We describe the use of a multiplexed high-throughput gene expression platform that quantitates gene expression by barcoding and counting molecules in biological substrates without the need for amplification. We used the platform to quantitate microRNA (miRNA) expression in whole blood in subjects with and without irritable bowel syndrome.

과민성 대장 증후군에서의 miRNAs 순환의 교란은 멀티 플렉스 높은 처리량 유전자 발현 플랫폼을 사용하여 감지

The gene expression platform assay allows for robust and highly reproducible quantification of the expression of up to 800 transcripts (mRNA or miRNAs) in ...

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Here, we present protocols for rearing an intermediate-germ beetle, Dermestes maculatus (D. maculatus) in the lab. We also share protocols for embryonic and parental RNAi and methods for analyzing embryonic phenotypes to study gene function in this species.

양육 및 숨기기 비틀에 RNA 매개 유전자 최저를 두 번 좌초,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards

Gene expression measurements from bulk populations of cells can obscure the considerable transcriptomic variation of individual cells within those populations. Single-cell gene expression measurements can help assess the role of noise in gene expression, identify correlations in the expression of pairs of genes, and reveal subpopulations of cells that respond differently to a stimulus. Here, we describe a procedure to measure the expression of up to 96 genes in single mammalian cells isolated from a population growing in tissue culture. Cells are sorted into lysis buffer by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the mRNA species of interest are reverse-transcribed and amplified. Gene expression is then measured using a microfluidic real-time PCR machine, which performs up to 96 qPCR assays on up to 96 samples at a time. We also describe the generation and use of PCR amplicon standards to enable the estimation of the absolute number of each transcript. Compared with other methods of measuring gene expression in single cells, this approach allows for the quantification of more distinct transcripts than RNA FISH at a lower cost than RNA-Seq.

We describe a method to sort single mammalian cells and to quantify the expression of up to 96 target genes of interest in each cell. This method includes the use of internal qPCR standards to enable the estimation of absolute transcript counts.

내부 기준에 FACS 및 qPCR에 사용 단일 세포 유전자 발현 프로파일 링

Gene expression measurements from bulk populations of cells can obscure the considerable transcriptomic variation of individual cells within those ...

High-resolution Melting PCR for Complement Receptor 1 Length Polymorphism Genotyping: An Innovative Tool for Alzheimer's Disease Gene Susceptibility Assessment

Complement receptor 1 (CR1), a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a key role in the innate immune system, is expressed on many cell types, but especially on red blood cells (RBCs). As a receptor for the complement components C3b and C4b, CR1 regulates the activation of the complement cascade and promotes the phagocytosis of immune complexes and cellular debris, as well as the amyloid-beta (A&#946;) peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies have confirmed AD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as a copy-number variation (CNV) in the CR1 gene. Here, we describe an innovative method for determining the length polymorphism of the CR1 receptor. The receptor includes three domains, called long homologous repeats (LHR)-LHR-A, LHR-C, and LHR-D-and an n domain, LHR-B, where n is an integer between 0 and 3. Using a single pair of specific primers, the genetic material is used to amplify a first fragment of the LHR-B domain (the variant amplicon B) and a second fragment of the LHR-C domain (the invariant amplicon). The variant amplicon B and the invariant amplicon display differences at five nucleotides outside of the hybridization areas of said primers. The numbers of variant amplicons B and of invariant amplicons is deduced using a quantitative tool (high-resolution melting (HRM) curves), and the ratio of the variant amplicon B to the invariant amplicon differs according to the CR1 length polymorphism. This method provides several advantages over the canonical phenotype method, as it does not require fresh material and is cheaper, faster, and therefore applicable to larger populations. Thus, the use of this method should be helpful to better understand the role of CR1 isoforms in the pathogenesis of diseases such as AD.

Here, we describe an innovative method to determine complement receptor 1 (CR1) length polymorphisms for use in several applications, particularly the assessment of susceptibility to diseases such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). This method could be useful to better understand the role of CR1 isoforms in the pathogenesis of AD.

보체 수용체 1 길이 다형성 유전자 타이핑을위한 고해상도 Melting PCR : 알츠하이머 병 유전자 감수성 평가를위한 혁신적인 도구

Complement receptor 1 (CR1), a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays a key role in the innate immune system, is expressed on many cell types, but ...

Generation of a Gene-disrupted Streptococcus mutans Strain Without Gene Cloning

Typical methods for the elucidation of the function of a particular gene involve comparative phenotypic analyses of the wild-type strain and a strain in which the gene of interest has been disrupted. A gene-disruption DNA construct containing a suitable antibiotic resistance marker gene is useful for the generation of gene-disrupted strains in bacteria. However, conventional construction methods, which require gene cloning steps, involve complex and time-consuming protocols. Here, a relatively facile, rapid, and cost-effective method for targeted gene disruption in Streptococcus mutans is described. The method utilizes a 2-step fusion polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate the disruption construct and electroporation for genetic transformation. This method does not require an enzymatic reaction, other than PCR, and additionally offers greater flexibility in terms of the design of the disruption construct. Employment of electroporation facilitates the preparation of competent cells and improves the transformation efficiency. The present method may be adapted for the generation of gene-disrupted strains of various species.

Generation of a Gene-disrupted Streptococcus mutans Strain Without Gene Cloning

We describe a facile, rapid, and relatively inexpensive method for the generation of gene-disrupted Streptococcus mutans strains; this technique may be adapted for the generation of gene-disrupted strains of various species.

유전자 교란 mutans 연쇄 상 구 균 긴장 없이 유전자 복제의 생성

Typical methods for the elucidation of the function of a particular gene involve comparative phenotypic analyses of the wild-type strain and a strain in ...

Measuring Gene Expression in Bombarded Barley Aleurone Layers with Increased Throughput

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for germination or early seedling development are activated by gibberellin (GA), while genes associated with stress responses are activated by abscisic acid (ABA). The mechanisms of GA and ABA signaling can be interrogated by introducing reporter gene constructs into aleurone cells via particle bombardment, with the resulting transient expression measured using enzyme assays. An improved protocol is reported that partially automates and streamlines the grain homogenization step and the enzyme assays, allowing significantly more throughput than existing methods. Homogenization of the grain samples is carried out using an automated tissue homogenizer, and GUS (&#946;-glucuronidase) assays are carried out using a 96-well plate system. Representative results using the protocol suggest that phospholipase D activity may play an important role in the activation of HVA1 gene expression by ABA, through the transcription factor TaABF1.

An improved protocol is presented for the measurement of transient gene expression from reporter constructs in barley aleurone cells after particle bombardment. The combination of automated grain grinding with 96-well plate enzyme assays provides high throughput for the procedure.

포 격하 보 리 Aleurone 레이어 증가 처리량에서 유전자 발현을 측정

The aleurone layer of barley grains is an important model system for hormone-regulated gene expression in plants. In aleurone cells, genes required for ...