이 연구는 건강의 국가 학회 (K99MH104595)와 T.J.P. NICHD 교내 연구 프로그램에 의해 지원 되었다 우리는 그 실험실에서이 방법은 원래 설립 Gord Fishell 감사 합니다.

<ol>
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P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spatial+bias+for+the+origins+of+interneuron+subgroups+within+the+medial+ganglionic+eminence.">A spatial bias for the origins of interneuron subgroups within the medial ganglionic eminence.</a> Dev Biol. 314 (1), 127-136 (2008).</li><li>Inan, M., Welagen, J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+temporal+bias+in+the+mitotic+origins+of+somatostatin-+and+parvalbumin-expressing+interneuron+subgroups+and+the+chandelier+subtype+in+the+medial+ganglionic+eminence.">Spatial and temporal bias in the mitotic origins of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneuron subgroups and the chandelier subtype in the medial ganglionic eminence.</a> Cereb Cortex. 22 (4), 820-827 (2012).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Bultje, R. S., Ross, M. E., Fishell, G., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apical+versus+Basal+Neurogenesis+Directs+Cortical+Interneuron+Subclass+Fate.">Apical versus Basal Neurogenesis Directs Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate.</a> Cell Rep. 13 (6), 1090-1095 (2015).</li><li>Taniguchi, H., Lu, J., Huang, Z. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spatial+and+temporal+origin+of+chandelier+cells+in+mouse+neocortex.">The spatial and temporal origin of chandelier cells in mouse neocortex.</a> Science. 339 (6115), 70-74 (2013).</li><li>Bandler, R. C., Mayer, C., Fishell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+interneuron+specification:+the+juncture+of+genes,+time+and+geometry.">Cortical interneuron specification: the juncture of genes, time and geometry.</a> Curr Opin Neurobiol. 42, 17-24 (2017).</li><li>Kepecs, A., Fishell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneuron+cell+types+are+fit+to+function.">Interneuron cell types are fit to function.</a> Nature. 505 (7483), 318-326 (2014).</li><li>Mayer, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+diversification+of+cortical+inhibitory+interneurons.">Developmental diversification of cortical inhibitory interneurons.</a> Nature. 555 (7697), 457-462 (2018).</li><li>Mi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+emergence+of+cortical+interneuron+diversity+in+the+mouse+embryo.">Early emergence of cortical interneuron diversity in the mouse embryo.</a> Science. 360 (6384), 81-85 (2018).</li><li>Alvarez-Dolado, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+inhibition+modified+by+embryonic+neural+precursors+grafted+into+the+postnatal+brain.">Cortical inhibition modified by embryonic neural precursors grafted into the postnatal brain.</a> J Neurosci. 26 (28), 7380-7389 (2006).</li><li>Baraban, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reduction+of+seizures+by+transplantation+of+cortical+GABAergic+interneuron+precursors+into+Kv1.1+mutant+mice.">Reduction of seizures by transplantation of cortical GABAergic interneuron precursors into Kv1.1 mutant mice.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (36), 15472-15477 (2009).</li><li>De la Cruz, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneuron+progenitors+attenuate+the+power+of+acute+focal+ictal+discharges.">Interneuron progenitors attenuate the power of acute focal ictal discharges.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 8 (4), 763-773 (2011).</li><li>Gilani, A. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneuron+precursor+transplants+in+adult+hippocampus+reverse+psychosis-relevant+features+in+a+mouse+model+of+hippocampal+disinhibition.">Interneuron precursor transplants in adult hippocampus reverse psychosis-relevant features in a mouse model of hippocampal disinhibition.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111 (20), 7450-7455 (2014).</li><li>Larimer, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caudal+Ganglionic+Eminence+Precursor+Transplants+Disperse+and+Integrate+as+Lineage-Specific+Interneurons+but+Do+Not+Induce+Cortical+Plasticity.">Caudal Ganglionic Eminence Precursor Transplants Disperse and Integrate as Lineage-Specific Interneurons but Do Not Induce Cortical Plasticity.</a> Cell Rep. 16 (5), 1391-1404 (2016).</li><li>Martinez-Cerdeno, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+MGE+precursor+cells+grafted+into+adult+rat+striatum+integrate+and+ameliorate+motor+symptoms+in+6-OHDA-lesioned+rats.">Embryonic MGE precursor cells grafted into adult rat striatum integrate and ameliorate motor symptoms in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 6 (3), 238-250 (2010).</li><li>Quattrocolo, G., Fishell, G., Petros, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterotopic+Transplantations+Reveal+Environmental+Influences+on+Interneuron+Diversity+and+Maturation.">Heterotopic Transplantations Reveal Environmental Influences on Interneuron Diversity and Maturation.</a> Cell Rep. 21 (3), 721-731 (2017).</li><li>Xu, Q., Tam, M., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+mapping+Nkx2.1-lineage+cells+in+the+mouse+telencephalon.">Fate mapping Nkx2.1-lineage cells in the mouse telencephalon.</a> J Comp Neurol. 506 (1), 16-29 (2008).</li><li>Thompson, L., Bjorklund, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival,+differentiation,+and+connectivity+of+ventral+mesencephalic+dopamine+neurons+following+transplantation.">Survival, differentiation, and connectivity of ventral mesencephalic dopamine neurons following transplantation.</a> Prog Brain Res. 200, 61-95 (2012).</li><li>Liang, Y., Agren, L., Lyczek, A., Walczak, P., Bulte, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+progenitor+cell+survival+in+mouse+brain+can+be+improved+by+co-transplantation+of+helper+cells+expressing+bFGF+under+doxycycline+control.">Neural progenitor cell survival in mouse brain can be improved by co-transplantation of helper cells expressing bFGF under doxycycline control.</a> Exp Neurol. 247, 73-79 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

이 프로토콜의 하나의 중요 한 측면은 세포의 생존을 극대화 이다. 조직과 세포는 항상 얼음 감기 carboxygenated sACSF에서 보장 하는 것은 세포 생존을 촉진 하는 데 필요한입니다. 이 효율적인 해 부와 셀 다양 한 솔루션 및 두뇌 환경 외부 지출 시간의 길이 최소화 하기 위해 분리 전략을 필요 합니다. 뇌 영역 해 부 되 고 이식의 수에 따라 실험의 길이 감소 해 부 또는 이식 단계에서 원조 하는 파트?...

적절 한 대뇌 피 질의 기능 필요 흥분 성의 프로젝션 뉴런을 억제 GABAergic 수, 명료한 형태학, electrophysiological 속성, 연결 된 매우 이질적인 인구 사이 균형 및 neurochemical 마커입니다. 비정상적인 개발 및 기능 수 (및 특정 interneuron 하위 그룹)의 정신 분열 증, 자폐증, 간 질1,2,3등 정신 장애의 pathobiology에 연결 되었습니다. 또한, 이러한 뇌 장애에 연루 된 많은 유전자는 젊은 수4농축 강력 하 게. 따라서, interneuron 운명 결정 및 성숙 조절 메커니즘의 이해는 정상적인 개발 및 수많은 뇌 질환의 잠재적인 etiologies 이해 필요 합니다.
개 수는 주로 두 가지 과도 배아 구조, 중간 그리고 꼬리 절 정령에서 태어난 (MGE 및 CGE, 각각). 이러한 postmitotic 세포 (interneuron 선구자)는 telencephalon 걸쳐 분산 그들은 다양 한 회로 통합할 수와 접선 마이그레이션 단계를 받 다. MGE 파생 수 세 크게 겹치지, neurochemically 정의 된 하위 그룹의 구성: 빠른 parvalbumin (PV+) 수, 비-빠른 somatostatin (SST+) 수 급상승 급상승 하 고 늦게 신경 급상승 질소 산화물 synthase (nNOS+) 수 hippocampal 아이비와 neurogliaform 세포를 구성 하는. 수많은 연구소 PV+ 또는 SST + 수, morphogens, interneuron 일어나, 생년월일 및 neurogenic 사단의 모드의 공간 그라디언트를 포함 하 여 초기 운명 결정을 통제는 MGE 내의 여러 메커니즘을 확인 했습니다. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10. 수 처음 '추기경 클래스'로 차별화 하 고 다음 점차적으로 성숙 '최종 클래스' 그들은 그들의 환경11상호 작용으로 제안 되었습니다. 최근의 증거는 나타냅니다 일부 성숙한 interneuron 하위 유전자 내장 돼 이러한 세포가 절 정령에 postmitotic로 나타내는 초기 정의 본질적인 유전 프로그램 이전 보다 더 큰 역할을 할 수 있습니다. 평가12,13. 그러나, 본질적인 유전 프로그램 별개 interneuron 하위 유형으로 차별화 실현 환경 신호 상호 작용 하는 방법의 핵심 문제 크게 미개척 남아 있습니다.
수많은 연구는 다양 한 뇌 영역, 성숙 세포를 융합 하 고 일반적으로 지역 내 생 회로14,15, 억제 하는 GABA를 해제 합의 결과에 직접 배아 MGE 셀을 이식 16,17,,1819. 이러한 관측을 약속 인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포 (hIPSC)를 사용 하 여에 상당한 관심을 생성-다양 한 뇌 질환을 치료 하는 수를 파생. 그러나, 하나의 중요 한 구성 요소 변환 방법 들에 대해 생각 한다 이러한 연구의 거의 평가이 이식할된 세포 성숙 수의 예상된 유형으로 성숙 하는 경우.
해결 하기 위해 어떻게 환경 영향 interneuron 분화 및 성숙, 전략 이식할된 수는 호스트의 기능 채택 여부를 시험 하기 위하여 새로운 뇌 환경에 미 숙 interneuron 선구자를 이식 하 고안 되었다 환경 또는 기증자 환경20에서 기능을 유지. MGE 이식은 MGE interneuron 및 수많은 두뇌 지역21에 걸쳐 분산 GABAergic 프로젝션 셀의 혼합된 인구를 포함 하기 때문에이 문제를 해결 하기 위해 적합 하지 않습니다. 이러한 MGE 셀 마이그레이션한 것 모르고 하나 평가할 수 있습니다 없습니다 완전히 어떻게 이러한 이식 두뇌 환경에 의해 영향을 받습니다. 이른 출생 후 timepoints에서 interneuron 선구자, 수확 하 여이 문제는 미 숙 셀의 마이그레이션을 완료 하 고 그들의 목표에 도달 하 여 피할 지역 뇌 하지만 최소한의 상호 작용 환경. 다른 두뇌 지구 사이 표현 차동 수의 특정 기능에 집중 함으로써, 하나는 다음 호스트 환경 interneuron 속성을 변경 하는 방법을 결정할 수 있습니다. 이 프로토콜에서 설명 하는 일반적인 접근 모든 조사에 적용 해야 새로운 환경에 도전 젊은 신경 세포를 검사 하 고 싶어 때 행동.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:776px;" width="777">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S7653</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S6297</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Sodium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S0751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">C5080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">M2670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">G7528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Brain Matrices</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SA-2165</td>
			<td>Only needed if harvesting striatum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Fine point Dumont Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">RS-4978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Roboz</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">RS-5940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1367820C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Nanoject III</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Drummond</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">3-000-207</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Manual Manipulator w/ stand</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">World Precision Instruments&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">M3301R/M10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">5 ml round bottom plastic tubes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">149591A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">60 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12556001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">100 mm Petri dishes</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12565100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Pronase</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10165921001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">16140063</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">DNase I</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">4716728001</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Celltrics 50um filters</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Trypan blue</td>
			<td style="width:203px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15-250-061</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:247px;">Hemocytometer</td>
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			<td style="width:136px;">02-671-6</td>
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</table>

homochronic transplantation of interneuron precursors into early postnatal mouse brains

신경 운명 결정과 성숙 유전 프로그램 및 환경 신호 사이 복잡 한 상호 작용을 요구 한다. 그러나,이 분화 과정을 조절 하는 외부 메커니즘 대 내장의 역할 disentangling 모든 발달 neurobiologists에 대 한 수수께끼 이다. 이 문제는 GABAergic 수, 과도 미 발달 구조에서 태어나 고는 telencephalon 걸쳐 분산 수와 철새 단계를 받아야 하는 매우 다른 유형의 세포 인구에 대 한 확대 됩니다. 어떻게 다른 두뇌 환경 영향 interneuron 운명과 성숙 탐험, 우리 붙일 레이블된 미숙한 interneuron 선구자 신생아 쥐 (P0-P2)에 있는 특정 한 두뇌 지역에서 수확에 대 한 프로토콜을 개발 했다. 이 나이에, interneuron 마이그레이션이 거의 완료 되 고이 세포는 상대적으로 작은 시 냅 스 통합 된 그들의 마지막 휴식 환경에 거주 하는. Cytometry 통해 단일 셀 솔루션의 컬렉션, 다음 이러한 interneuron 선구자 P0-P2 wildtype 출생 후 새끼로 이식 됩니다. 두 homotopic 수행 하 여 (예를 들어, 피 질-피 질) 또는 heterotopic (예, 피 질-해 마) 이식, 수 평가 새 뇌 환경에 미 숙 수 도전 미치는 그들의 운명, 성숙, 그리고 회로 통합. 두뇌는 성인 쥐에 수확 될 수 있으며 immunohistochemical를 포함 하 여 이식할된 셀에 posthoc 분석의 광범위 한 분석 electrophysiological 및 transcriptional 프로 파일링. 이 일반적인 접근 방식을 제공 합니다 어떻게 가지 두뇌 환경 분석 결과를 전략 수 있습니다 신경 개발의 많은 측면에 영향을 미칠 수 사와 특정 신경 특성은 주로 내장 돼 유전자 프로그램에 의해 구동 확인 또는 환경 단서입니다.

이 프로토콜 이른 출생 후 뇌 (그림 1-2)에서 특정 뇌 영역을 수확, interneuron 선구자의 단일 셀 dissociations 수집 순진한 WT에 다양 한 뇌 영역으로이 세포를 이식 하는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 산 후 새끼 들 (그림 3) Posthoc 분석, interneuron 전조 이식 받은 두뇌 세포 형태학, neurochemical 마커 및 electrophysiological 속성 특성 P30-35 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains at JoVE.com

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

새로운 두뇌 지구에서 젊은 신경 도전 어떻게 환경 sculpts 신경 운명과 성숙에 중요 한 통찰력을 밝힐 수 있다. 이 프로토콜 interneuron 선구자 특정 두뇌 지역에서 수확 하 고 그들에 게 어느 homotopically를 이식 하는 절차에 설명 합니다 또는 출생 후 새끼의 뇌에 heterotopically.

이른 출생 후 마우스 두뇌로 Interneuron 선구자의 Homochronic 이식

Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the ...

homochronic-transplantation-interneuron-precursors-into-early

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

7.8K 조회수.  Norwegian University of Science and Technology. 새로운 두뇌 지구에서 젊은 신경 도전 어떻게 환경 sculpts 신경 운명과 성숙에 중요 한 통찰력을 밝힐 수 있다. 이 프로토콜 interneuron 선구자 특정 두뇌 지역에서 수확 하 고 그들에 게 어느 homotopically를 이식 하는 절차에 설명 합니다 또는 출생 후 새끼의 뇌에 heterotopically.

비디오: Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Mosaic Analysis of Gene Function in Postnatal Mouse Brain Development by Using Virus-based Cre Recombination

Normal brain function relies not only on embryonic development when major neuronal pathways are established, but also on postnatal 
development when neural circuits are matured and refined. Misregulation at this stage may lead to neurological and psychiatric disorders such as autism 
and schizophrenia1,2. Many genes have been studied in the prenatal brain and found crucial to many developmental processes3-5. However, their 
function in the postnatal brain is largely unknown, partly because their deletion in mice often leads to lethality during neonatal development, and partly because their requirement in early development hampers the postnatal analysis. To overcome these obstacles, floxed alleles of these genes are currently being generated in mice 6. When combined with transgenic alleles that express Cre recombinase in specific cell types, conditional deletion can be achieved to study gene function in the postnatal brain. However, this method requires additional alleles and extra time (3-6 months) to generate the mice with appropriate genotypes, thereby limiting the expansion of the genetic analysis to a large scale in the mouse brain.
Here we demonstrate a complementary approach that uses virally-expressed Cre to study these floxed alleles rapidly and 
systematically in postnatal brain development. By injecting recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs)7,8 encoding Cre into the neonatal brain, 
we are able to delete the gene of interest in different regions of the brain. By controlling the viral titer and coexpressing a fluorescent 
protein marker, we can simultaneously achieve mosaic gene inactivation and sparse neuronal labeling. This method bypasses the requirement of 
many genes in early development, and allows us to study their cell autonomous function in many critical processes in postnatal brain development,
 including axonal and dendritic growth, branching, and tiling, as well as synapse formation and refinement. This method has been used successfully 
in our own lab (unpublished results) and others8,9, and can be extended to other viruses, such as lentivirus 9, as well as to the expression of 
shRNA or dominant active proteins 10. Furthermore, by combining this technique with electrophysiology as well as recently-developed optical 
imaging tools 11, this method provides a new strategy to study how genetic pathways influence neural circuit development and function in mice 
and rats.

An in vivo method to test gene function in postnatal brain is described. Recombinant AAVs expressing Cre and/or a fluorescent protein are injected into neonatal mouse brain. Mosaic gene inactivation and sparse neuronal labeling are achieved, allowing rapid analysis of gene function in processes critical to neural circuit development.

바이러스 기반 Cre 호텔의 재조합을 사용하여 출생 후의 마우스 두뇌 개발의 유전자 기능의 모자이크 분석

Normal brain function relies not only on embryonic development when major neuronal pathways are established, but also on postnatal 
development when ...

연구

신경과학

Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) develop pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with the demyelinating disease Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We have shown that transplantation of NSCs into the spinal cords of sick mice results in a significant improvement in both remyelination and in clinical outcome. Cell replacement therapies for the treatment of chronic neurologic diseases are now a reality and in vivo models are vital in understanding the interactions between the engrafted cells and host tissue microenvironment. This presentation provides an adapted method for transplanting cells into the spinal cord of JHMV-infected mice. In brief, we provide a procedure for i) preparation of NSCs prior to transplant, ii) pre-operative care of mice, iii) exposure of the spinal cord via laminectomy, iv) stereotactic injection of NSCs, and iv) post-operative care.

The transplantation of mouse neural stem cells (NSCs) into the spinal cords of mice with established demyelination is detailed. The preparation of NSCs, the laminectomy of thoracic vertebra 9 (T9), and transplantation of NSCs is outlined along with the pre- and post-operative care of the mice.

Neurotropic 마우스 간염 바이러스에 감염된 마우스의 척수 코드에 마우스 신경 줄기 세포의 이식 외과

Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) develop pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with the ...

Micron-scale Resolution Optical Tomography of Entire Mouse Brains with Confocal Light Sheet Microscopy

Understanding the architecture of mammalian brain at single-cell resolution is one of the key issues of neuroscience. However, mapping neuronal soma and projections throughout the whole brain is still challenging for imaging and data management technologies. Indeed, macroscopic volumes need to be reconstructed with high resolution and contrast in a reasonable time, producing datasets in the TeraByte range. We recently demonstrated an optical method (confocal light sheet microscopy, CLSM) capable of obtaining micron-scale reconstruction of entire mouse brains labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). Combining light sheet illumination and confocal detection, CLSM allows deep imaging inside macroscopic cleared specimens with high contrast and speed. Here we describe the complete experimental pipeline to obtain comprehensive and human-readable images of entire mouse brains labeled with fluorescent proteins. The clearing and the mounting procedures are described, together with the steps to perform an optical tomography on its whole volume by acquiring many parallel adjacent stacks. We showed the usage of open-source custom-made software tools enabling stitching of the multiple stacks and multi-resolution data navigation. Finally, we illustrated some example of brain maps: the cerebellum from an L7-GFP transgenic mouse, in which all Purkinje cells are selectively labeled, and the whole brain from a thy1-GFP-M mouse, characterized by a random sparse neuronal labeling.

In this article we describe the full experimental procedure to reconstruct, with high resolution, the fine brain anatomy of fluorescently labeled mouse brains. The described protocol includes sample preparation and clearing, specimen mounting for imaging, data post-processing and multi-scale visualization.

공 초점 빛 시트 현미경 전체 마우스 두뇌의 마이크론 규모의 해상도 광학 단층 촬영

Understanding the architecture of mammalian  brain at single-cell resolution is one of the key issues of neuroscience.  However, mapping neuronal soma and ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to neuroblasts able to move along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) towards the olfactory bulb (OB). This long-distance migration is required for the subsequent maturation of newborn neurons in the OB, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process are still unclear. Investigating the signaling pathways controlling neuroblast motility may not only help understand a fundamental step in neurogenesis, but also have therapeutic regenerative potential, given the ability of these neuroblasts to target brain sites affected by injury, stroke, or degeneration.
In this manuscript we describe a detailed protocol for in vivo postnatal electroporation and subsequent time-lapse imaging of neuroblast migration in the mouse RMS. Postnatal electroporation can efficiently transfect SVZ progenitor cells, which in turn generate neuroblasts migrating along the RMS. Using confocal spinning disk time-lapse microscopy on acute brain slice cultures, neuroblast migration can be monitored in an environment closely resembling the in vivo condition. Moreover, neuroblast motility can be tracked and quantitatively analyzed. As an example, we describe how to use in vivo postnatal electroporation of a GFP-expressing plasmid to label and visualize neuroblasts migrating along the RMS. Electroporation of shRNA or CRE recombinase-expressing plasmids in conditional knockout mice employing the LoxP system can also be used to target genes of interest. Pharmacological manipulation of acute brain slice cultures can be performed to investigate the role of different signaling molecules in neuroblast migration. By coupling in vivo electroporation with time-lapse imaging, we hope to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling neuroblast motility and contribute to the development of novel approaches to promote brain repair.

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

Neuroblast migration is a fundamental event in postnatal neurogenesis. We describe a protocol for efficient labeling of neuroblasts by in vivo postnatal electroporation and subsequent visualization of their migration using time-lapse imaging of acute brain slices. We include a description for the quantitative analysis of neuroblast dynamics by video tracking.

마우스 급성 뇌 조각의 Neuroblast 마이그레이션의 생체 내 출생 일렉트로 및 시간 경과 영상

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons as well as synchronizing the outputs of pyramidal neuron ensembles. Deficits in interneuron function have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. The derivation of cortical interneurons from embryonic stem cells not only allows for the study of their development and function, but provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cortical interneuron-related disorders. Interneurons also have the remarkable capacity to survive, migrate, and integrate into host cortical circuitry post-transplantation, making them ideal candidates for use in cell-based therapies. Here, we present a scalable, highly efficient, modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method for the derivation of Nkx2.1-expressing interneuron progenitors and their progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual reporter mESC line, Nkx2.1 progenitors or their Lhx6-expressing post-mitotic progeny can be isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequently used in a number of downstream applications. We also provide methods to enrich for parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneuron subgroups, which may be helpful for studying aspects of fate determination or for use in therapeutic applications that would benefit from interneuron subgroup-enriched transplantations.

This protocol describes a method for generating cortical interneuron progenitors and post-mitotic interneuron precursors from mouse embryonic stem cells using a modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method. These progenitors/precursors can be used in vitro or fluorescently sorted and transplanted into neonatal neocortex for studying fate determination, or used in therapeutic applications.

대뇌 피 질의 Interneuron 선구자로 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 분화

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

High-resolution Confocal Imaging of the Blood-brain Barrier: Imaging, 3D Reconstruction, and Quantification of Transcytosis

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of molecules between the circulation and the brain. Transcytosis across the BBB regulates the delivery of hormones, metabolites, and therapeutic antibodies to the brain parenchyma. Here, we present a protocol that combines immunofluorescence of free-floating sections with laser scanning confocal microscopy and image analysis to visualize subcellular organelles within endothelial cells at the BBB. Combining this data-set with 3D image analysis software allows for the semi-automated segmentation and quantification of capillary volume and surface area, as well as the number and intensity of intracellular organelles at the BBB. The detection of mouse endogenous immunoglobulin (IgG) within intracellular vesicles and their quantification at the BBB is used to illustrate the method. This protocol can potentially be applied to the investigation of the mechanisms controlling BBB transcytosis of different molecules in vivo.

Here we present a microscopy-based protocol for high-resolution imaging and a three-dimensional reconstruction of the mouse neurovascular unit and blood-brain barrier using brain free-floating sections. This method allows for the visualization, analysis, and quantification of intracellular organelles at the BBB.

혈액-뇌 장벽의 고해상도 Confocal 영상: 영상, 3 차원 재구성 및 Transcytosis의 정량화

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic multicellular interface that regulates the transport of molecules between the circulation and the brain. ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, they may function to regulate the developmental process and/or physiological function in neonatal brains. To investigate neurobiological functions of specific genes in the brain, it is essential to inactivate genes in the brain. Here, we describe a simple stereotaxic method to inactivate gene expression in the striatum of transgenic mice at neonatal time windows. AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses were microinjected into the striatum of Ai14 reporter gene mice at postnatal day (P) 2 by stereotaxic brain surgery. The tdTomato reporter gene expression was detected in P14 striatum, suggesting a successful Cre-loxP mediated DNA recombination in AAV-transduced striatal cells. We further validated this technique by microinjecting AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses into P2Foxp2fl/fl mice. Double labeling of GFP and Foxp2 showed that GFP-positive cells lacked Foxp2 immunoreactivity in P9 striatum, suggesting the loss of Foxp2 protein in AAV-eGFP-Cre transduced striatal cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate an effective genetic deletion by stereotaxically microinjected AAV-eGFP-Cre viruses in specific neuronal populations in the neonatal brains of floxed transgenic mice. In conclusion, our stereotaxic technique provides an easy and simple platform for genetic manipulation in neonatal mouse brains. The technique can not only be used to delete genes in specific regions of neonatal brains, but it also can be used to inject pharmacological drugs, neuronal tracers, genetically modified optogenetics and chemogenetics proteins, neuronal activity indicators and other reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains.

We describe a protocol of stereotaxic surgery with a homemade head-fixed device for microinjecting reagents into the striatum of neonatal mouse brains. This technique allows genetic manipulation in neuronal cells of specific regions of neonatal mouse brains.

신생아 마우스 두뇌의 Striatal 세포에서 유전자 조작에 대 한 stereotaxic 수술

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

Methods for the Discovery of Novel Compounds Modulating a Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptor Type A Neurotransmission

This manuscript presents a step-by-step protocol for screening compounds at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and its use towards the identification of novel molecules active in preclinical assays from an in vitro recombinant receptor to their pharmacological effects at native receptors in rodent brain slices. For compounds binding at the benzodiazepine site of the receptor, the first step is to set up a primary screen that consists of developing radioligand binding assays on cell membranes expressing the major GABAA subtypes. Then, taking advantage of the heterologous expression of rodent and human GABAA receptors in Xenopus oocytes or HEK 293 cells, it is possible to explore, in electrophysiological assays, the physiological properties of the different receptor subtypes and the pharmacological properties of the identified compounds. The Xenopus oocyte system will be presented here, starting with the isolation of the oocytes and their microinjection with different mRNAs, up to the pharmacological characterization using two-electrode voltage clamps. Finally, recordings conducted in rodent brain slices will be described that are used as a secondary physiological test to assess the activity of molecules at their native receptors in a well-defined neuronal circuit. Extracellular recordings using population responses of multiple neurons are demonstrated together with the drug application.

Here, we present protocols to discover compounds active at GABAA receptors, from the binding to the physiology and pharmacology.

This manuscript presents a step-by-step protocol for screening compounds at gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and its use towards the ...

Simultaneous Cryosectioning of Multiple Rodent Brains

Histology and immunohistochemistry are routine methods of analysis to visualize microscopic anatomy and localize proteins within biological tissue. In neuroscience, as well as a plethora of other scientific fields, these techniques are used. Immunohistochemistry can be done on slide mounted tissue or free-floating sections. Preparing slide-mounted samples is a time intensive process. The following protocol for a technique, called the Megabrain, reduced the time taken to cryosection and mount brain tissue by up to 90% by combining multiple brains into a single frozen block. Furthermore, this technique reduced variability seen between staining rounds, in a large histochemical study. The current technique has been optimized for using rodent brain tissue in downstream immunohistochemical analyses; however, it can be applied to different scientific fields that use cryosectioning.

Here, we present a protocol to freeze and section brain tissue from multiple animals as a timesaving alternative to processing single brains. This reduces staining variability during immunohistochemistry and reduces time cryosectioning and imaging.

여러 설치류 두뇌의 동시 Cryosectioning

Histology and immunohistochemistry are routine methods of analysis to visualize microscopic anatomy and localize proteins within biological tissue. In ...

Transplantation of Chemogenetically Engineered Cortical Interneuron Progenitors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is a complicated task, which is particularly difficult in regards to the development of &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic cortical interneurons (CIs). CIs are the main inhibitory neurons in the cerebral cortex, and they play key roles in neuronal networks, by regulating both the activity of individual pyramidal neurons, as well as the oscillatory behavior of neuronal ensembles. They are generated in transient embryonic structures (medial and caudal ganglionic eminences -&#160;MGE and CGE) that are very difficult to efficiently target using in utero electroporation approaches. Interneuron progenitors migrate long distances during normal embryonic development, before they integrate in the cortical circuit. This remarkable ability to disperse and integrate into a developing network can be hijacked by transplanting embryonic interneuron precursors into early post-natal host cortices. Here, we present a protocol that allows genetic modification of embryonic interneuron progenitors using focal ex vivo electroporation. These engineered interneuron precursors are then transplanted into early post-natal host cortices, where they will mature into easily identifiable CIs. This protocol allows the use of multiple genetically encoded tools, or the ability to regulate the expression of specific genes in interneuron progenitors, in order to investigate the impact of either genetic or environmental variables on the maturation and integration of CIs.

Here we present a protocol, designed to use chemogenetic tools to manipulate the activity of cortical interneuron progenitors transplanted into the cortex of early postnatal mice.

화학유전학적으로 조작된 피질 인터뉴런 선조를 출생 후 마우스 뇌로 이식

Neuronal development is regulated by a complex combination of environmental and genetic factors. Assessing the relative contribution of each component is ...