이 작품은 국방부 (아이디어 개발 상, W81XWH-10-1-0041, AB), CT 줄기 세포 기금 (AB) 및 건강 NRSA 10668225 (DMF)의 국립 연구소에서 보조금에 의해 지원되었다. 현재 자료는 부분적으로 코네티컷의 줄기 세포 연구 보조금 프로그램의 코네티컷 주에서 지원 작업에 기반을두고 있습니다. 의 내용이 전적으로 저자의 책임이며 반드시 코네티컷 코네티컷 또는 중부 표준시 혁신의 주 공공 보건부의 국가의 공식 전망을 대표하지 않습니다 주식회사 funders는 데이터 수집을 연구 설계에 역할을 없었다 및 분석, 게시하는 결정, 또는 원고의 준비.

이 절차는 예일 IACUC 요구 사항에 따라 수 있습니다. 과학자들은 IACUC 가이드 라인은 자신의 기관 요구 사항에 따라 승인 및 준수되어 있는지 확인해야합니다. 1. 제 1 항. DNA, 솔루션 및 유리 피펫의 준비 <ol><li> 고순도 (OD 280분의 260&gt; 1.80) 높은 농도 (μg / μl&gt; 2.5) 독소가없는 DNA를 생성 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 22 μm 필터를 통해 0.9 % 생리 식염수와 멸균 필터를 준비합니다. </li><li> 장소 10cm 화재 광택 붕규산 유리 모세관 튜브 (OD : 1.5 mm, ID : 1.10 mm) 모델 kanthal 와이어와 PP-830 Narishige PC-10 유리 피펫 풀러에. 70.5에서 한 단계 가중 풀다운 ° C.에 풀러를 설정 원형 집게와 팁을 해제하고 계단 가장자리에 해부 현미경으로 검사한다. 15 분을위한 UV 램프 아래에 베벨 팁과 장소. 당겨 피펫은 팁의 가장자리에서 2mm에서 표시해야합니다. </li><li> 무게 / 볼륨 빠른 그린 soluti 0.1 % 준비건조 빠른 그린과 혼합 살균 필터 0.9 % 생리 식염수로 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 제 2 항. 동물 준비, 유리 피펫 로딩 및 플라스미드 주입 <ol><li> 유리 페트리 접시 4 미리 차가운에, 케이지 0-1 새끼 개별적으로 출생 후의 일 장소를 제거 ° C, 그리고 서부 유럽 표준시 얼음에 위치. </li><li> 약 5 분 후, 도보로 핀치 응답을 이용하여 anesthetization의 상태를 결정합니다. 심실 주사는 전혀 움직임이 발생하지 않으면, 주제 새끼. </li><li> 그것은 빠르고, 녹색, DNA, 그리고 생리 식염수의 조합 빠른 증발, 결정화 및 유리 피펫의 봉쇄 될 수 있습니다하는 것이 중요합니다. 따라서, 주식 솔루션과 주사 직전에 parafilm로 나누어지는 1-2 μl를 생성합니다. </li><li> 당겨 유리 피펫으로 전체 aliquoted 볼륨을 대기음. </li><li> 엄지와 덜 지배적 인 손의 검지 손가락 사이의 강아지의 머리를 잡아. </li><li> 램프를 켜십시오D는 광선 이외의 강아지의 머리를 누르고 있습니다. 필요한 경우, 강아지가 반사 빛의 양을 줄이기 위해 머리에 염분 넣어. 심실 이제 조명해야합니다. </li><li> 당신의 지배적 인 손을 사용하면 (그림 1A 및 1B)에 가장 가까운 측면 심실에 바늘을 삽입합니다. 주사의 사이트는 lambdoid 봉합과 눈과 시상 봉합에 측면 2mm에서 약 등거리 있어야합니다. 삽입은 측면 심실에 침투을 보장해야하는, P0 강아지에 대한 2mm 마크에 피펫을 꺼냈다. 동시에, 당신은 intracranial 압력의 릴리스에서 피펫으로 CSF의 작성 다시 볼 수 있습니다. 플라스미드의 주입을 도와 intracranial 압력을 줄이기 위해 pup.Step 2.8의 머리에 그립을 느슨하게. 공기 압력을 주입기 (Picospritzer, 파커)를 사용하여 측면 뇌실에 플라스미드의 약 0.5 μl를 삽입. </li></ol> 3. 제 3 항. Electroporation 및 복구 <ol><li> SEt 5 평방 펄스, 950 밀리 초 간격으로 100 볼트 50 밀리 초 / 펄스에 대한 electroporation 발생기​​의 전압. 플라스미드 electroporation의 공간 특이성은 무료 전송의 방향에 의해 결정됩니다. 닫기주의 SVZ (8)를 따라 줄기 세포 인구의 이질성을 부여 게재 위치를 제공해야합니다. 증식과 세포 운명의 속도의 차이는 복부 - 등쪽과 뱃 부리 장식이있는 - 꼬리 위치 9,10에 대한 확인되었습니다. </li><li> 일단 플라스미드는 딥 트위터 전극은 PBS로, 주입된다. 이 단계는 요금이 전송을 극대화하고 저항으로 인한 화상을 방지하는 것입니다. </li><li> 플라스미드 주사의 사이트 (그림 1C 및 1D)에 ipsilateral 귀 근처에있는 강아지의 등 측면 벽에 긍정적 인 전극을 배치합니다. 의 강아지 코에 contralateral 반구 복부 측면에 부정적인 전극을 배치합니다. </li><li> 펄스 foots를 눌러 현재 송금을 시작합니다마녀는 등쪽에서 ~ 25 ° 각도 간격을 사용하여 측면에 전극 페달하고 지나간다. </li><li> 장소 5 분의 가열 패드에 새끼를 electroporated. 부드럽게 부드러운 자극과 새끼 매 30 초를 회전 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol>

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저자되도록 할 공개가 없습니다.

다음은 세부 신생아 SVZ의 electroporation의 기술, 신속하고 견고 라벨 및 SVZ의 줄기 세포와 자손을 조작 할 수있는 기술을. electroporation 다른 기술에 비해 가지고 몇 가지 장점이 있습니다. 첫째, 세포의 초점 라벨에 따라, 하나는 세포 자율적와 비 세포 자율적 인 효과를 판별 할 수 있습니다. inducible 시스템을 사용하여 둘째, 유전자 조작 한 사전이나 신경 통합 후 효과를 비교할 수 있습니다. 또한, 하...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 (선택 사항) </td></tr><tr><td> 중형 연마 붕규산 배관 </td><td> 셔터 악기 </td><td> BF150 - 110-10 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 듀얼 스테이지 유리 Micropipette 풀러 </td><td> Narishige </td><td> PC-10H </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 빠른 그린 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 0521192205 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ECM 830 스퀘어 웨이브 펄스 발생기 </td><td> 하버드 장치 </td><td> 45-0052 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Tweezertrodes </td><td> 하버드 장치 </td><td> 45-0488 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 광섬유 광원 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> 12-562-36 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 텅스텐 할로겐램프 </td><td> 우시오 미국, Inc의 </td><td> 1002247 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Picospritzer II </td><td> 파커 악기 </td><td> 052-0312-900 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

neonatal subventricular zone electroporation

신경 줄기 세포 (NSCs)는 라인 출생 후의 측면 심실하고 뉴런, astrocytes, 그리고 ependymal 세포 1 등 여러 세포 유형에 상승을 제공합니다. 분자 NSC 자기 갱신, 노력에 대한 책임 경로와 차별화를 이해하는 것은 활용 뇌를 수리하고 더 나은 중추 신경계 장애를 이해하는 독특한 가능성에 중요합니다. 포유류의 시스템의 조작에 대한 이전 방법은 전체 동물의 2 단계에서 유전 공학의 시간이 소요 비싼 노력이 필요했습니다. 따라서, 연구의 대부분은 체외 또는 무척추 동물의 NSC 분자의 기능을 살펴 보았다. 여기, 우리는 신생아 subventricular 구역 (SVZ) electroporation로 언급됩니다 신생아 NPCs를 조작 할 수있는 간단하고 빠른 방법을 보여줍니다. 비슷한 기술은 배아 NSCs을 공부하는 10 년 전 개발 및 cortica에 대한 연구를 도와 왔으며리터 개발 3,4. 최근이는 출생 후의 쥐 forebrain은 5-7 공부 적용되었습니다. 이 기술 SVZ NSCs과 자손의 강력한 라벨의 결과입니다. 따라서, 출생 후의 SVZ electroporation은 포유류의 NSC 유전 공학을위한 비용 및 시간 효율적인 대안을 제공합니다.

트위터 전극의 &quot;탁&quot;운동 (그림 1E) 다음 등쪽의, 등쪽의 측면, 그리고 측면 subventricular 구역과 인접 거의 모든 요골 glia의 라벨에 신생아 subventricular 영역 electroporation 결과이다. 그러나, electroporation은 각 실험의 요구에 맞는하지만 전극을 샅샅이 및 비디오 상세과 같은 특정 위치와 방향을 사용하지 할 수 있습니다. dorsally 현지화 반경 glia 이러한 안감에서 심실의 측면 부분을 다?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation at JoVE.com

Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

우리는 신생아 subventricular 영역 electroporation라고 최소한 침입 기술을 보여줍니다. 기술은 신생아 새끼의 측면 심실에 플라스미드 DNA를 주입하고 전달하는 전기 전류를 적용 구성되어 있으며, 유전자 신경 줄기 세포를 조작

신생아 Subventricular 지대 Electroporation

Neural stem cells (NSCs) line the postnatal lateral ventricles and give rise to multiple cell types which include neurons, astrocytes, and ependymal ...

neonatal-subventricular-zone-electroporation

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.7K 조회수.  Yale University School of Medicine. 우리는 신생아 subventricular 영역 electroporation라고 최소한 침입 기술을 보여줍니다. 기술은 신생아 새끼의 측면 심실에 플라스미드 DNA를 주입하고 전달하는 전기 전류를 적용 구성되어 있으며, 유전자 신경 줄기 세포를 조작

비디오: Neonatal Subventricular Zone Electroporation

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an extensively studied model system for understanding the behavior of neural stem cells and the regulation of adult neurogenesis. Traditionally, these studies have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region. Compared to sections, wholemounts preserve the complete cytoarchitecture and cellular relationships within the SVZ. This approach has recently revealed that the adult neural stem cells, or type B1 cells, are part of a mixed neuroepithelium with differentiated ependymal cells lining the lateral ventricles. In addition, this approach has been used to study the planar polarization of ependymal cells and the cerebrospinal fluid flow they generate in the ventricle. With recent evidence that adult neural stem cells are a heterogeneous population that is regionally specified, the wholemount approach will likely be an essential tool for understanding the organization and parcellation of this stem cell niche.

The lateral ventricle walls contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. Traditionally, studies on neurogenesis in this region have relied on classical sectioning techniques for histological analysis. Here we present an alternative approach, the wholemount technique, which provides a comprehensive, en-face view of this germinal region.

Subventricular 존 엉 - 얼굴 : Wholemount 스테 이닝 및 Ependymal 흐름

The walls of the lateral ventricles contain the largest germinal region in the adult mammalian brain. The subventricular zone (SVZ) in these walls is an ...

연구

신경과학

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

개발 마우스 망막의 생체내 Electroporation에

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance molecules, local gene transfer or knock- out is required. Gene targeting knock-in or knock-out into local regions is possible to perform with combination with a specific CRE line, which is laborious, costly, and time consuming. Therefore, a simple transfection method, an in utero electroporation technique, which can be performed with short time, will be handy to test the possible function of candidate genes prior to the generation of transgenic animals 1,2. In addition to this, in utero electroporation targets areas of the brain where no specific CRE line exists, and will limit embryonic lethality 3,4. Here, we present a method of in utero electroporation combining two different types of electrodes for simple and convenient gene transfer into target areas of the developing brain. First, a unique holding method of embryos using an optic fiber optic light cable will make small embryos (from E9.5) visible for targeted DNA solution injection into ventricles and needle type electrodes insertion to the targeted brain area 5,6. The patterning of the brain such as cortical area occur at early embryonic stage, therefore, these early electroporation from E9.5 make a big contribution to understand entire area patterning event. Second, the precise shape of a capillary prevents uterine damage by making holes by insertion of the capillary. Furthermore, the precise shape of the needle electrodes are created with tungsten and platinum wire and sharpened using sand paper and insulated with nail polish 7, a method which is described in great detail in this protocol. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA into restricted areas of the brain and will enable small embryos to be electroporated. This will help to, open a new window for many scientists who are working on cell differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance in very early embryonic stage. Moreover, this technique will allow scientists to transfect plasmid DNA into deep parts of the developing brain such as thalamus and hypothalamus, where not many region-specific CRE lines exist for gain of function (GOF) or loss of function (LOF) analyses.

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

A gene transfer method into the developing mouse brain is described by using a unique surgical method and special shape of electrodes. This unique technique allows transfection of plasmid DNA temporally and spatially, which will aid many neuroscientists in studying brain development.

마우스 Utero에 Electroporation : 통제 Spatiotemporal 진 Transfection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Preparation of Acute Subventricular Zone Slices for Calcium Imaging

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural progenitor cells with astrocytic features (called SVZ astrocytes), neuroblasts, and intermediate progenitor cells. Neuroblasts born in the SVZ tangentially migrate a great distance to the olfactory bulb, where they differentiate into interneurons. Intercellular signaling through adhesion molecules and diffusible signals play important roles in controlling neurogenesis. Many of these signals trigger intercellular calcium activity that transmits information inside and between cells. Calcium activity is thus reflective of the activity of extracellular signals and is an optimal way to understand functional intercellular signaling among SVZ cells.
Calcium activity has been studied in many other regions and cell types, including mature astrocytes and neurons. However, the traditional method to load cells with calcium indicator dye (i.e. bath loading) was not efficient at loading all SVZ cell types. Indeed, the cellular density in the SVZ precludes dye diffusion inside the tissue. In addition, preparing sagittal slices will better preserve the three-dimensional arrangement of SVZ cells, particularly the stream of neuroblast migration on the rostral-caudal axis.
Here, we describe methods to prepare sagittal sections containing the SVZ, the loading of SVZ cells with calcium indicator dye, and the acquisition of calcium activity with time-lapse movies. We used Fluo-4 AM dye for loading SVZ astrocytes using pressure application inside the tissue. Calcium activity was recorded using a scanning confocal microscope allowing a precise resolution for distinguishing individual cells. Our approach is applicable to other neurogenic zones including the adult hippocampal subgranular zone and embryonic neurogenic zones. In addition, other types of dyes can be applied using the described method.

A method to load subventricular zone (SVZ) cells with calcium indicator dyes for recording calcium activity is described. The postnatal SVZ contains tightly packed cells including neural progenitor cells and neuroblasts. Rather than using bath loading we injected the dye by pressure inside the tissue allowing better dye diffusion.

칼슘 이미징에 대한 급성 Subventricular 지대 슬라이스의 작성

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the two neurogenic zones in the postnatal brain. The SVZ contains densely packed cells, including neural ...

Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and gliogenesis, including after injury. However, methods for genetically interrogating these progenitor populations and tracking their lineages had been limited owing to a lack of specificity or time consuming production of viruses. Thus, progress in this region has been relatively slow with only a handful of investigations of this location. Electroporation has been used for over a decade to study neural stem cell properties in the embryo, and more recently in the postnatal brain. Here we describe an efficient, rapid, and simple technique for the genetic manipulation of pial surface progenitors based on an adapted electroporation approach. Pial surface electroporation allows for facile genetic labeling and manipulation of these progenitors, thus representing a time-saving and economical approach for studying these cells.

The pial surface is a unique progenitor zone in the CNS that is receiving increasing attention. Herein, we detail a method for rapid genetic manipulation of this progenitor zone using a modified electroporation method. This procedure can be used for cellular and molecular investigations of cell lineages and signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation and to elucidate the fate and properties of daughter cells.

신생아 Pial 표면 에레

Over the past several years the pial surface has been identified as a germinal niche of importance during embryonic, perinatal and adult neuro- and ...

Subtype-selective Electroporation of Cortical Interneurons

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression of genes of interest to specific neuronal subtypes has proven remarkably challenging due to the relative scarcity of specific promoter elements. GABAergic interneurons constitute a neuronal population with extensive genetic and morphological diversity. Indeed, more than 11 different subtypes of GABAergic interneurons have been characterized in the mouse cortex1. Here we present an adapted protocol for selective targeting of GABAergic populations. We achieved subtype selective targeting of GABAergic interneurons by using the enhancer element of the homeobox transcription factors Dlx5 and Dlx6, homologues of the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene2,3, to drive the expression of specific genes through in utero electroporation.

This procedure shows how to target interneurons in the developing mouse forebrain by means of in utero electroporation. This technique was particularly efficient to achieve selective gene expression in interneuron subtypes destined to the superficial layers of the cortex.

두피의 interneurons의 하위 유형 선택적 일렉트로

The study of central nervous system (CNS) maturation relies on genetic targeting of neuronal populations. However, the task of restricting the expression ...

Cell Sorting of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells from the Adult Mouse Subventricular Zone and Live-imaging of their Cell Cycle Dynamics

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. They successively generate transit amplifying cells (TACs) and neuroblasts that differentiate into neurons once they integrate the olfactory bulbs. Emerging fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS) techniques have allowed the isolation of NSCs as well as their progeny and have started to shed light on gene regulatory networks in adult neurogenic niches. We report here a cell sorting technique that allows to follow and distinguish the cell cycle dynamics of the above-mentioned cell populations from the adult SVZ with a LeX/EGFR/CD24 triple staining. Isolated cells are then plated as adherent cells to explore in details their cell cycle progression by time-lapse video microscopy. To this end, we use transgenic Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) mice in which cells are red-fluorescent during G1 phase due to a G1 specific red-Cdt1 reporter. This method has recently revealed that proliferating NSCs progressively lengthen their G1 phase during aging, leading to neurogenesis impairment. This method is easily transposable to other systems and could be of great interest for the study of the cell cycle dynamics of brain cells in the context of brain pathologies.

We report a Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting (FACS)-based method to isolate neural stem cells (NSCs) and their progeny from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse brain. Applied to Fluorescence Ubiquitination Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) transgenic mice, it allows the study of cell cycle progression by live imaging.

셀 성인 마우스 뇌실 영역에서 신경 줄기 및 전구 세포의 정렬과 세포주기 역학의 라이브 이미징

Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles (SVZ) sustain olfactory neurogenesis throughout life in the mammalian brain. ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Subcallosal Zone

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation into three types of cells: neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Identifying aNSC-derived regions and characterizing the aNSC properties are critical for the potential use of aNSCs and for the elucidation of their role in neural regeneration. The subcallosal zone (SCZ), located between white matter and the hippocampus, has recently been reported to contain aNSCs and continuously give rise to neuroblasts. A low percentage of aNSCs from the SCZ is differentiated into neurons; most cells are differentiated into glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. These cells are suggested to have a therapeutic potential for traumatic cortical injury. This protocol describes in detail the process to generate SCZ-aNSCs from an adult mouse brain. A brain matrix with intervals of 1 mm is used to obtain the SCZ-containing coronal slices and to precisely dissect the SCZ from the whole brain. The SCZ sections are initially subjected to a neurosphere culture. A well-developed culture system allows for the verification of their characteristics and can increase research on NSCs. A neurosphere culture system provides a useful tool for determining proliferation and collecting the genuine NSCs. A monolayer culture is also an in vitro system to assay proliferation and differentiation. Significantly, this culture system provides a more homogenous environment for NSCs than the neurosphere culture system. Thus, using a discrete brain region, these culture systems will be helpful for expanding our knowledge about aNSCs and their applications for therapeutic uses.

Establishing culture systems for the expansion of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) allows for the examination and application of aNSCs for therapy. The subcallosal zone (SCZ) has recently been recognized as a novel neuroblast-forming region in adult mice. Here, methods for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of SCZ-aNSCs are described.

마우스 뇌량 밑 영역에서의 분리 및 성인 신경 줄기 세포의 문화

Adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) can be used for the regeneration of damaged brain tissue. NSCs have the potential for differentiation and proliferation ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such as epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it is technically difficult to obtain EEG recordings in neonates as it requires specialized handling and great care. Here, we present a novel method to record EEG in neonatal rat pups (P8-P15). We designed a simple and reliable electrode using computer pin loci; it can be easily implanted into the skull of a rat pup to record high-quality EEG signals in the normal and epileptic brain. Pups were given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the neurotoxin kainic acid (KA) to induce epileptic seizures. The surgical implantation performed in this procedure is less expensive than other EEG procedures for neonates. This method allows one to record high-quality and stable EEG signals for more than 1 week. Furthermore, this procedure can also be applied to adult rats and mice to study epilepsy or other neurological disorders.

Here, we introduce a novel technique designed to record electroencephalography (EEG) in freely moving neonatal epileptic pups and describe its procedures, features, and applications. This method allows one to record EEG for more than 1 week.

새로운 방법으로 자유롭게 움직이는 신생아 쥐의 뇌파 기록

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Spinal Cord Neurons Isolation and Culture from Neonatal Mice

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on postnatal day 1-3. A mouse litter, usually 4-10 pups born from one breeding pair, is gathered for one experiment, and spinal cords are collected individually from each mouse after euthanasia with isoflurane. The spinal column is dissected out and then the spinal cord is released from the column. The spinal cords are then minced to increase the surface area of delivery for an enzymatic protease that allows for the neurons and other cells to be released from the tissue. Trituration is then used to release the cells into solution. This solution is subsequently fractionated in a density gradient to separate the various cells in solution, allowing for neurons to be isolated. Approximately 1-2.5 x 106 neurons can be isolated from one litter group. The neurons are then seeded onto wells coated with adhesive factors that allow for proper growth and maturation. The neurons take approximately 7 days to reach maturity in the growth and culture medium and can be used thereafter for treatment and analysis.

This study presents a technique for the isolation of neurons from WT neonatal mice. It requires the careful dissection of the spinal cord from the neonatal mouse, followed by the separation of neurons from the spinal cord tissue through mechanical and enzymatic cleavage.

신생아 생쥐의 척수 신경 세포 분리 및 배양

We present a protocol for the isolation and culture of spinal cord neurons. The neurons are obtained from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and are isolated on ...