Name: preparation of graphene liquid cells for the observation of lithium-ion battery material
Uploaded: 2019-02-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF), grant no. 2014R1A4A1003712 (BRL Program), the Korea CCS R&amp;D Center (KCRC) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning) (No. NRF-2014M1A8A1049303), an End-Run grant from KAIST funded by the Korea government in 2016 (Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning) (N11160058), the Wearable Platform Materials Technology Center (WMC) (NR-2016R1A5A1009926), an National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2017H1A2A1042006-Global Ph.D. Fellowship Program), a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning) (NRF-2018R1C1B6002624), the Nano&#183;Material Technology Development Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, and an ICT and Future Planning (2009-0082580) and NRF grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP; Ministry of Science, ICT &amp; Future Planning) (NRF-2018R1C1B6002624).

1. Synthesis of SnO2 Nanotubes by Electrospinning and Subsequent Heat Treatment17
<ol>
	<li>Prepare an electrospinning solution.
	<ol>
		<li>Dissolve 0.25 g of tin chloride dihydrate in a solvent mixture of 1.25 g of ethanol and 1.25 g of dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature (RT, 25 &#176;C).</li>
		<li>After stirring for 2 h, add 0.35 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to the electrospinning solution and stir the mixture for another 6 h.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Perform an electro...

<ol>
	<li>Sun, Y. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructured+high-energy+cathode+materials+for+advanced+lithium+batteries.">Nanostructured high-energy cathode materials for advanced lithium batteries.</a> Nature Materials. 11 (11), 942-947 (2012).</li><li>Manthiram, A., Fu, Y., Chung, S. -. H., Zu, C., Su, Y. -. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rechargeable+Lithium-Sulfur+Batteries.">Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.</a> Chemical Reviews. 114 (23), 11751-11787 (2014).</li><li>Liu, X. H., Huang, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+TEM+electrochemistry+of+anode+materials+in+lithium+ion+batteries.">In situ TEM electrochemistry of anode materials in lithium ion batteries.</a> Energy Environmental Science. 4 (10), 3844-3860 (2011).</li><li>Xie, Z. -. H., Jiang, Z., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review-Promises+and+Challenges+of+In+Situ+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy+Electrochemical+Techniques+in+the+Studies+of+Lithium+Ion+Batteries.">Review-Promises and Challenges of In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Electrochemical Techniques in the Studies of Lithium Ion Batteries.</a> Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 164 (9), 2100-2123 (2017).</li><li>Tripathi, A. M., Su, W. -. N., Hwang, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+analytical+techniques+for+battery+interface+analysis.">In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 47 (3), 736-851 (2018).</li><li>Yuk, J. M., Seo, H. K., Choi, J. W., Lee, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anisotropic+lithiation+onset+in+silicon+nanoparticle+anode+revealed+by+in+situ+graphene+liquid+cell+electron+microscopy.">Anisotropic lithiation onset in silicon nanoparticle anode revealed by in situ graphene liquid cell electron microscopy.</a> ACS Nano. 8 (7), 7478-7485 (2014).</li><li>Cheong, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+dynamics+of+solid+electrolyte+interphase+layer+on+SnO2+nanotubes+realized+by+graphene+liquid+cell+electron+microscopy.">Growth dynamics of solid electrolyte interphase layer on SnO2 nanotubes realized by graphene liquid cell electron microscopy.</a> Nano Energy. 25, 154-160 (2016).</li><li>Lee, K., Shin, S., Degen, T., Lee, W., Yoon, Y. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+analysis+of+SnO2/Fe2O3/RGO+to+unravel+the+structural+collapse+mechanism+and+enhanced+electrical+conductivity+for+lithium-ion+batteries.">In situ analysis of SnO2/Fe2O3/RGO to unravel the structural collapse mechanism and enhanced electrical conductivity for lithium-ion batteries.</a> Nano Energy. 32, 397-407 (2017).</li><li>Chang, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+realization+of+complete+conversion+and+agglomeration+dynamics+of+SnO2nanoparticles+in+liquid+electrolyte.">Direct realization of complete conversion and agglomeration dynamics of SnO2nanoparticles in liquid electrolyte.</a> ACS Omega. 2 (10), 6329-6336 (2017).</li><li>Cheong, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Situ+High-Resolution+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy+(TEM)+Observation+of+SnNanoparticles+on+SnO2+Nanotubes+Under+Lithiation.">In Situ High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Observation of SnNanoparticles on SnO2 Nanotubes Under Lithiation.</a> Microscopy Microanalysis. 23 (6), 1107-1115 (2017).</li><li>Cheong, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Revisiting+on+the+effect+and+role+of+TiO2+layer+thickness+on+SnO2+for+enhanced+electrochemical+performance+for+lithium-ion+batteries.">Revisiting on the effect and role of TiO2 layer thickness on SnO2 for enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium-ion batteries.</a> Electrochimica Acta. 258, 1140-1148 (2017).</li><li>Hwa, Y., Seo, H. K., Yuk, J. M., Cairns, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Freeze-Dried+Sulfur-Graphene+Oxide-Carbon+Nanotube+Nanocomposite+for+High+Sulfur-Loading+Lithium/Sulfur+Cells.">Freeze-Dried Sulfur-Graphene Oxide-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposite for High Sulfur-Loading Lithium/Sulfur Cells.</a> Nano Letters. 17 (11), 7086-7094 (2017).</li><li>Yuk, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Resolution+EM+of+Colloidal+Nanocrystal+Growth+Using+Graphene+Liquid+Cells.">High-Resolution EM of Colloidal Nanocrystal Growth Using Graphene Liquid Cells.</a> Science. 336 (6084), 61-64 (2012).</li><li>Jeong, M., Yuk, J. M., Lee, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observation+of+Surface+Atoms+during+Platinum+Nanocrystal+Growth+by+Monomer+Attachment.">Observation of Surface Atoms during Platinum Nanocrystal Growth by Monomer Attachment.</a> Chemistry of Materials. 27 (9), 3200-3202 (2015).</li><li>Yuk, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-Time+Observation+of+Water-Soluble+Mineral+Precipitation+in+Aqueous+Solution+by+In+situ+High-Resolution+Electron+Microscopy.">Real-Time Observation of Water-Soluble Mineral Precipitation in Aqueous Solution by In situ High-Resolution Electron Microscopy.</a> ACS Nano. 10 (1), 88-92 (2015).</li><li>Wang, C., Qiao, Q., Shokuhfar, T., Klie, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Resolution+Electron+Microscopy+and+Spectroscopy+of+Ferritin+in+Biocompatible+Graphene+Liquid+Cells+and+Graphene+Sandwiches.">High-Resolution Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy of Ferritin in Biocompatible Graphene Liquid Cells and Graphene Sandwiches.</a> Advanced Materials. 26 (21), 3410-3414 (2014).</li><li>Cheong, J. Y., Kim, C., Jang, J. S., Kim, I. -. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rational+design+of+Sn-based+multicomponent+anodes+for+high+performance+lithium-ion+batteries:+SnO2@TiO2@reduced+graphene+oxide+nanotubes.">Rational design of Sn-based multicomponent anodes for high performance lithium-ion batteries: SnO2@TiO2@reduced graphene oxide nanotubes.</a> RSC Advances. 6 (4), 2920-2925 (2016).</li><li>Mel, A. -. A., Nakamura, R., Bittencout, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Kirkendall+effect+and+nanoscience:+hollow+nanospheres+and+nanotubes.">The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes.</a> Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology. 6, 1348-1361 (2015).</li><li>Cheong, J. Y., Kim, C., Jung, J. -. W., Yoon, K. R., Kim, I. -. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porous+SnO2-CuO+nanotubes+for+highly+reversible+lithium+storage.">Porous SnO2-CuO nanotubes for highly reversible lithium storage.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 373, 11-19 (2018).</li><li>Ao, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porous+Honeycomb-inspired+design+of+ultrafine+SnO2@C+nanospheres+embedded+in+carbon+film+as+anode+materials+for+high+performance+lithium-+and+sodium-ion+battery.">Porous Honeycomb-inspired design of ultrafine SnO2@C nanospheres embedded in carbon film as anode materials for high performance lithium- and sodium-ion battery.</a> Journal of Power Sources. 359, 340-348 (2017).</li><li>Abellan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+the+Degradation+Mechanisms+in+Electrolyte+Solutions+for+Li-Ion+Batteries+by+in+Situ+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy.">Probing the Degradation Mechanisms in Electrolyte Solutions for Li-Ion Batteries by in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy.</a> Nano Letters. 14, 1293-1299 (2014).</li></ol>

There are critical steps within the protocol. First, the transfer of the graphene onto the TEM grid needs the researchers&#39; careful attention. It is important to handle the grids with tweezers and not damage any of grids, for instance by destroying the amorphous carbon membrane or bending the frame. These kinds of damages will result in a poor coverage of the graphene and affect the number of liquid pockets. In addition, placing the upper grid at the right position is critical. As described in the protocol, the top gr...

Recently, the consumption of energy has constantly increased, as well as the importance of high-performance energy storage devices. To meet such a demand, the development of lithium-ion batteries that have a high energy density, durability, and safety is necessary1,2. In order to develop batteries with superior properties, a fundamental understanding of energy storage mechanisms during battery operation is essential3,4,5.
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides rich insights as it can show both structural and chemical information during the operation of batteries3. Among many in situ TEM techniques, GLCs have been used for the observation of the lithiation dynamics of nanomaterials6,7,8,9,10,11,12. GLCs consist of a liquid pocket sealed by two graphene membranes, which provide an actual electrode/electrolyte interface by preventing the evaporation of the liquid inside the high vacuum in a TEM column6,7. The advantages of GLCs are that they allow a superior spatial resolution and high imaging contrast because they employ electron transparent monatomic-thick graphene as liquid sealing membrane13,14,15,16. Also, conventional TEM can be applicable to observe the battery reactions, without using expensive in situ TEM holders.
In this text, we introduce how the lithiation reaction can be observed with GLCs. Specifically, electron beam irradiation produces solvated electrons inside the liquid electrolyte, and they initiate lithiation by separating Li ions from solvent molecules.
GLCs also serve as the most optimal platform to allow the direct observation of nanomaterials with various morphologies, including nanoparticles6,9, nanotubes7,10,11, and even multidimensional materials12. Together with the ex situ TEM analysis of electrode materials after the actual electrochemical cell testing, it is possible that the GLC system presented here can be used to investigate the fundamental reaction mechanism.
With such advantages of GLCs and ex situ experiments, we introduce here detailed experiment methods for researchers who are willing to carry out similar GLC experiments. The protocols cover 1) the synthesis of tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) nanotubes as the typical one-dimensional nanostructured electrode materials, 2) the electrochemical battery cell test, 3) the preparation of GLC, and 4) the performance of a real-time TEM observation.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1340px;" width="1340">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:373px;">Tin chloride dihyrate</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 10025-69-1</td>
			<td style="width:583px;">In a glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 64-17-5</td>
			<td>In a glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 68-12-2</td>
			<td>In a glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Polyvinylpyrrolidone</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 9003-39-8</td>
			<td>In a plastic bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Cell tester</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">KOREA THERMO-TECH</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Maccor Series 4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Cell tester 2</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">WonaTech</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">WBCS4000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Sodium perchlorate</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 7601-89-0</td>
			<td>In a glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">25 gauge needle</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Hwa-In Science Ltd.</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:373px;">1.3 M of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dissolved in EC/DEC with 10 wt% of FEC</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PANAX ETEC</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td>In a stainless steel bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Propylene carbonate</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 108-32-7</td>
			<td>In a glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Super P Carbon Black</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Alfa-Aesar</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">CAS 1333-86-4</td>
			<td>In a glass bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:373px;">Cell components (bottom cell, top cell, separator, gasket, spring, spacer)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Wellcos Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Cell punch</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Wellcos Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:373px;">Glove Box</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Moisture Oxygen Technology (MOTEK)</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Box Furnace</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Naytech</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Vulcan 3-550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Electrospinning device</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">NanoNC</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Hydrofluoric acid</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Junsei</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">84045-0350</td>
			<td>85%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Cu foil</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Alfaaesar</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">38381</td>
			<td>Copper Thinfoil, 0.0125mm thick, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Holy carbon Au grid</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">SPI</td>
			<td>Quantifoil R2/2 Micromachined Holey Carbon Grids, 300 Mesh Gold</td>
			<td>Quantifoil R2/2 Micromachined Holey Carbon Grids, 300 Mesh Gold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Isoprophyl alchol</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">W292907</td>
			<td>99.70%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Ammonium persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigmaaldrich</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">248614</td>
			<td>98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Transmission electron microscope (TEM)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">JEOL JEM 3010</td>
			<td>300 kV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Chemical vapor depistion (CVD)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Scientech</td>
			<td style="width:200px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Charge coupled device (CCD)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Gatan</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">Orius SC200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Plasma Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Femtoscience</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">VITA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Electrospinning program</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">NanoNC</td>
			<td style="width:200px;">NanoNC eS- robot</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of graphene liquid cells for the observation of lithium-ion battery material

In this work, we introduce the preparation of graphene liquid cells (GLCs), encapsulating both electrode materials and organic liquid electrolytes between two graphene sheets, and the facile synthesis of one-dimensional nanostructures using electrospinning. The GLC enables in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the lithiation dynamics of electrode materials. The in situ GLC-TEM using an electron beam for both imaging and lithiation can utilize not only realistic battery electrolytes, but also the high-resolution imaging of various morphological, phase, and interfacial transitions.

SnO2 nanotubes were fabricated by electrospinning and subsequent calcination, during which the nanotubular and porous structures could be seen clearly, according to the SEM image (Figure 3a). Such a nanotubular structure comes from the decomposition of PVP, while the Sn precursor in the core is moved outward due to the Kirkendall effect17,18. Additionally, Ostwald ripening ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material at JoVE.com

Preparation of Graphene Liquid Cells for the Observation of Lithium-ion Battery Material

Here, we present a protocol for the fabrication and preparation of a graphene liquid cell for in situ transmission electron microscopy observation, along with a synthesis of electrode materials and electrochemical battery cell tests.

In this work, we introduce the preparation of graphene liquid cells (GLCs), encapsulating both electrode materials and organic liquid electrolytes between ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Construction and Testing of Coin Cells of Lithium Ion Batteries

Rechargeable lithium ion batteries have wide applications in electronics, where customers always demand more capacity and longer lifetime.  Lithium ion ...

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

Intercalation compounds such as transition metal oxides or phosphates are the most commonly used electrode materials in Li-ion and Na-ion batteries. ...

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

In Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction Using Custom-made Lithium-ion Batteries

Li-ion batteries are widely used in portable electronic devices and are considered as promising candidates for higher-energy applications such as electric ...

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the ...

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational ...

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Focused Ion Beam Fabrication of LiPON-based Solid-state Lithium-ion Nanobatteries for In Situ Testing

Solid-state electrolytes are a promising replacement for current organic liquid electrolytes, enabling higher energy densities and improved safety of ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and ...