Name: biomechanical analysis methods to assess professional badminton players' lunge performance
Uploaded: 2019-06-11T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance at JoVE.com

This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772423), the K. C. Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University, and the National Social Science Foundation of China (16BTY085).

The experiment was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Sports Science in Ningbo University. All the participants have signed written consents and were told about the requirements and process of the lunge experiment.
1. Gait Laboratory Preparation
<ol>
	<li>When calibrating, remove or cover other potentially reflective items in the volume, avoid the effects of reflections from sunlight, light, and other reflective items on the identification, and ensure a reasonable fluorescent...

<ol>
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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forward+lunge+as+a+functional+performance+test+in+ACL+deficient+subjects:+test-retest+reliability.">Forward lunge as a functional performance test in ACL deficient subjects: test-retest reliability.</a> The Knee. 16 (3), 176-182 (2009).</li><li>Alkj&#230;r, T., Simonsen, E. B., Magnusson, S. P., Aagaard, H., Dyhre-Poulsen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+the+movement+pattern+of+a+forward+lunge+in+two+types+of+anterior+cruciate+ligament+deficient+patients:+copers+and+non-copers.">Differences in the movement pattern of a forward lunge in two types of anterior cruciate ligament deficient patients: copers and non-copers.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 17, 586-593 (2002).</li><li>Boesen, A. 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One of the disadvantages of most studies analyzing the biomechanical characteristics of the badminton lunging step is that they ignore the skill level of the badminton players performing the lunge. This study divides the subjects into professional players and amateur players to explore the differences in joint ROM and joint moment at different levels when performing a right forward lunge.
As for the ankle joint ROM on the frontal plane, the amateur players exhibited greater ROM than the profes...

Badminton has always been one of the most popular sports in the world. In a game, the frequency of performing lunges is relatively high1. It is of vital importance to master the ability to quickly perform a lunge and return to the start position or move in the other direction2. The lunge not only is crucial to badminton but also is of great importance to tennis, table tennis, and other sports.
The forward lunge has been taken as a function evaluation method for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and knee stability3,4. Studies show that badminton players need both high muscular strength and professional techniques. In general, amateur players pay more attention to technical training than to muscular strength training. If an individual of low-strength ability takes a low-quality training, the training time becomes longer, therefore leading to an overload of the lower limbs and even to a sports injury.
High-intensity training results in a large load on the lower limbs, which may be the cause of sports injuries5. Lower limb injuries account for 60% of the total number of injuries. For both male and female badminton players, the knee and the foot are the most vulnerable parts6,7,8,9. Kinetic data analysis can be used to explain the lower limb injuries of players at different levels. It was reported that professional badminton players have considerable intratendinous flow which rises after repetitive load movements, especially in the patella tendon of the dominant leg.
Reports show that previously conducted research on racquet sports mainly assessed kinematic parameters but focused less on kinetics2,10. When a professional player has played a competition, the pressure is concentrated in their Achilles tendon and anterior knee tendons, especially in the dominant lunge leg5. In racquet sports, clinical analyses of injuries mainly focused on the lower limb, which exceeded 58%, specifically on the knee and ankle5,8,10,11,12,13.
Previous studies have evaluated the physiological indicators of badminton14,15,16 and the features of physical abilities17,18,19,20. Due to these basic features, basic actions on the agility of badminton are proposed to improve the training effect and the on-the-spot performance of the players21,22. Previous studies on badminton focused on different movements or directions of lunge movement without comparing the movement characteristics between professional and amateur badminton players23,24,25,26,27. These differences in dynamics and joint movement make them susceptible to different mechanisms of sports injuries.
The aim of this study is to study the differences in kinematics and dynamics between professional badminton players and amateur badminton players, as well as the range of movement (ROM) of the dominant leg. It is assumed that professional and amateur badminton players show differences in the right forward lunge and that a greater ROM increases the risk of sports injuries.

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			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Motion Tracking Cameras</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">n= 8</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Valid Dongle</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Vicon Nexus 1.4.116</td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Force Platform Amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>n=1</td>
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		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Force Platform</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Kistler, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>n=1</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;">Vicon Datastation ADC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>-</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">T-Frame</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">-</td>
			<td>-</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:216px;">14 mm Diameter Passive Retro-reflective Marker</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>n=16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Double Adhesive Tape</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Oxford Metrics Ltd., Oxford, UK</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For fixing markers to skin</td>
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			<td height="210" style="height:210px;width:216px;">Badmionton racket&#160;</td>
			<td>Li-ning, China</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BADMINTON RACKET CLUB PLAY BLADE 1000 
			[AYPL186-4]</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">MATERIAL: Standard Grade Carbon Fiber 
			WEIGHT: 81-84 grams 
			OVERALL LENGTH: 675mm 
			GRIP LENGTH: 200mm 
			BALANCE POINT: 295mm 
			TENSION: Vertical 20-24 lbs, Horizontal 22-26 lbs</td>
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	</tbody>
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biomechanical analysis methods to assess professional badminton players' lunge performance

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge movements of eight professional badminton players and eight amateur players. The purpose of this protocol is to study the differences in kinematics and joint moment of the right knee and ankle. A motion capture system and force plate were used to capture data of the joint movements of the lower extremity and the vertical ground reaction force (vGRF). Sixteen young men who did not have any sports injuries in the past 6 months took part in the study. The subjects performed a maximal right lunge from the start position with their right foot, stepping on and fully contacting with the force plate, hit the shuttlecock with an underhand stroke to the designated position in the backcourt, and then returned to the start/end position. All subjects wore the same badminton shoes to avoid a difference in impact from different badminton shoes. The amateur players showed a greater range of ankle movement and reverse joint moment on the frontal plane, and a larger internal joint rotation moment on the horizontal plane. The professional badminton players exhibited greater knee moment on the sagittal and frontal planes. Therefore, these factors should be considered in the development of the training program to reduce the risk of sports injuries in knee and ankle joints. This study simulates the real badminton court and calibrates the range of activities of each movement of the subjects so that the subjects complete the experimental action in a natural state with high quality. A limitation of this study is that it does not combine joint load and muscle activity. Another limitation is that the sample size is small and should be expanded in future studies. This research method can be applied to the lower limb biomechanical research of other footwork in the badminton project.

Figure 2&#160;shows the mean vGRF of phases I, II, III, and IV (i.e., the initial impact peak, secondary impact peak, weight acceptance, and drive-off phases, respectively) of the professional players and the amateur players when they performed a lunge. There is no significant difference in phases I, II, and III. However, the vGRF of the professional players is markedly higher than that of the amateur players, indicating a significant difference (<st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance at JoVE.com

Biomechanical Analysis Methods to Assess Professional Badminton Players' Lunge Performance

Here, we present a protocol to evaluate the differences in injury mechanisms between professional and amateur players when performing a badminton maximal right lunge movement by analyzing lower limb kinematics.

Under the condition of simulating a badminton court in the laboratory, this study used the injury mechanism model to analyze the maximal right lunge ...

This method can help answer key questions biomechanical fact about the lunge performance of badminton players. The main advantage of this technique is that it reproduces actual badminton moments. So the data isn't highly reliable.The implications of this technique is tend toward therapy of sports injuries because changes in the joint over angle while playing badminton are likely to result in injury. On the day of the evaluation have the subject wear a T-shirt and tight shorts and the same brand of badminton shoes as the rest of the subject's hight in the study. Measure the subject's height millimeters and weight in kilograms, as well as the length of both the left and right legs in millimeters from the superior iliac spine to the ankle internal condyle, the knee widths in millimeters from the medial to the lateral knee condyle, and the ankle widths in millimeters from the medial to the lateral ankle condyle.Palpate to identify the anatomical landmarks and shave any body hair as needed, followed by disinfection with alcohol, then mark the skin over the anatomical bony landmarks and paste the eight markers on the identified areas on each leg. When all of the markers have been placed ask the subject to perform a right forward lunge naturally, to make sure that the markers on their lower limbs are captured by the cameras. Have the subject continue to perform the right forward lunge at a comfortable low speed in the simulated court until they can perform the movement steadily.After having the subject perform some auxiliary exercises to warm up, ask the subject to perform the right forward lunge at a comfortable high speed in the simulated court until they can perform the movement steadily at this speed. Next, ask the subject to put their right leg in the designated area and underhand strike the shuttlecock. Then instruct the subject to perform a maximal right forward lunge from the start position, and underhand strike the shuttlecock to the backcourt, while making sure that the right foot naturally steps on and fully contacts the forest platform as they pass before returning to the start position.For static calibration, open the data management program to create a new database, and select the location for saving the data file. Enter the name of the new file and select Based On and Clinical Template, click create, select the subject's name, and click Open. To create a new session with the subject's information, click New Patient Classification, New Patient, and New Session.Click Go Live, at the beginning of the trials. Select Session to capture the data, and return to the Nexus pane. Click Subjects and New Subject renaming the trials as necessary, and select Split Horizontally in graph to view the trajectory count.Then, check that the number of markers is 16, that there is no unwanted light pollution, and that all of the markers have been captured. If all the markers are in view, in the Subject Preparation window, select Subject Capture, and click Start to begin capturing the static data, having the subject remains still until 200 frames of images have been captured. Then click Stop and Run to reconstruct the pipeline for constructing the marker data.Select Label and apply the appropriate labels to the corresponding markers in the markers list. When all of the labels have been applied, click Save, and press the Escape key to exit. Click Subject Preparation and select the Static Plugin Gate in the subject calibration drop down menu.Click Option in the newly displayed frame range window and select Left Foot and Right Foot in the pop up window. Then click Start and Save. To start the dynamic trials, have the subject returned to the start position, and click Go Live and Capture.Set the trial type and the session in order and enter the trial name. Click Start to begin capturing and have the subject first perform a fast right forward lunge six times, with the last step hitting the force plate each time. After a two minute break, have the subject performed six lunges, naturally.After another two minute break, have the subject performed six maximal right forward lunges before returning to the start position, and click Stop to end the data capture. In this study, no significant difference was observed in the mean vertical ground reaction force of the initial impact peak, the secondary impact peak, and weight acceptance phases of the evaluation between the professional and amateur badminton players. The vertical ground reaction force of the professional players in the drive-off phase was markedly higher than that of the amateur players however.Results from independent t-tests revealed a greater range of movement in the ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion on the sagittal plain, demonstrated a significant difference on the frontal and horizontal plains. Further, a significant difference between the professional and amateur players in the external, internal rotation of the knee was observed on the horizontal plain with a larger range of movement also measured in the abduction, adduction on the frontal plain and in the flexion, extension on the sagittal plain. The amateur players presented a smaller planter flexion moment or a greater dorsiflexion moment in the four phases when performing a lunge, while the professional players exhibited a greater eversion moment in the weight acceptance phase when performing a lunge with a smaller internal rotation moment or greater external rotation moment in the drive off phase.In addition, the professional players showed a greater extension moment in the knee in the secondary impact peak phase and a greater abduction moment in the initial impact peak. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to pay attention to the continuity of the player's movements.

biomechanical-analysis-methods-to-assess-professional-badminton

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative data samples than can typically be collected on college campuses. However, before such methods can be widely adopted, a number of technological challenges must be overcome &#8211; in particular in experiments where tight control over stimulus properties is necessary. Here we present methods for collecting performance data on two tests of visual attention. Both tests require control over the visual angle of the stimuli (which in turn requires knowledge of the viewing distance, monitor size, screen resolution, etc.) and the timing of the stimuli (as the tests involve either briefly flashed stimuli or stimuli that move at specific rates). Data collected on these tests from over 1,700 online participants were consistent with data collected in laboratory-based versions of the exact same tests. These results suggest that with proper care, timing/stimulus size dependent tasks can be deployed in web-based settings.

To replicate laboratory settings, online data collection methods for visual tasks require tight control over stimulus presentation. We outline methods for the use of a web application to collect performance data on two tests of visual attention.

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Typically, self-reports are used in educational research to assess student response and performance to a classroom activity. Yet, addition of biological and physiological measures such as salivary biomarkers and galvanic skin responses are rarely included, limiting the wealth of information that can be obtained to better understand student performance. A laboratory protocol to study undergraduate students&#39; responses to classroom events (e.g., exams) is presented. Participants were asked to complete a representative exam for their degree. Before and after the laboratory exam session, students completed an academic achievement emotions self-report and an interview that paralleled these questions when participants wore a galvanic skin sensor and salivary biomarkers were collected. Data collected from the three methods resulted in greater depth of information about students&#39; performance when compared to the self-report. The work can expand educational research capabilities through more comprehensive methods for obtaining nearer to real-time student responses to an examination activity.

Research on undergraduate students' academic achievement emotions have primarily relied on self-reports in laboratory settings. Studies rarely include bio-physiological measures to these self-reports. This protocol will describe a methodology that integrates self-reports with and bio-physiological measures to assess student response and performance during a laboratory examination activity.

Typically, self-reports are used in educational research to assess student response and performance to a classroom activity. Yet, addition of biological ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the wearing experience of subjects. This protocol describes the differences in lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) between experienced wearers (EW) and inexperienced wearers (IEW) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. A three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system with a configured force platform was used to synchronously capture lower-limb joint movements and GRF. 36 young females volunteered to participate in this study and were asked about high-heeled shoe-wearing experience, including frequency, duration, heel types, and heel heights. Eleven who had the experience of 3 to 6 cm heels for a minimum of three days per week (6 h per day) for at least two years and eleven who wore high heels less than twice per month participated. Subjects performed jogging and running at comfortable low and high speeds, respectively, with the right foot completely stepping onto a force platform when passing by along a 10 m walkway. EW and IEW adopted different biomechanical adaptations while jogging and running. IEW exhibited a generally larger range of joint movement, while EW showed a dramatically larger loading rate of GRF during running. Hence, further studies on the lower-limb biomechanics of high-heeled gait should strictly control the wearing experience of the subjects.

This study investigated lower-limb kinematics and ground reaction force (GRF) during moderate high-heeled jogging and running. Subjects were divided into groups of experienced wearers and inexperienced wearers. A three-dimensional motion analysis system with a configured force platform captured lower-limb joint movements and GRF.

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific responses to changing temperatures according to their physiological tolerance and adaptability. Drosophila flies also possess a temperature sensing system that has become fundamental to understanding the neural basis of temperature processing in ectotherms. We present here a temperature-controlled arena that permits fast and precise temperature changes with temporal and spatial control to explore the response of individual flies to changing temperatures. Individual flies are placed in the arena and exposed to pre-programmed temperature challenges, such as uniform gradual increases in temperature to determine reaction norms or spatially distributed temperatures at the same time to determine preferences. Individuals are automatically tracked, allowing the quantification of speed or location preference. This method can be used to rapidly quantify the response over a large range of temperatures to determine temperature performance curves in Drosophila or other insects of similar size. In addition, it can be used for genetic studies to quantify temperature preferences and reactions of mutants or wild-type flies. This method can help uncover the basis of thermal speciation and adaptation, as well as the neural mechanisms behind temperature processing.

An Automated Method to Determine the Performance of Drosophila in Response to Temperature Changes in Space and Time

Here we present a protocol to automatically determine the locomotor performance of Drosophila at changing temperatures using a programmable temperature-controlled arena that produces fast and accurate temperature changes in time and space.

Temperature is a ubiquitous environmental factor that affects how species distribute and behave. Different species of Drosophila fruit flies have specific ...

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte)

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern United States. Some populations have developed resistance to management strategies including transgenic corn that produces insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Knowledge of western corn rootworm dispersal is of critical importance for models of resistance evolution, spread, and mitigation. Flight behavior of an insect, especially over a long distance, is inherently difficult to observe and characterize. Flight mills provide a means to directly test developmental and physiological impacts and consequences of flight in the laboratory that cannot be obtained in field studies. In this study, flight mills were used to measure the timing of flight activity, total number of flights, and the distance, duration, and speed of flights taken by female rootworms during a 22-h test period. Sixteen flight mills were housed in an environmental chamber with programmable lighting, temperature, and humidity control. The flight mill described is of a typical design, where a flight arm is free to rotate about a central pivot. Rotation is caused by flight of an insect tethered to one end of the flight arm, and each rotation is recorded by a sensor with a time-stamp. Raw data are compiled by software, which are subsequently processed to provide summary statistics for flight parameters of interest. The most difficult task for any flight mill study is attachment of the tether to the insect with an adhesive, and the method used must be tailored to each species. The attachment must be strong enough to hold the insect in a rigid orientation and to prevent detachment during movement, while not interfering with natural wing motion during flight. The attachment process requires dexterity, finesse, and speed, making video footage of the process for rootworms of value.

Using Flight Mills to Measure Flight Propensity and Performance of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte

Flight mills are important tools for comparing how age, sex, mating status, temperature, or various other factors may influence an insect&#8217;s flight behavior. Here we describe protocols to tether and measure the flight propensity and performance of western corn rootworm under different treatments.

The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is an economically important pest of corn in the northern ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

The swimming assay described in this protocol is a valid tool to identify proteins regulating the dopaminergic synapses. Similar to mammals, dopamine (DA) controls several functions in C. elegans including learning and motor activity. Conditions that stimulate DA release (e.g., amphetamine (AMPH) treatments) or that prevent DA clearance (e.g., animals lacking the DA transporter (dat-1) which are incapable of reaccumulating DA into the neurons) generate an excess of extracellular DA ultimately resulting in inhibited locomotion. This behavior is particularly evident when animals swim in water. In fact, while wild-type animals continue to swim for an extended period, dat-1 null mutants and wild-type treated with AMPH or inhibitors of the DA transporter sink to the bottom of the well and do not move. This behavior is termed "Swimming Induced Paralysis" (SWIP). Although the SWIP assay is well established, a detailed description of the method is lacking. Here, we describe a step-by-step guide to perform SWIP. To perform the assay, late larval stage-4 animals are placed in a glass spot plate containing control sucrose solution with or without AMPH. Animals are scored for their swimming behavior either manually by visualization under a stereoscope or automatically by recording with a camera mounted on the stereoscope. Videos are then analyzed using a tracking software, which yields a visual representation of thrashing frequency and paralysis in the form of heat maps. Both the manual and automated systems guarantee an easily quantifiable readout of the animals' swimming ability and thus facilitate screening for animals bearing mutations within the dopaminergic system or for auxiliary genes. In addition, SWIP can be used to elucidate the mechanism of action of drugs of abuse such as AMPH.

Swimming Induced Paralysis to Assess Dopamine Signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans

Swimming induced paralysis (SWIP) is a well-established behavioral assay used to study the underlying mechanisms of dopamine signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). However, a detailed method to perform the assay is lacking. Here, we describe a step-by-step protocol for SWIP.

The swimming assay described in this protocol is a valid tool to identify proteins regulating the dopaminergic synapses. Similar to mammals, dopamine (DA) ...

A Standardized Protocol for Preference Testing to Assess Fish Welfare

Animal welfare assessment techniques try to take into consideration the specific needs and wants of the animal in question. Providing enrichment (the addition of physical objects or conspecifics in the housing environment) is often a way to give captive animals the opportunity to choose who or what they interact with and how they spend their time. A fundamental component of the aquatic environment that is often overlooked in captivity, however, is the ability for the animal to choose to engage in physical exercise. For many animals, including fish, exercise is an important aspect of their life history, and is known to have many health benefits, including positive changes in the brain and behavior. Here we present a method for assessing habitat preferences in captive animals. The protocol could easily be adapted to look at a variety of environmental factors (e.g., gravel versus sand as a substrate, plastic plants versus live plants, low flow versus high flow of water) in different aquatic species, or for use with terrestrial species. Statistical assessment of preference is carried out using Jacob&#39;s preference index, which ranks the habitats from -1 (avoidance) to +1 (most preferred). With this information, it can be determined what the animal wants from a welfare perspective, including their preferred location.

A fundamental aspect of assessing the welfare of animals in captivity is to ask whether the animals have what they want. Here, we present a protocol to determine housing preference in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) with respect to the presence/absence of environmental enrichment and access to flowing of water.

Animal welfare assessment techniques try to take into consideration the specific needs and wants of the animal in question. Providing enrichment (the ...

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb biomechanical changes that occur during unplanned gait termination (UGT) under different walking speeds. Fifteen male participants were asked to perform UGT on a walkway at normal walking speed (NWS) and fast walking speed (FWS), respectively. A motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform were applied to collect lower-limb kinematic and plantar pressure data. Paired-sampled T-test was used to examine the differences in lower-limb kinematics and plantar pressure data between two walking speeds. The results showed larger range of motion in the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the sagittal plane as well as plantar pressure in forefoot and heel regions during UGT at FWS when compared with NWS. With the increase in walking speed, subjects exhibited different lower-limb biomechanical characteristics that show FWS associated with greater potential injury risks.

This study compared the biomechanical characteristics of the lower extremity during unplanned gait termination under different walking speeds. The lower-limb kinematic and kinetic data from fifteen subjects with normal and fast walking speeds were collected using a motion analysis system and plantar pressure platform.

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...