Name: 3d scanning technology bridging microcircuits and macroscale brain images in 3d novel embedding overlapping protocol
Uploaded: 2019-05-12T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about 3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol at JoVE.com

M.S. is grateful for the support from all of the staff in the medical information engineering course in Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, and wants to thank Prof. Tetsuya Takakuwa, Prof. Nobukatsu Sawamoto, and Doris Zakian for their helpful comments. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research and by the Leading Initiative for Excellent Young Researchers (LEADER) program to M.S. from MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology). The MRI experiments in this work were performed in the Division for Small Animal MRI, Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.

All experimental procedures described here have been approved by the Kyoto University Animal Care Committee.
1. Animals (Day 1)
<ol>
	<li>Prepare female C57BL/6J mice (n = 6, aged 3&#8722;5 weeks). 
	NOTE: This protocol is applicable to all rodent species.</li>
</ol>
2. MRI Settings (Day 1)
<ol>
	<li>Put the mouse in an acrylic anesthesia box placed on a heater mat adjusted to 37 &#176;C using a heater mat controller.</li>
	<li>Anesthe...

<ol>
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We developed a new protocol called the 3D-NEO protocol to bridge macroscopic and microscopic spatial scales by overlapping two brain surfaces more accurately than before. Originally, there were two challenges in creating this protocol which made possible the accurate overlapping of two brain surface images and recording healthy neuronal activities from living organisms. First, it was necessary to effectively wipe cutting solution surrounding the extracted brain after extracting it from the skull without injuring the brai...

Nonuniform multiscale architectures at various physical and biological organizations are commonly found1,2. The brain is also a very nonuniform and multiscale network organization3,4. Various cognitive functions are coded in such network organizations, holding temporal changes of electrical spike patterns of neuronal populations in submillisecond temporal resolutions. Historically, the complex networks among neurons were structurally observed in detail using the staining techniques by Santiago Ram&#243;n y Cajal from over 150 years ago5. To observe group behaviors of active neurons, researchers have developed various recording technologies6,7,8, and the recent significant developments of such technologies have enabled us to record electrical activities from huge numbers of neurons simultaneously. Furthermore, from such functional activities, scientists have succeeded to reconstruct networks of causal interactions among huge numbers of neurons and have declared the topological architecture of their complex interactions &#8216;microconnectome&#8217;9. Macroscopic observations of the brain also allow for regarding a whole brain as a network organization because many brain regions are connected by multiple fiber-bundles. The embedding of microconnectomes into the global brain map still has clear limitations within current technological advances, which is why this embedding protocol is so important. However, there are many challenges to the development of the embedding protocol. For example, in order to observe activities of living local neuronal circuits in purely isolated brain regions, brain slices need to be produced for in vitro recordings. Additionally, recordings from brain slices for in vitro recordings are still an important choice for at least two reasons. First, it is still not easy to observe activities of many living individual neurons simultaneously from brain regions deeper than ~1.5 mm and in high temporal resolution (&#60;1 ms). Second, when we hope to know the internal architecture of a local neuronal circuit, we need to stop all inputs coming from external brain regions to eliminate confounding factors. In order to identify the directions and positions of produced brain slices, it will be further necessary to integrate the spatial positions of these produced brain slices using coordinates. There are, however, a few systematic and reliable ways to make brain slices in an organized way10,11. Here, a new coregistration protocol is introduced, using 3D scanning technology for neuroscientific research in order to provide an integrative protocol. This protocol acts to coordinate micro- and macroscales and embed multielectrode array (MEA) microdata12,13 and staining data onto a macroscopic MRI space through 3D scan surfaces of extracted brains, as well as of noninvasively recorded brains. Surprisingly, this showed a distance error of only ~50 &#956;m as the mode value of the histogram. As a result, the mode values of minimum distances between two surfaces between the MRI surface and the scanned 3D surface were nearly 50 &#181;m for all six mice, which is a suitable number when checking for commonality among individuals. The typical slice width had a recorded spike activity of around 300 &#181;m.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Air compressor</td>
			<td>Kimura Medical</td>
			<td>KA-100</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-in-one fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>KEYENCE</td>
			<td>BZ-X710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia box</td>
			<td>Bio Research Center</td>
			<td>RIC-01</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia system</td>
			<td>ACOMA Medical Industry</td>
			<td>NS-5000A</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAD67, clone 1G10.2</td>
			<td>Merk Millipore</td>
			<td>MAB5406</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chrolide</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>06729-55</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Choline Chloride</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>08809-45</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>curved blunt forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposal scalpel</td>
			<td>Kai</td>
			<td>10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-PBS(-) without Ca and Mg, liquid(10x)</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>049-31165</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>16605-42</td>
			<td>re-secctioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 488</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A32723</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Highly Cross-Adsorbed Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor Plus 555</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A32732</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater mat</td>
			<td>Bio Research Center</td>
			<td>HM-10</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater mat controller</td>
			<td>Bio Research Center</td>
			<td>BWT-100A</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heater system</td>
			<td>SA Instruments</td>
			<td>MR-compatible Small Animal Heating System</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>AbbVie</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane vaporizer</td>
			<td>ACOMA Medical Industry</td>
			<td>MKIIIai</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear Slicer</td>
			<td>DOSAKA</td>
			<td>Neo Linear Slicer MT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L(+)-Ascorbic Acid Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>196-01252</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chrolide Hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>135-00165</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaxOne Single-Well MEA</td>
			<td>MaxWell Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal Spatula</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monitoring system</td>
			<td>SA Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 1025</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monitoring software</td>
			<td>SA Instruments</td>
			<td>PC-SAM V.5.12</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRI compatible cradle</td>
			<td>Bruker BioSpin</td>
			<td>T12812</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRI coil</td>
			<td>Bruker BioSpin</td>
			<td>T9988</td>
			<td>For MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MRI operation software</td>
			<td>Bruker BioSpin</td>
			<td>ParaVision 5.1</td>
			<td>For MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neo LinearSlicer MT</td>
			<td>D.S.K.</td>
			<td>NLS-MT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuN (D4G40) XP Rabbit mAb</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>24307</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal Goat Serum</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>143-06561</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>163-03545</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Glycol Mono-p-isooctylphenyl Ether</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>12967-45</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure-sensitive respiration sensor</td>
			<td>SA Instruments</td>
			<td>RS-301</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Preclinical MRI scanner</td>
			<td>Bruker BioSpin</td>
			<td>BioSpec 70/20 USR</td>
			<td>For MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pyruvic Acid Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>29806-54</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SCAN in a BOX</td>
			<td>Open Technologies srl</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sieve bottle</td>
			<td>TIGERCROWN</td>
			<td>81</td>
			<td>For 3D scan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SlowFade Gold Antifade Mountant</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S36937</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01665</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Dihydrogenphosphate</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>197-09705</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate</td>
			<td>Wako</td>
			<td>191-01305</td>
			<td>aCSF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Hydrogensulfite</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>31220-15</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermistor temperature probe</td>
			<td>SA Instruments</td>
			<td>RTP-101-B, PLTPC-300</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tooth bar</td>
			<td>Bruker BioSpin</td>
			<td>T10146</td>
			<td>Animal preparation for MRI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Winged intravenous needle</td>
			<td>TERUMO</td>
			<td>SV-23CLK</td>
			<td>For perfusion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mol/l-Tris-HCl Buffer Solution</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>35436-01</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 mol/l-Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td>nacalai tesque</td>
			<td>37314-15</td>
			<td>For pH adjustment of solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16%-Paraformaldehyde Aqueous Solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>For immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

3d scanning technology bridging microcircuits and macroscale brain images in 3d novel embedding overlapping protocol

The human brain, being a multiscale system, has both macroscopic electrical signals, globally flowing along thick white-matter fiber bundles, and microscopic neuronal spikes, propagating along axons and dendrites. Both scales complement different aspects of human cognitive and behavioral functions. At the macroscopic level, MRI has been the current standard imaging technology, in which the smallest spatial resolution, voxel size, is 0.1&#8211;1 mm3. Also, at the microscopic level, previous physiological studies were aware of nonuniform neuronal architectures within such voxels. This study develops a powerful way to accurately embed microscopic data into a macroscopic map by interfacing biological scientific research with technological advancements in 3D scanning technology. Since 3D scanning technology has mostly been used for engineering and industrial design until now, it is repurposed for the first time to embed microconnectomes into the whole brain while preserving natural spiking in living brain cells. In order to achieve this purpose, first, we constructed a scanning protocol to obtain accurate 3D images from living bio-organisms inherently challenging to image due to moist and reflective surfaces. Second, we trained to keep speed to prevent the degradation of living brain tissue, which is a key factor in retaining better conditions and recording more natural neuronal spikes from active neurons in the brain tissue. Two cortical surface images, independently extracted from two different imaging modules, namely MRI and 3D scanner surface images, surprisingly show a distance error of only 50 &#956;m as mode value of the histogram. This accuracy is comparable in scale to the microscopic resolution of intercellular distances; also, it is stable among different individual mice. This new protocol, the 3D novel embedding overlapping (3D-NEO) protocol, bridges macroscopic and microscopic levels derived by this integrative protocol and accelerates new scientific findings to study comprehensive connectivity architectures (i.e., microconnectome).

We evaluated distances between cortical surfaces, produced by stripping MRI volume, and surfaces obtained from 3D scans of extracted brains. The mode values of the histogram of the distances are only 55 &#956;m (Figure 3a). Additionally, when accumulating the histogram from the point where the distance equals zero, the accumulated value reaches 90% of total sample numbers at ~300 &#956;m (Figure 3b). The final histogram of the di...

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3D Scanning Technology Bridging Microcircuits and Macroscale Brain Images in 3D Novel Embedding Overlapping Protocol

This article introduces an experimental protocol using 3D scanning technology bridging two spatial scales: the macroscopic spatial scale of whole-brain anatomy imaged by MRI at &#62;100 &#956;m and the microscopic spatial scale of neuronal distributions using immunohistochemistry staining and a multielectrode array system and other methods (~10 &#956;m).

The human brain, being a multiscale system, has both macroscopic electrical signals, globally flowing along thick white-matter fiber bundles, and ...

Research

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Neuroscience

Electrophysiological and Morphological Characterization of Neuronal Microcircuits in Acute Brain Slices Using Paired Patch-Clamp Recordings

The combination of patch clamp recordings from two (or more) synaptically coupled neurons (paired recordings) in acute brain slice preparations with ...

Interfacing 3D Engineered Neuronal Cultures to Micro-Electrode Arrays: An Innovative In Vitro Experimental Model

Interfacing 3D Engineered Neuronal Cultures to Micro-Electrode Arrays: An Innovative In Vitro Experimental Model

Currently, large-scale networks derived from dissociated neurons growing and developing in vitro on extracellular micro-transducer devices are the ...

Utilizing 3D Printing Technology to Merge MRI with Histology: A Protocol for Brain Sectioning

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High-resolution Confocal Imaging of the Blood-brain Barrier: Imaging, 3D Reconstruction, and Quantification of Transcytosis

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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

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Assay Development for High Content Quantification of Sod1 Mutant Protein Aggregate Formation in Living Cells

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that can be caused by inherited mutations in the gene encoding copper-zinc ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...

High-Resolution 3D Imaging of Rabies Virus Infection in Solvent-Cleared Brain Tissue

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and ...

A Method for 3D Reconstruction and Virtual Reality Analysis of Glial and Neuronal Cells

Serial sectioning and subsequent high-resolution imaging of biological tissue using electron microscopy (EM) allow for the segmentation and reconstruction ...

Using Near-infrared Fluorescence and High-resolution Scanning to Measure Protein Expression in the Rodent Brain

Neuroscience is the study of how cells in the brain mediate various functions. Measuring protein expression in neurons and glia is critical for the study ...