Name: quantification of metal leaching in immobilized metal affinity chromatography
Uploaded: 2020-01-17T16:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography at JoVE.com

This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant MCB-1817448 and by an award from the Thomas F. and Kate Miller Jeffress Memorial Trust, Bank of America, Trustee and specified donor Hazel Thorpe Carman and George Gay Carman Trust.

1. Assay component preparation
<ol>
	<li>Determine the chromatography fractions to be assayed using optical absorbance at 280 nm or alternative methods of protein quantification to identify the protein enriched fractions. 
	NOTE: For this work, we used a diode array UV-Vis spectrophotometer. To increase throughput, a plate reader capable of measuring UV-Vis absorbance can be used.</li>
	<li>Preparation of necessary assay components
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare or obtain 10-100 mM buffer (&#34;Sample Buffer&#34;) with a pH ...

<ol>
	<li>Porath, J., Carlsson, J. A. N., Olsson, I., Belfrage, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metal+chelate+affinity+chromatography,+a+new+approach+to+protein+fractionation.">Metal chelate affinity chromatography, a new approach to protein fractionation.</a> Nature. 258 (5536), 598-599 (1975).</li><li>Block, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immobilized-Metal+Affinity+Chromatography+(IMAC):+A+Review.">Immobilized-Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC): A Review.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 463, 439-473 (2009).</li><li>Takeda, N., Matsuoka, T., Gotoh, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potentiality+of+IMAC+as+sample+pretreatment+tool+in+food+analysis+for+veterinary+drugs.">Potentiality of IMAC as sample pretreatment tool in food analysis for veterinary drugs.</a> Chromatographia. 72 (1/2), 127-131 (2010).</li><li>Felix, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+serum+proteins+involved+in+pancreatic+cancer+cachexia.">Identification of serum proteins involved in pancreatic cancer cachexia.</a> Life sciences. 88 (5-6), 218-225 (2011).</li><li>Wu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface+enhanced+laser+desorption/ionization+profiling:+New+diagnostic+method+of+HBV-related+hepatocellular+carcinoma.">Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization profiling: New diagnostic method of HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma.</a> Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 24 (1), 55-62 (2009).</li><li>Goldsmith, J. 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Equilibrium and modeling studies.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (29), 22513-22521 (2010).</li><li>Bornhorst, J. A., Falke, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+of+proteins+using+polyhistidine+affinity+tags.">Purification of proteins using polyhistidine affinity tags.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 326, 245-254 (2000).</li><li>Kokhan, O., Marzolf, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+quantification+of+transition+metal+leaching+in+metal+affinity+chromatography+with+hydroxynaphthol+blue.">Detection and quantification of transition metal leaching in metal affinity chromatography with hydroxynaphthol blue.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 582, 113347 (2019).</li><li>Doyle, C., Naser, D., Bauman, H., Rumfeldt, J., Meiering, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+method+for+simultaneous+measurement+of+zinc+and+copper+in+metalloproteins+using+4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol.">Spectrophotometric method for simultaneous measurement of zinc and copper in metalloproteins using 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 579, 44-56 (2019).</li><li>Furrer, J., Smith, G. S., Therrien, B., Gasser, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Inorganic Chemical Biology. , (2014).</li><li>Hogeling, S. M., Cox, M. T., Bradshaw, R. M., Smith, D. P., Duckett, C. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complex+Formation+Between+Hydroxy+Naphthol+Blue+and+First+Row+Transition+Metal+Cyanide+Complexes.">Complex Formation Between Hydroxy Naphthol Blue and First Row Transition Metal Cyanide Complexes.</a> Analytical Letters. 10 (13), 1105-1113 (1977).</li><li>Brittain, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+Transition+Metal+Ions+by+the+Calcium+Indicator+Hydroxy+Naphthol+Blue.">Binding of Transition Metal Ions by the Calcium Indicator Hydroxy Naphthol Blue.</a> Analytical Letters. 11 (4), 355-362 (1978).</li><li>Temel, N. K., Sertakan, K., G&#252;rkan, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preconcentration+and+Determination+of+Trace+Nickel+and+Cobalt+in+Milk-Based+Samples+by+Ultrasound-Assisted+Cloud+Point+Extraction+Coupled+with+Flame+Atomic+Absorption+Spectrometry.">Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Nickel and Cobalt in Milk-Based Samples by Ultrasound-Assisted Cloud Point Extraction Coupled with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.</a> Biological Trace Element Research. 186 (2), 597-607 (2018).</li><li>Ferreira, S. L. C., Santos, B. F., de Andrade, J. B., Costa, A. C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectrophotometric+and+derivative+spectrophotometric+determination+of+nickel+with+hydroxynaphthol+blue.">Spectrophotometric and derivative spectrophotometric determination of nickel with hydroxynaphthol blue.</a> Microchimica Acta. 122 (1), 109-115 (1996).</li><li>Denisov, I. G., Grinkova, Y. V., Lazarides, A. A., Sligar, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+Self-Assembly+of+Monodisperse+Phospholipid+Bilayer+Nanodiscs+with+Controlled+Size.">Directed Self-Assembly of Monodisperse Phospholipid Bilayer Nanodiscs with Controlled Size.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126 (11), 3477-3487 (2004).</li><li>Grinkova, Y. V., Denisov, I. G., Sligar, S. 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Colorimetric detection of metals using HNB provides a simple way to quantify the degree of protein contamination by transition metal ions from IMAC resins. As we established in Ref. 20, Ni2+ binds to HNB with 1:1 stoichiometry and the dissociation constant for the Ni-HNB complex changes with pH. However, the complex Kd is in the sub-nM range for all recommended (7-12) pH values. In practical terms, it means that all Ni2+ in any tested fractions will bind to HNB as long as no other strong ...

Since its inception by Porath and co-workers1, immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) has become a method of choice to quickly separate proteins based on their ability to bond with transition metal ions such as Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Co2+. This is most commonly done via engineered poly-histidine tags and is now one of the most common chromatographic purification techniques for the isolation of recombinant proteins2. IMAC has also found applications beyond recombinant protein purification as a way to isolate quinolones, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and &#946;-lactams for food sample analysis3 and as a step in identifying blood-serum protein markers for liver and pancreatic cancers4,5. Not surprisingly, IMAC has also become a method of choice for the isolation of a number of native bioenergetics enzymes6,7,8,9,10. However, successful implementation of these purification methods for studies on enzymatically active bioenergetic proteins is dependent on the presence of negligible levels of metal cations leached from the column matrix into the eluate. The divalent metal cations commonly used in IMAC have known pathologic biological significance, even at low concentrations11,12. The physiological effect of these metals is most pronounced in bioenergetic systems, where they can prove lethal as inhibitors of cellular respiration or photosynthesis13,14,15. Similar issues are unavoidable for the majority of protein classes where residual contaminant metals can interfere with a protein&#39;s biological functions or characterization with biochemical and biophysical techniques.
While the levels of metal contamination under oxidizing conditions and using imidazole as an eluant are typically low16, protein isolations performed in the presence of cysteine reducing agents (DTT, &#946;-mercaptoethanol, etc.) or with stronger chelators like histidine17,18 or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) result in much higher levels of metal contamination19,20. Similarly, since metal ions in IMAC resins are frequently coordinated by carboxylic groups, protein elutions performed under acidic conditions are also likely to have much higher levels of metal contamination. Metal content in solutions can be assessed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) down to a limit of detection in the ppb-ppt range21,22,23,24. Unfortunately, AAS and ICP-MS are not realistic means for detection in a traditional biochemistry lab as those methods would require access to specialized equipment and training.
Previous work by Brittain25,26 investigated the use of hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a way to identify the presence of transition metals in solution. However, there were several internal contradictions in the data20 and those works failed to offer an adequate protocol. Studies by Temel et al.27 and Ferreira et al.28 expanded on Brittain&#39;s work with HNB as a potential metal indicator. However, Temel developed a protocol that makes use of AAS for sample analysis, using HNB only as a chelating agent. Ferreira&#39;s study used the change in the HNB absorbance spectra at 563 nm, a region of the free-dye HNB spectra that overlaps heavily with the spectra of HNB-metal complexes at pH 5.7, making the assay sensitivity fairly low as well as resulting in relatively weak metal binding affinity20. To address issues in our own lab with Ni2+ leaching from IMAC, we have expanded the work done by Brittain25,26 and Ferreria28 to develop an easy assay capable of detecting nanomolar levels of several transition metals. We showed that HNB binds nickel and other common for IMAC metals with sub-nanomolar binding affinities and form 1:1 complex over a wide range of pH values20. The assay reported here is based on these findings and utilizes absorbance changes in the HNB spectrum at 647 nm for metal quantification. The assay can be performed in the physiological pH range using common buffers and instrumentation found in a typical biochemistry lab by using colorimetric detection and quantification of metal-dye complexes and the associated change in absorbance of the free-dye when it binds to metal.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2xYT broth</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP9743-500</td>
			<td>media for E.coli growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES, free acid</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>HB0264</td>
			<td>alternative buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HisPur Ni-NTA resin</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>88222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxynaphthol blue disoidum salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>219916-5g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O3196-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>IB0277</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS, free acid</td>
			<td>BioBasic</td>
			<td>MB0360</td>
			<td>alternative buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S369-500</td>
			<td>alternative buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tricine</td>
			<td>Gold Bio</td>
			<td>T870-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris base</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T9284-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of metal leaching in immobilized metal affinity chromatography

Contamination of enzymes with metals leached from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) columns poses a major concern for enzymologists, as many of the common di-and trivalent cations used in IMAC resins have an inhibitory effect on enzymes. However, the extent of metal leaching and the impact of various eluting and reducing reagents are poorly understood in large part due to the absence of simple and practical transition metal quantification protocols that use equipment typically available in biochemistry labs. To address this problem, we have developed a protocol to quickly quantify the amount of metal contamination in samples prepared using IMAC as a purification step. The method uses hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a colorimetric indicator for metal cation content in a sample solution and UV-Vis spectroscopy as a means to quantify the amount of metal present, into the nanomolar range, based on the change in the HNB spectrum at 647 nm. While metal content in a solution has historically been determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma techniques, these methods require specialized equipment and training outside the scope of a typical biochemistry laboratory. The method proposed here provides a simple and fast way for biochemists to determine the metal content of samples using existing equipment and knowledge without sacrificing accuracy.

The spectrum of free HNB at neutral pH (black line) and representative spectra of fractions assayed for Ni2+ from the isolation of MSP1E3D129 are shown in Figure 2. A successful assay series should demonstrate a decreased absorbance at 647 nm compared to the HNB control, which corresponds to the formation of HNB complexes in the presence of a transition metal. A failed assay would be indicated by an increase in absorbance at 647 nm. Alternatively, more than...

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Quantification of Metal Leaching in Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography

We present an assay for easy quantification of metals introduced to samples prepared using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The method uses hydroxynaphthol blue as the colorimetric metal indicator and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer as the detector.

Contamination of enzymes with metals leached from immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) columns poses a major concern for enzymologists, as ...

Our method is significant, as it allows the average biochemist to quickly determine if samples isolated using immobilized metal affinity chromatography are contaminated with transition metals. The main advantage is the ease by which the assay can be performed. The assay uses instrumentation and techniques common to most biochemistry labs, and it can be easily and quickly implemented.While in this article we apply this method for samples isolated with a nickel-NTA column, the method can be used with any other metal affinity resin. First time users should try this method with a nickel stock solution of known concentration. This will familiarize them with the workflow, sample colors, and resins shown in spectral changes.Demonstrating the procedure will be Cole Swain, a technician from my laboratory. To begin, turn on and warm up the UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Determine the chromatography fractions to be assayed using a diode array UV-Vis spectrophotometer with optical absorbance at 280 nanometers to quantify the protein.Obtain 10 to 100 millimolar sample buffer with a PH between 7 and 12, such as Tris, HEPES, MOPS, and phosphate buffer. Prepare a 12%weight by volume solution of HNB dispersion in the sample buffer using 120 milligrams of HNB reagent for each milliliter of stock solution prepared. Set the spectrophotometer to collect data at 647 nanometers.Use a quartz cuvette filled with the sample buffer to blank the spectrophotometer. Prepare a control solution in a cuvette containing 50 microliters of HNB stock per milliliter of total assay volume. Allow the control to incubate for a minimum of three minutes at room temperature.Measure and record the absorbance at 647 nanometers for the control sample. Prepare the assay samples by mixing 150 microliters of HNB stock with 2850 microliters of appropriately diluted protein fractions with the sample buffer. Allow the sample to incubate for a minimum of three minutes at room temperature.Repeat the spectrum recording for each fraction to be measured. In the case where insufficient dilution is obtained, the entire spectral band at 647 nanometers is gone. While with too-strong dilution, the sample is undistinguishable from the control.To determine the concentration of metal in each sample, first find the difference of each sample absorbance at 647 nanometers from the HNB control. Determine the metal concentration in micromolar using the formula where DF is the dilution factor for the assay fraction, delta A-B-S 647 is the absorbance change at 647 nanometers, 3.65 times 10 to the negative 2 represents the extinction coefficient of HNB, and l is cuvette's optical path in centimeters. In this study, the spectrum of free HNB at neutral PH in representative spectra of fractions assayed for nickel ion from the isolation of MSP1E3D1 are shown here.A decreased absorbance at 647 nanometers compared to the HNB control was observed, which corresponded to the formation of HNB complexes in the presence of a transition metal. To demonstrate the application of this assay, two his-tagged membrane scaffold proteins, MSP1E3D1, MSP2N2, and a novel, three-heme, c-type cytochrome GSU0105, from geobacter sulfurreducens, were analyzed. The protein and nickel ion content of each fraction for GSU0105 were significantly shifted from one another, while the fractions for MSP1E3D1 and MSP2N2 that contained the most protein also had the highest nickel content.It is also illustrated that the metal content may not be evenly distributed among fractions collected using a mobilized metal affinity chromatography. It's most important to adequately and consistently mix the blank in all samples and allow for equal incubation times for the blank in all samples. Protein fractions of special interest could be further analyzed with atomic absorption spectrometry or ICPMS to confirm metal contamination and to test for chelated or strongly bound protein metal ions.Besides transition metal leaching detection, this technique can be used to measure binding affinities in transition metal ions to proteins. HNB and any nickel present in samples are irritants to the eyes and skin respectively. Standard PPE including gloves and eye protection should be used during the method.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and technological applications. Their signature property is their ultrahigh porosity, which however imparts a series of challenges when it comes to both constructing them and working with them. Securing desired MOF chemical and physical functionality by linker/node assembly into a highly porous framework of choice can pose difficulties, as less porous and more thermodynamically stable congeners (e.g., other crystalline polymorphs, catenated analogues) are often preferentially obtained by conventional synthesis methods. Once the desired product is obtained, its characterization often requires specialized techniques that address complications potentially arising from, for example, guest-molecule loss or preferential orientation of microcrystallites. Finally, accessing the large voids inside the MOFs for use in applications that involve gases can be problematic, as frameworks may be subject to collapse during removal of solvent molecules (remnants of solvothermal synthesis). In this paper, we describe synthesis and characterization methods routinely utilized in our lab either to solve or circumvent these issues. The methods include solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries, and materials activation (cavity evacuation) by supercritical CO2 drying. Finally, we provide a protocol for determining a suitable pressure region for applying the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis to nitrogen isotherms, so as to estimate surface area of MOFs with good accuracy.

Synthesis, activation, and characterization of intentionally designed metal-organic framework materials is challenging, especially when building blocks are incompatible or unwanted polymorphs are thermodynamically favored over desired forms. We describe how applications of solvent-assisted linker exchange, powder X-ray diffraction in capillaries and activation via supercritical CO2 drying, can address some of these challenges.

Metal-organic frameworks have attracted extraordinary amounts of research attention, as they are attractive candidates for numerous industrial and ...

Generation of Zerovalent Metal Core Nanoparticles Using n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminosilanetriol

In this work, a facile one-pot reaction for the formation of metal nanoparticles in a water solution through the use of n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminosilanetriol is presented. This compound can be used to effectively reduce and complex metal salts into metal core nanoparticles coated with the compound. By controlling the concentrations of salt and silane one is able to control reaction rates, particle size, and nanoparticle coating. The effects of these changes were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis spectrometry (UV-Vis), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A unique aspect to this reaction is that usually silanes hydrolyze and cross-link in water; however, in this system the silane is water-soluble and stable. It is known that silicon and amino moieties can form complexes with metal salts. The silicon is known to extend its coordination sphere to form penta- or hexa-coordinated species. Furthermore, the silanol group can undergo hydrolysis to form a Si-O-Si silica network, thereby transforming the metal nanoparticles into a functionalized nanocomposites.

Generation of Zerovalent Metal Core Nanoparticles Using n-2-aminoethyl-3-aminosilanetriol

A novel method for metal core nanoparticle synthesis using a water stable silanol is described.

In this work, a facile one-pot reaction for the formation of metal nanoparticles in a water solution through the use of ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular identity and function. Each of the seven PtdInsPs varies in their distribution and abundance, which are tightly regulated by specific kinases and phosphatases. The abundance of PtdInsPs can change abruptly in response to various signaling events or disturbance of the regulatory machinery. To understand how these events lead to changes in the amount of PtdInsPs and their resulting impact, it is important to quantify PtdInsP levels before and after a signaling event or between control and abnormal conditions. However, due to their low abundance and similarity, quantifying the relative amounts of each PtdInsP can be challenging. This article describes a method for quantifying PtdInsP levels by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, which is incorporated into PtdInsPs. Phospholipids are then precipitated and deacylated. The resulting soluble 3H-glycero-inositides are further extracted, separated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detected by flow scintillation. The labeling and processing of yeast samples is described in detail, as well as the instrumental setup for the HPLC and flow scintillator. Despite losing structural information regarding acyl chain content, this method is sensitive and can be optimized to concurrently quantify all seven PtdInsPs in cells.

Phosphoinositides are signaling lipids whose relative abundance rapidly changes in response to various stimuli. This article describes a method to measure the abundance of phosphoinositides by metabolically labeling cells with 3H-myo-inositol, followed by extraction and deacylation. Extracted glycero-inositides are then separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and quantified by flow scintillation.

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

Synthesis of a Water-soluble Metal&#8211;Organic Complex Array

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of a water-soluble multimetallic peptidic array containing a predetermined sequence of metal centers such as Ru(II), Pt(II), and Rh(III). The compound, named as a water-soluble metal-organic complex array (WSMOCA), is obtained through 1) the conventional solution-chemistry-based preparation of the corresponding metal complex monomers having a 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-protected amino acid moiety and 2) their sequential coupling together with other water-soluble organic building units on the surface-functionalized polymeric resin by following the procedures originally developed for the solid-phase synthesis of polypeptides, with proper modifications. Traces of reactions determined by mass spectrometric analysis at the representative coupling steps in stage 2 confirm the selective construction of a predetermined sequence of metal centers along with the peptide backbone. The WSMOCA cleaved from the resin at the end of stage 2 has a certain level of solubility in aqueous media dependent on the pH value and/or salt content, which is useful for the purification of the compound.

A potential general method for the synthesis of water-soluble multimetallic peptidic arrays containing a predetermined sequence of metal centers is presented.

We demonstrate a method for the synthesis of a water-soluble multimetallic peptidic array containing a predetermined sequence of metal centers such as ...

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

Micro-analytical techniques based on chemical element imaging enable the localization and quantification of chemical composition at the cellular level. They offer new possibilities for the characterization of living systems and are particularly appropriate for detecting, localizing and quantifying the presence of metal oxide nanoparticles both in biological specimens and the environment. Indeed, these techniques all meet relevant requirements in terms of (i) sensitivity (from 1 up to 10 &#181;g.g-1 of dry mass), (ii) micrometer range spatial resolution, and (iii) multi-element detection. Given these characteristics, microbeam chemical element imaging can powerfully complement routine imaging techniques such as optical and fluorescence microscopy. This protocol describes how to perform a nuclear microprobe analysis on cultured cells (U2OS) exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Cells must grow on and be exposed directly in a specially designed sample holder used on the optical microscope and in the nuclear microprobe analysis stages. Plunge-freeze cryogenic fixation of the samples preserves both the cellular organization and the chemical element distribution. Simultaneous nuclear microprobe analysis (scanning transmission ion microscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and particle induced X-ray emission) performed on the sample provides information about the cellular density, the local distribution of the chemical elements, as well as the cellular content of nanoparticles. There is a growing need for such analytical tools within biology, especially in the emerging context of Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine for which our comprehension of the interactions between nanoparticles and biological samples must be deepened. In particular, as nuclear microprobe analysis does not require nanoparticles to be labelled, nanoparticle abundances are quantifiable down to the individual cell level in a cell population, independently of their surface state.

In Situ Detection and Single Cell Quantification of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nuclear Microprobe Analysis

We describe a procedure for the detection of chemical elements present in situ in human cells as well as their in vitro quantification. The method is well-suited to any cell type and is particularly useful for quantitative chemical analyses in single cells following in vitro metal oxide nanoparticles exposure.

Micro-analytical techniques based on chemical element imaging enable the localization and quantification of chemical composition at the cellular level. ...

Ligand-Mediated Nucleation and Growth of Palladium Metal Nanoparticles

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution of capping ligands during the synthesis reaction, their role in regulating the nucleation and growth rates of colloidal nanoparticles is not well understood. In this work, we demonstrate a mechanistic investigation of the role of trioctylphosphine (TOP) in Pd nanoparticles in different solvents (toluene and pyridine) using in situ SAXS and ligand-based kinetic modeling. Our results under different synthetic conditions reveal the overlap of nucleation and growth of Pd nanoparticles during the reaction, which contradicts the LaMer-type nucleation and growth model. The model accounts for the kinetics of Pd-TOP binding for both, the precursor and the particle surface, which is essential to capture the size evolution as well as the concentration of particles in situ. In addition, we illustrate the predictive power of our ligand-based model through designing the synthetic conditions to obtain nanoparticles with desired sizes. The proposed methodology can be applied to other synthesis systems and therefore serves as an effective strategy for predictive synthesis of colloidal nanoparticles.

The main goal of this work is to elucidate the role of capping agents in regulating the size of palladium nanoparticles by combining in situ small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and ligand-based kinetic modeling.

The size, size distribution and stability of colloidal nanoparticles are greatly affected by the presence of capping ligands. Despite the key contribution ...

Surface Functionalization of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Improved Moisture Resistance

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous inorganic materials with promising properties in gas storage and separation, catalysis and sensing. However, the main issue limiting their applicability is their poor stability in humid conditions. The common methods to overcome this problem involve the formation of strong metal-linker bonds by using highly charged metals, which is limited to a number of structures, the introduction of alkylic groups to the framework by post-synthetic modification (PSM) or chemical vapour deposition (CVD) to enhance overall hydrophobicity of the framework. These last two usually provoke a drastic reduction of the porosity of the material. These strategies do not permit to exploit the properties of the MOF already available and it is imperative to find new methods to enhance the stability of MOFs in water while keeping their properties intact. Herein, we report a novel method to enhance the water stability of MOF crystals featuring Cu2(O2C)4&#160;paddle-wheel units, such as HKUST (where HKUST stands for Hong Kong University of Science &#38; Technology), with the catechols functionalized with alkyl and fluoro-alkyl chains. By taking advantage of the unsaturated metal sites and the catalytic catecholase-like activity of CuII ions, we are able to create robust hydrophobic coatings through the oxidation and subsequent polymerization of the catechol units on the surface of the crystals under anaerobic and water-free conditions without disrupting the underlying structure of the framework. This approach not only affords the material with improved water stability but also provides control over the function of the protective coating, which enables the development of functional coatings for the adsorption and separations of volatile organic compounds. We are confident that this approach could also be extended to other unstable MOFs featuring open metal sites.

Robust functional catechol coatings were produced in one step by direct reaction of the material known as HKUST with synthetic catechols under anaerobic conditions. The formation of homogeneous coatings surrounding the entire crystal is ascribed to the biomimetic catalytic activity of Cu(II) dimers on the external surface of the crystals.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous inorganic materials with promising properties in gas storage and separation, catalysis and sensing. ...

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports (polymer, ceramic, metal, carbon, and graphene). We developed a novel crystallization technique, which is termed the ENACT approach: the electrophoretic nuclei assembly for the crystallization of highly intergrown thin films (ENACT). This approach allows for a high density of heterogeneous nucleation of MOFs on a chosen substrate via the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) directly from the precursor sol. The growth of well-packed MOF nuclei leads to a highly intergrown polycrystalline MOF film. We show that this simple approach can be used for the synthesis of thin, intergrown zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF)-7 and ZIF-8 films. The resulting 500 nm-thick ZIF-8 membranes show a considerably high H2 permeance (8.3 x 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1) and ideal gas selectivities (7.3 for H2/CO2, 15.5 for H2/N2, 16.2 for H2/CH4, and 2655 for H2/C3H8). An attractive performance for C3H6/C3H8 separation is also achieved (a C3H6 permeance of 9.9 x 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and a C3H6/C3H8 ideal selectivity of 31.6 at 25 &#176;C). Overall, the ENACT process, owing to its simplicity, can be extended to synthesize intergrown thin films of a wide range of nanoporous crystalline materials.

A simple, reproducible, and versatile approach for the synthesis of intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports is presented.

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...

Molten-Salt Synthesis of Complex Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. Here, we introduce the molten-salt synthesis (MSS) method for making metal oxide nanomaterials. Advantages over other methods include its simplicity, greenness, reliability, scalability, and generalizability. Using pyrochlore lanthanum hafnium oxide (La2Hf2O7) as a representative, we describe the MSS protocol for the successful synthesis of complex metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). Furthermore, this method has the unique ability to produce NPs with different material features by changing various synthesis parameters such as pH, temperature, duration, and post-annealing. By fine-tuning these parameters, we are able to synthesize highly uniform, non-agglomerated, and highly crystalline NPs. As a specific example, we vary the particle size of the La2Hf2O7&#160;NPs by changing the concentration of the ammonium hydroxide solution used in the MSS process, which allows us to further explore the effect of particle size on various properties. It is expected that the MSS method will become a more popular synthesis method for nanomaterials and more widely employed in the nanoscience and nanotechnology community in the upcoming years.

Here, we demonstrate a unique, relatively low-temperature, molten-salt synthesis method for preparing uniform complex metal oxide lanthanum hafnate nanoparticles.

The development of feasible synthesis methods is critical for the successful exploration of novel properties and potential applications of nanomaterials. ...

Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Techniques for Determining the Structure and Mechanisms of Metal Ion Recognition and Redox Activity of Metal Binding Oligopeptides

Electrospray ionization (ESI) can transfer an aqueous-phase peptide or peptide complex to the gas-phase while conserving its mass, overall charge, metal-binding interactions, and conformational shape. Coupling ESI with ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) provides an instrumental technique that allows for simultaneous measurement of a peptide&#8217;s mass-to-charge (m/z) and collision cross section (CCS) that relate to its stoichiometry, protonation state, and conformational shape. The overall charge of a peptide complex is controlled by the protonation of 1) the peptide&#8217;s acidic and basic sites and 2) the oxidation state of the metal ion(s). Therefore, the overall charge state of a complex is a function of the pH of the solution that affects the peptides metal ion binding affinity. For ESI-IM-MS analyses, peptide and metal ions solutions are prepared from aqueous-only solutions, with the pH adjusted with dilute aqueous acetic acid or ammonium hydroxide. This allows for pH dependence and metal ion selectivity to be determined for a specific peptide. Furthermore, the m/z and CCS of a peptide complex can be used with B3LYP/LanL2DZ molecular modeling to discern binding sites of the metal ion coordination and tertiary structure of the complex. The results show how ESI-IM-MS can characterize the selective chelating performance of a set of alternative methanobactin peptides and compare them to the copper-binding peptide methanobactin.

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry and molecular modeling techniques can characterize the selective metal chelating performance of designed metal-binding peptides and the copper-binding peptide methanobactin. Developing new classes of metal chelating peptides will help lead to therapeutics for diseases associated with metal ion misbalance.