Name: dynamic measurement and imaging of capillaries, arterioles, and pericytes in mouse heart
Uploaded: 2020-07-29T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart at JoVE.com

This work was supported in part by the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (BioMET); NIH (1U01HL116321) and (1R01HL142290) and the American Heart Association 10SDG4030042 (GZ), 19POST34450156 (HCJ).

All animal care was in accordance with the guidelines of the University of Maryland Baltimore and the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approved protocols.
1. Preparation of the solutions
NOTE: Prepare solutions in advance. Two types of basic solutions are used in the experiments: (1) physiological saline solutions (PSS) for bath superfusate and (2) Tyrode&#8217;s solutions for lumen perfusate. Continuous bubbling with CO2 is needed to maintain th...

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In the present work, we have introduced a remarkably simple yet highly practical ex vivo method to study the coronary microcirculation in heart under physiological conditions. This method was modified from mechanical investigations using rats2. The challenging addition was the imaging technology with high speed and high optical resolution. We, therefore, were able to take advantage of the advanced optical imaging systems that are now commercially available. By careful dissection and placement of t...

Appropriate coronary pressure-flow regulation assures sufficient blood supply to the heart to meet its metabolic demands1. However, it has only recently become clear how coronary pressure-flow is dynamically regulated in heart, despite extensive studies that have been performed in vivo and in vitro for the past decades. One of the reasons is the difficulty in establishing a physiological working model for such studies due to the constant beating of the heart. Regardless, a variety of methods have been established for the observation of the coronary micro-vessels in living tissues or animals, but none of these methods were able to achieve constant/stable focus and the measurements of the pressure, flow and microvascular diameter at the same time2,3. The direct visualization of coronary arterial micro-vessels in beating heart was introduced decades ago4,3, but the diameter measurements in small vessels was challenging and the specific functions of the many specialized cell types associated with the microcirculation was equally vexing. Even the stroboscopic method and the floating objective system could not provide the above information simultaneously5. Nevertheless, a significant amount of valuable information has been obtained using the aforementioned technologies, which have helped us understanding more about the regulation of coronary blood flow6. The method we are describing in this paper will help one investigate and understand in detail how components of coronary arteries, the arterioles and the microvasculature respond differently to stimulations and metabolic demands.
The working model we established to pursue these studies was built on the previous work of Westerhof et al.2. Following cannulation of the septal artery of the mouse heart, physiological saline solution was used to perfuse that artery to keep the myocytes and other components of the heart tissue nourished. The arterial perfusion pressure, the flow and the vascular diameter was monitored among other physiological functions using appropriate fluorescent indicators. This method enables us to visualize the coronary microvascular bed under physiological pressure in living tissue and study the cellular mechanisms underlying microcirculation regulation for the first time.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M CaCl2 solution</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma, USA</td>
			<td>21115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M MgCl2 solution</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma, USA</td>
			<td>M1028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AxoScope software</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chiller/water incubator</td>
			<td>FisherScientific, USA</td>
			<td>Isotemp 3016S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments, USA</td>
			<td>A1R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Custom glass tubing</td>
			<td>Drummond Scientific Company</td>
			<td>9-000-3301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digidata 1322A</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus, Japan</td>
			<td>SZX12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelin-1</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma, USA</td>
			<td>E7764</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools</td>
			<td>11295-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, USA</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inline solution Heater</td>
			<td>Warner Istruments, Hamden, CT, USA</td>
			<td>SH-27B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>VETone, Idaho, USA</td>
			<td>502017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA, USA</td>
			<td>P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette/cannula holder</td>
			<td>Warner Istruments, Hamden, CT, USA</td>
			<td>64-0981</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NG2DsRedBAC transgenic mouse</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>#008241</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon thread for tying blood vessels</td>
			<td>Living Systems Instrumentation, Burlington, Vt, USA</td>
			<td>THR-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane)</td>
			<td>SYLGARD, Germantown, WI, USA</td>
			<td>184 SIL ELAST KIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td>Gilson, Middleton, WI, USA</td>
			<td>minipuls 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure Servo Controller</td>
			<td>Living Systems Instrumentation, Burlington, Vt, USA</td>
			<td>PS-200-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Scientific Tools, Foster City, CA, USA</td>
			<td>15000-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Servo Pump</td>
			<td>Living Systems Instrumentation, Burlington, Vt, USA</td>
			<td>PS-200-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controller</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT, USA</td>
			<td>TC-324B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat Germ Agglutinin, Alexa Fluor 488 Conjugate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA</td>
			<td>W11261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dynamic measurement and imaging of capillaries, arterioles, and pericytes in mouse heart

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion pressure. However, it is difficult to monitor the dynamic changes of the coronary arterioles and the capillaries in the whole heart, primarily due to its motion and non-stop beating. Here we describe a method that enables monitoring of arterial perfusion rate, pressure and the diameter changes of the arterioles and capillaries in mouse right ventricular papillary muscles. The mouse septal artery is cannulated and perfused at a constant flow or pressure with the other dynamically measured. After perfusion with a fluorescently labeled lectin (e.g., Alexa Fluor-488 or -633 labeled Wheat-Germ Agglutinin, WGA), the arterioles and capillaries (and other vessels) in right ventricle papillary muscle and septum could be readily imaged. The vessel-diameter changes could then be measured in the presence or absence of heart contractions. When genetically encoded fluorescent proteins were expressed, specific features could be monitored. For examples, pericytes were visualized in mouse hearts that expressed NG2-DsRed. This method has provided a useful platform to study the physiological functions of capillary pericytes in heart. It is also suitable for studying the effect of reagents on the blood flow in heart by measuring the vascular/capillary diameter and the arterial luminal pressure simultaneously. This preparation, combined with a state-of-the-art optic imaging system, allows one to study the blood flow and its control at cellular and molecular level in the heart under near-physiological conditions.

When a fluorescence vascular marker is perfused in vascular lumen (here WGA conjugated with Alexa Fluor-488), it is possible to visualize whole vascular trees as shown in Figure 5 (Left panel) using high-speed confocal microscope. Further magnification enables the imaging of capillary in detail (Figure 5, Right Panel). Since the pressurized system supports a constant monitoring of luminal pressure, this preparation can be used for associate changes in arterial d...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart at JoVE.com

Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart

Presented here is a protocol to study the coronary microcirculation in living murine heart tissue by ex vivo monitoring of the arterial perfusion pressure and flow that maintains the pressure, as well as vascular tree components including the capillary beds and pericytes, as the septal artery is cannulated and pressurized.

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion ...

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