이 사업은 삼성과학기술재단(프로젝트 번호 SSTF-BA1801-10)의 보조금으로 지원되었다.

<ol>
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저자는 공개 할 것이 없습니다

숙련된 수술 기술은 우리가 여기에서 설명한 편도체와 같은 더 깊은 두뇌 지구에 있는 헤드 마운트 소형 현미경 검사법을 가진 생체 내 광학 칼슘 화상 진찰에서 성공을 달성하기 위해 필수적입니다. 따라서 이 프로토콜은 베이스플레이트 부착 및 GRIN 렌즈 이식의 최적화된 수술 과정에 대한 지침을 제공하지만 중요한 단계에 추가 최적화 프로세스가 필요할 수 있습니다. 프로토콜 섹션에서 언급?...

칼슘은 거의 모든 세포 기능8에서중요한 역할을하는 유비쿼터스 두 번째 메신저입니다. 뉴런에서, 작용 잠재력 발사 및 시냅스 입력은 세포내 무료 [Ca2+]9,10의급격한 변화를 일으킨다. 따라서 칼슘 과도를 추적하면 신경 활동을 모니터링 할 수있는 기회를 제공합니다. GECI는 정의된 세포 인구 및 셀룰러 내구획(11,12)에서[Ca2+]모니터링을 허용하는 강력한 도구입니다. 단백질 기반 칼슘 표시기의 많은 다른 모형 중, GCaMP, 단일 GFP 분자13에근거를 둔 Ca2+ 프로브는, 가장 최적화되고 이렇게 널리 사용되는 GECI입니다. 여러 차례의 엔지니어링을 통해 GCaMP의 여러 변형이12,14,15,16을개발했습니다. 우리는 이 프로토콜16에서최근에 개발된 GCaMPPs, GCaMP7b 중 하나를 사용합니다. GCaMP센서는 개발 17 동안 Ca2+ 과도의 이미징, 특정 피질층(18)에서의생체 이미징, 모터 작업 학습19의 회로 역학 측정 및 해마및 대미20의 연관 공포 기억과 관련된 세포 앙상블 활동의이미징과 같은 다수의 모델 유기체에서 신경 회로 기능의 연구에 크게기여했다.
GECIs의 광학 이미징은 몇 가지 장점이있습니다 22. 유전 인코딩을 통해 GECI는 유전자 프로파일 또는 해부학 적 연결의 특정 패턴에 의해 정의되는 세포의 특정 하위 집합에서 장기간 안정적으로 표현 될 수 있습니다. 광학 이미징은 살아있는 동물에서 수백에서 수천 개의 뉴런을 생체 내에서 만성 동시 모니터링할 수 있게 합니다. 몇몇 광학 이미징 시스템은 헤드 마운트 소형형 광소 현미경21,23,24,25로마우스를 자유롭게 행동하는 뇌 내에서 GECIs의 생체 이미징 및 분석을 위해 개발되었다. GECIs, GRIN 렌즈 및 헤드 마운트 소형 현미경을 기반으로 한 생체 내 광학 이미징 기술이 신경 회로 활동과 행동 사이의 연관성을 연구하는 강력한 도구임에도 불구하고, 편도체에 이 기술을 적용하는 것은 GRIN 렌즈를 미막도라에서 GEC를 표현하는 세포에 표적화하는 것과 관련된 몇 가지 기술적 문제로 인해 어려웠으며, 이는 GEC의 이미지를 심각하게 저하시키는 동작 아티팩트를 유발하고 이미지를 저하시키는 데 방해가 되고 있다. 이 프로토콜은 편도체에서 생체 내 광학 칼슘 이미징에서 성공적인 단계를 위한 중요한 단계인 베이스플레이트 부착 및 GRIN 렌즈 이식의 외과 적 절차에 유용한 지침을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다. 이 프로토콜은 편도체를 대상으로하지만, 여기에 설명 된 대부분의 절차는 일반적으로 다른 깊은 뇌 영역에 적용됩니다. 이 프로토콜은 특정 시스템(예: Inscopix)을 기반으로 하지만 다른 대체 시스템에서동일한 목적을 쉽게 달성할 수 있습니다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:666px;" width="665">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">26G needle</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">BD</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">302002</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AAV1-Syn-GCaMP7b-WPRE</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">104493-AAV1</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:216px;">AAV2/1-CaMKii&#945;-GFP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">custom made</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Acrylic-Dental cement (Ortho-jet Acrylic Pink)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Lang</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1334-pink</td>
			<td>Surgery &#38; Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Air flow manipulator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NTR000253-04</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Amoxicillin</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A8523-5G</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baseplate</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002192</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Baseplate cover</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002193</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral apparatus (chamber)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Coulbourn Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Testcage</td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Behavioral apparatus (software)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Coulbourn Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Freeze Frame</td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carbon cage</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">180mm x 70mm</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PHR1452-1G</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Data processing software</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">INSCOPIX Data Processing Software</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment &#38; Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dexamethasone</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D1756-500MG</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Drill</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Seyang</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">marathon-4</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Drill bur</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ELA</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">US1/2, Shank104</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass needle</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">PG10165-4</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">GRIN lens (INSCOPIX Proview Lens Probe)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002208</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hamilton Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">84875</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Head plate</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Model 5</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Hex-key</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-004195</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Laptop computer</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Samsung</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NT950XBV</td>
			<td>Surgery &#38; Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lens holder, Stereotaxic rod (INSCOPIX proview implant kit)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-004223</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Microscope gripper</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1050-002199</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microscope, DAQ software, hardware</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">INSCOPIX</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">nVista 3.0</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment &#38; Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mobile homecage</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurotar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MHC V5</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Moterized arm</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurostar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Customized</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Moterized arm software</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Neurostar</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Customized</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NI board</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">National instrument</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>Behavior test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Removable epoxy bond</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Kwik-Cast</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Resin cement (Super-bond)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Sun medical</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Super bond C&#38;B</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Skull screw</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51457</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic electrode holder</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ASI</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">EH-600</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51600</td>
			<td>Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereotaxic manipulator</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Stoelting</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:161px;">51600</td>
			<td>Baseplate Attachment</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

successful in vivo calcium imaging with a head-mount miniaturized microscope in the amygdala of freely behaving mouse

자유롭게 움직이는 동물에서 신경 활동의 생체 내 실시간 모니터링은 행동에 신경 활동을 연결하는 주요 접근 법 중 하나입니다. 이를 위해, 유전자 인코딩된 칼슘 지표(GECIs), 소형형 형광 현미경, 그라데이션 굴절지수(GRIN) 렌즈를 사용하여 뉴런의 칼슘 과도를 검출하는 생체 내 이미징 기술이 개발되어 많은 뇌 구조1,2,3,4,5,6에성공적으로 적용되었다. 이 화상 진찰 기술은 최대 몇 주까지 장기 기간 동안 유전으로 정의된 세포 집단의 만성 동시 화상 진찰을 가능하게 하기 때문에 특히 강력합니다. 유용하지만, 이 화상 진찰 기술은 편도체, 정서적 처리 및 연관 공포 기억 기억7을위한 필수적인 두뇌 구조물과 같은 두뇌 내깊은 찾아내는 두뇌 구조물에 쉽게 적용되지 않았습니다. 편도체에 이미징 기술을 적용하는 것을 어렵게 만드는 몇몇 요인이 있습니다. 예를 들면, 운동 유물은 일반적으로 두뇌에 있는 깊은 이식된 헤드 마운트 현미경이 상대적으로 불안정하기 때문에 더 깊은 두뇌 지구에서 실시하는 화상 진찰 도중 더 빈번해 깁니다. 또 다른 문제는 측면 심실이 이식된 GRIN 렌즈에 가깝게 위치하고 호흡 도중의 움직임이 쉽게 교정할 수 없는 고불규칙한 동작 아티팩트를 유발할 수 있어 안정적인 이미징 뷰를 형성하기가 어렵다는 것입니다. 더욱이, 편도체내의 세포는 일반적으로 휴식 또는 마취 상태에서 조용하기 때문에, 나중에 이미징을 위한 기질도금 절차 도중 편도체에서 GECI를 발현하는 표적 세포를 찾아 서 집중하기 어렵다. 이 프로토콜은 이러한 깊은 뇌 영역에서 생체 내 칼슘 이미징을 성공적으로 위해 헤드 마운트 소형 현미경으로 편도체에서 GECI를 발현하는 세포를 효율적으로 표적으로 하는 방법에 대한 유용한 지침을 제공합니다. 이 프로토콜은 특정 시스템(예: Inscopix)을 기반으로 하지만 제한되지는 않습니다.

GRIN 렌즈 이식 의 검증 만성적으로 시멘트를 통해 뇌에 베이스 플레이트를 부착하기 전에 GRIN 렌즈 이식을 검증해야 합니다. 렌즈 이식이 성공한 동물의 경우, GCaMP 발현 세포와 혈관 모두 현미경의 객관적인 렌즈와 이식된 GRIN렌즈(그림 2A 및 B)사이의거리에 의해 결정된 초점 평면 범위 내에서 명확하게 관찰되었다. 대조적으로, 오프...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse at JoVE.com

Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

생체 내 미세 엔도스코픽 칼슘 이미징은 자유롭게 행동하는 동물의 신경 활동을 실시간으로 모니터링 할 수있는 귀중한 도구입니다. 그러나, 편도체에 이 기술을 적용하는 것은 어려웠습니다. 이 프로토콜은 마우스에 있는 소형화된 현미경으로 편도체 세포를 성공적으로 표적으로 하기 위한 유용한 지침을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

자유롭게 행동하는 마우스의 편도체에 있는 머리 산 소형 현미경을 가진 성공적인 생체 내 칼슘 화상 진찰

In vivo real-time monitoring of neuronal activities in freely moving animals is one of key approaches to link neuronal activity to behavior. For this ...

successful-vivo-calcium-imaging-with-head-mount-miniaturized

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.0K 조회수.  Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). 생체 내 미세 엔도스코픽 칼슘 이미징은 자유롭게 행동하는 동물의 신경 활동을 실시간으로 모니터링 할 수있는 귀중한 도구입니다. 그러나, 편도체에 이 기술을 적용하는 것은 어려웠습니다. 이 프로토콜은 마우스에 있는 소형화된 현미경으로 편도체 세포를 성공적으로 표적으로 하기 위한 유용한 지침을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다.

비디오: Successful In vivo Calcium Imaging with a Head-Mount Miniaturized Microscope in the Amygdala of Freely Behaving Mouse

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, well-characterized nervous system allows identification and fluorescence imaging of any neuron within the intact animal. Simple immobilization techniques with minimal impact on the animal's physiology allow extended time-lapse imaging. The development of genetically-encoded calcium sensitive fluorophores such as cameleon 1 and GCaMP 2 allow in vivo imaging of neuronal calcium relating both cell physiology and neuronal activity. Numerous transgenic strains expressing these fluorophores in specific neurons are readily available or can be constructed using well-established techniques. Here, we describe detailed procedures for measuring calcium dynamics within a single neuron in vivo using both GCaMP and cameleon. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of both as well as various methods of sample preparation (animal immobilization) and image analysis. Finally, we present results from two experiments: 1) Using GCaMP to measure the sensory response of a specific neuron to an external electrical field and 2) Using cameleon to measure the physiological calcium response of a neuron to traumatic laser damage. Calcium imaging techniques such as these are used extensively in C. elegans and have been extended to measurements in freely moving animals, multiple neurons simultaneously and comparison across genetic backgrounds. C. elegans presents a robust and flexible system for in vivo neuronal imaging with advantages over other model systems in technical simplicity and cost.

In vivo Neuronal Calcium Imaging in C. elegans

With its small transparent body, well-documented neuroanatomy and a host of amenable genetic techniques and reagents, C. elegans makes an ideal model organism for in vivo neuronal imaging using relatively simple, low-cost techniques. Here we describe single neuron imaging within intact adult animals using genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators.

C.의 생체 Neuronal 칼슘 이미징에서 elegans

The nematode worm C. elegans is an ideal model organism  for relatively simple, low cost neuronal imaging in vivo. Its small transparent body and simple, ...

연구

신경과학

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new method of Ca2+-imaging using the bioluminescent reporter GFP-aequorin (GA) has been developed. This new technique relies on the fusion of the GFP and aequorin genes, producing a molecule capable of binding calcium and&#160;&#8212; with the addition of its cofactor coelenterazine &#8212; emitting bright light that can be monitored through a photon collector. Transgenic lines carrying the GFP-aequorin gene have been generated for both mice and Drosophila. In Drosophila, the GFP-aequorin gene has been placed under the control of the GAL4/UAS binary expression system allowing for targeted expression and imaging within the brain. This method has subsequently been shown to be capable of detecting both inward Ca2+-transients and Ca2+-released from inner stores. Most importantly it allows for a greater duration in continuous recording, imaging at greater depths within the brain, and recording at high temporal resolutions (up to 8.3 msec). Here we present the basic method for using bioluminescent imaging to record and analyze Ca2+-activity within the mushroom bodies, a structure central to learning and memory in the fly brain.

In Vivo Functional Brain Imaging Approach Based on Bioluminescent Calcium Indicator GFP-aequorin

Here we present a novel Ca2+-imaging approach using a bioluminescent reporter. This approach uses a fused construct GFP-aequorin which binds to Ca2+ and emits light, eliminating the need for light excitation. Significantly this method permits long continuous imaging, access to deep brain structures and high temporal resolution.

발광 생물 칼슘 표시 GFP - 쿼린을 기반으로 생체 기능성 뇌 영상의 접근 방식

Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized animals. Highly sensitive, genetically encoded fluorescent reporters of Ca2+ have revolutionized the recording of cell and synaptic activity using non-invasive optical approaches in behaving animals. When combined with genetic and optogenetic techniques, the molecular mechanisms that modulate cell and circuit activity during different behavior states can be identified.
Here we describe methods for ratiometric Ca2+ imaging of single neurons in freely behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. We demonstrate a simple mounting technique that gently overlays worms growing on a standard Nematode Growth Media (NGM) agar block with a glass coverslip, permitting animals to be recorded at high-resolution during unrestricted movement and behavior. With this technique, we use the sensitive Ca2+ reporter GCaMP5 to record changes in intracellular Ca2+ in the serotonergic Hermaphrodite Specific Neurons (HSNs) as they drive egg-laying behavior. By co-expressing mCherry, a Ca2+-insensitive fluorescent protein, we can track the position of the HSN within ~ 1 &#181;m and correct for fluctuations in fluorescence caused by changes in focus or movement. Simultaneous, infrared brightfield imaging allows for behavior recording and animal tracking using a motorized stage. By integrating these microscopic techniques and data streams, we can record Ca2+ activity in the C. elegans egg-laying circuit as it progresses between inactive and active behavior states over tens of minutes.

Ratiometric Calcium Imaging of Individual Neurons in Behaving Caenorhabditis Elegans

This protocol describes the use of genetically encoded Ca2+ reporters to record changes in neural activity in behaving Caenorhabditis elegans worms. &#8195;

꼬마 선 충 을 행동에 개별 뉴런의 비율 칼슘 이미징

It has become increasingly clear that neural circuit activity in behaving animals differs substantially from that seen in anesthetized or immobilized ...

Long-term Sensory Conflict in Freely Behaving Mice

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning in mice. By permanently wearing a device fixed on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages. Therefore, this protocol readily enables the study of the visual system and multisensory interactions over an extended timeframe that would not be accessible otherwise. In addition to lowering the experimental costs of long-term sensory learning in naturally behaving mice, this approach accommodates the combination of in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the reported example, video-oculography is performed to quantify the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic reflex (OKR) before and after learning. Mice exposed to this long-term sensory conflict between visual and vestibular inputs presented a strong VOR gain decrease but exhibited few OKR changes. Detailed steps of device assembly, animal care, and reflex measurements are hereby reported.

The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for experiments aimed at studying long-term learning. By permanently wearing a fixed device on their heads, mice are continuously exposed to a sensory mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs while freely moving in home cages.

자유롭게 행동 하는 쥐에 장기 감각 충돌

Long-term sensory conflict protocols are a valuable means of studying motor learning. The presented protocol produces a persistent sensory conflict for ...

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent and cause visual impairment and blindness. Understanding how such diseases progress is critical to formulating new treatments. In vivo&#160;microscopy in animal models of disease is a powerful tool for understanding neurodegeneration and has led to important progress towards treatments of conditions ranging from Alzheimer&#39;s disease to stroke. Given that the retina is the only central nervous system structure inherently accessible by optical approaches, it naturally lends itself towards in vivo imaging. However, the native optics of the lens and cornea present some challenges for effective imaging access.
This protocol outlines methods for in vivo two-photon imaging of cellular cohorts and structures in the mouse retina at cellular resolution, applicable for both acute- and chronic-duration imaging experiments. It presents examples of retinal ganglion cell (RGC), amacrine cell, microglial, and vascular imaging using a suite of labeling techniques including adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, transgenic mice, and inorganic dyes. Importantly, these techniques extend to all cell types of the retina, and suggested methods for accessing other cellular populations of interest are described. Also detailed are example strategies for manual image postprocessing for display and quantification. These techniques are directly applicable to studies of retinal function in health and disease.

In vivo imaging is a powerful tool for the study of biology in health and disease. This protocol describes transpupillary imaging of the mouse retina with a standard two-photon microscope. It also demonstrates different in vivoimaging methods to fluorescently label multiple cellular cohorts of the retina.

경동공 이광자 마우스 망막의 생체 내 이미징

The retina transforms light signals from the environment into electrical signals that are propagated to the brain. Diseases of the retina are prevalent ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging of Mouse Geniculate Ganglion Neuron Responses to Taste Stimuli

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using calcium as a proxy for neuronal activity, these techniques provide a way to monitor the responses of individual cells within large neuronal ensembles to a variety of stimuli in real time. We, and others, have applied these techniques to image the responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons to taste stimuli applied to the tongues of live anesthetized mice. The geniculate ganglion is comprised of the cell bodies of gustatory neurons innervating the anterior tongue and palate as well as some somatosensory neurons innervating the pinna of the ear. Imaging the taste-evoked responses of individual geniculate ganglion neurons with GCaMP has provided important information about the tuning profiles of these neurons in wild-type mice as well as a way to detect peripheral taste miswiring phenotypes in genetically manipulated mice. Here we demonstrate the surgical procedure to expose the geniculate ganglion, GCaMP fluorescence image acquisition, initial steps for data analysis, and troubleshooting. This technique can be used with transgenically encoded GCaMP, or with AAV-mediated GCaMP expression, and can be modified to image particular genetic subsets of interest (i.e., Cre-mediated GCaMP expression). Overall, in vivo calcium imaging of geniculate ganglion neurons is a powerful technique for monitoring the activity of peripheral gustatory neurons and provides complementary information to more traditional whole-nerve chorda tympani recordings or taste behavior assays.

Here we present how to expose the geniculate ganglion of a live, anesthetized laboratory mouse and how to use calcium imaging to measure the responses of ensembles of these neurons to taste stimuli, allowing for multiple trials with different stimulants. This allows for in depth comparisons of which neurons respond to which tastants.

마우스 의 생체 칼슘 이미징에서 맛 자극에 신경절 신경 반응

Within the last ten years, advances in genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) have promoted a revolution in in vivo functional imaging. Using ...

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the cerebellum. IO has long been proposed to be crucial for motor control and its activity is currently considered to be at the center of many hypotheses of both motor and cognitive functions of the cerebellum. While its physiology and function have been relatively well studied on single-cell level in vitro, presently there are no reports on the organization of the IO network activity in living animals. This is largely due to the extremely challenging anatomical location of the IO, making it difficult to subject to conventional fluorescent imaging methods, where an optic path must be created through the entire brain located dorsally to the region of interest.
Here we describe an alternative method for obtaining state-of-the-art -level calcium imaging data from the IO network. The method takes advantage of the extreme ventral location of the IO and involves a surgical procedure for inserting a gradient-refractive index (GRIN) lens through the neck viscera to come into contact with the ventral surface of the calcium sensor GCaMP6s-expressing IO in anesthetized mice. A representative calcium imaging recording is shown to demonstrate the feasibility to record IO neuron activity after the surgery. While this is a non-survival surgery and the recordings must be conducted under anesthesia, it avoids damage to life-critical brainstem nuclei and allows conducting large variety of experiments investigating spatiotemporal activity patterns and input integration in the IO. This procedure with modifications could be used for recordings in other, adjacent regions of the ventral brainstem.

In vivo Calcium Imaging in Mouse Inferior Olive

We present a protocol to expose the brainstem of adult mouse from the ventral side. By using a gradient-refractive index lens with a miniature microscope, calcium imaging can be used to examine the activity of inferior olive neural somata in vivo.

생체 내 마우스 열등올리브의 칼슘 이미징

Inferior olive (IO), a nucleus in the ventral medulla, is the only source of climbing fibers that form one of the two input pathways entering the ...

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the other hand, two-photon imaging can resolve the activity of local neural circuits at the single-cell level. It is critical to make a large cranial window to perform multiple-scale analysis using both imaging techniques in the same mouse. To achieve this, one must remove a large section of the skull and cover the exposed cortical surface with transparent materials. Previously, glass skulls and polymer-based cranial windows have been developed for this purpose, but these materials are not easily fabricated. The present protocol describes a simple method for making a large cranial window consisting of commercially available polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) wrapping film, a transparent silicone plug, and a cover glass. For imaging the dorsal surface of an entire hemisphere, the window size was approximately 6 x 3 mm2. Severe brain vibrations were not observed regardless of such a large window. Importantly, the condition of the brain surface did not deteriorate for more than one month. Wide-field imaging of a mouse expressing a genetically-encoded calcium indicator (GECI), GCaMP6f, specifically in astrocytes, revealed synchronized responses in a few millimeters. Two-photon imaging of the same mouse showed prominent calcium responses in individual astrocytes over several seconds. Furthermore, a thin layer of an adeno-associated virus was applied to the PVDC film and successfully expressed GECI in cortical neurons over the cranial window. This technique is reliable and cost-effective for making a large cranial window and facilitates the investigation of the neural and glial dynamics and their interactions during behavior at the macroscopic and microscopic levels.

In Vivo Wide-Field and Two-Photon Calcium Imaging from a Mouse Using a Large Cranial Window

The present protocol describes making a large (6 x 3 mm2) cranial window using food wrap, transparent silicone, and cover glass. This cranial window allows in vivo wide-field and two-photon calcium imaging experiments in the same mouse.

생체 내 큰 두개골 창을 사용한 마우스의 광시야 및 2광자 칼슘 이미징

Wide-field calcium imaging from the mouse&#39;s neocortex allows one to observe cortex-wide neural activity related to various brain functions. On the ...

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a crucial component of intracellular signaling. The visualization of subcellular Ca2+ dynamics in vivo,&#160;where neurons can be studied in their native, intact circuitry, has proven technically challenging in complex nervous systems. The transparency and relatively simple nervous system of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans enable the cell-specific expression and in vivo visualization of fluorescent tags and indicators. Among these are fluorescent indicators that have been modified for use in the cytoplasm as well as various subcellular compartments, such as the mitochondria. This protocol enables non-ratiometric Ca2+ imaging in vivo with a subcellular resolution that permits the analysis of Ca2+ dynamics down to the level of individual dendritic spines and mitochondria. Here, two available genetically encoded indicators with different Ca2+ affinities are used to demonstrate the use of this protocol for measuring relative Ca2+ levels within the cytoplasm or mitochondrial matrix in a single pair of excitatory interneurons (AVA). Together with the genetic manipulations and longitudinal observations possible in C. elegans, this imaging protocol may be useful for answering questions regarding how Ca2+ handling regulates neuronal function and plasticity.

Subcellular Imaging of Neuronal Calcium Handling In Vivo

The current methods describe a non-ratiometric approach for high-resolution, sub-compartmental calcium imaging in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans using readily available genetically encoded calcium indicators.

생체 내에서 처리되는 신경 칼슘의 세포 내 이미징

Calcium (Ca2+) imaging has been largely used to examine neuronal activity, but it is becoming increasingly clear that subcellular Ca2+ handling is a ...

Superior Colliculus의 Two-photon 및 Wide-field Calcium 이미징

Calcium Imaging in Mouse Superior Colliculus

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the emergence of the cerebral cortex. It receives direct inputs from ~30 types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), with each encoding a specific visual feature. It remains elusive whether the SC simply inherits retinal features or if additional and potentially de novo processing occurs in the SC. To reveal the neural coding of visual information in the SC, we provide here a detailed protocol to optically record visual responses with two complementary methods in awake mice. One method uses two-photon microscopy to image calcium activity at single-cell resolution without ablating the overlaying cortex, while the other uses wide-field microscopy to image the whole SC of a mutant mouse whose cortex is largely undeveloped. This protocol details these two methods, including animal preparation, viral injection, headplate implantation, plug implantation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The representative results show that the two-photon calcium imaging reveals visually evoked neuronal responses at single-cell resolution, and the wide-field calcium imaging reveals&#160;neural activity across the entire SC. By combining these two methods, one can reveal the neural coding in the SC at different scales, and such combination can also be applied to other brain regions.

저자 스포트라이트: Unveiling Neural Coding and Mechanisms of Visual Processing in the Superior Colliculus 

This protocol details the procedure for imaging calcium responses in the superior colliculus (SC) of awake mice, including imaging single-neuron activity with two-photon microscopy while leaving the cortex intact in wild-type mice, and imaging the entire SC with wide-field microscopy in partial-cortex mutant mice.

Mouse Superior Colliculus의 칼슘 이미징

The superior colliculus (SC), an evolutionarily conserved midbrain structure in all vertebrates, is the most sophisticated visual center before the ...