이 작품은 J.L.R.에 대한 1645331 O.S.A. 및 NSF/BIO 보조금으로 향하는 UCSD 스타트업 펀드에 의해 부분적으로 지원되었습니다.

<ol>
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A., Desplan, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+parental+RNA+interference+in+the+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis.">A method for parental RNA interference in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (1), 486-494 (2006).</li><li>Li, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+heritable+germline+mutations+in+the+jewel+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Generation of heritable germline mutations in the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 901 (2017).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+mutagenesis+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+through+ovarian+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein.">Germline mutagenesis of Nasonia vitripennis through ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein.</a> Insect Molecular Biology. , (2020).</li><li>Li, M., Bui, M., Akbari, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+microinjection+and+transplantation+technique+for+Nasonia+vitripennis+genome+manipulation.">Embryo microinjection and transplantation technique for Nasonia vitripennis genome manipulation.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (130), (2017).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rearing+Sarcophaga+bullata+fly+hosts+for+Nasonia+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Rearing Sarcophaga bullata fly hosts for Nasonia (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Werren, J. H., Loehlin, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+maintenance+of+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Parasitoid+Wasp).">Strain maintenance of Nasonia vitripennis (Parasitoid Wasp).</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2009 (10), (2009).</li><li>Beukeboom, L. W., van de Zande, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+sex+determination+in+the+haplodiploid+wasp+Nasonia+vitripennis+(Hymenoptera:+Chalcidoidea).">Genetics of sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).</a> Journal of Genetics. 89 (3), 333-339 (2010).</li><li>Leung, K., van de Zande, L., Beukeboom, L. 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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+of+different+methods+for+dsrna+delivery+in+cotton+bollworm+(Helicoverpa+armigera).">Efficiency of different methods for dsrna delivery in cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera).</a> Journal of Integrative Agriculture. 13 (1), 115-123 (2014).</li><li>Brown, S., Holtzman, S., Kaufman, T., Denell, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+Tribolium+Deformed+ortholog+and+its+ability+to+directly+regulate+Deformed+target+genes+in+the+rescue+of+a+Drosophila+Deformed+null+mutant.">Characterization of the Tribolium Deformed ortholog and its ability to directly regulate Deformed target genes in the rescue of a Drosophila Deformed null mutant.</a> Development Genes and Evolution. 209 (7), 389-398 (1999).</li><li>Hughes, C. L., Kaufman, T. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+analysis+of+Deformed,+proboscipedia+and+Sex+combs+reduced+in+the+milkweed+bug+Oncopeltus+fasciatus:+novel+roles+for+Hox+genes+in+the+hemipteran+head.">RNAi analysis of Deformed, proboscipedia and Sex combs reduced in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus: novel roles for Hox genes in the hemipteran head.</a> Development. 127 (17), 3683-3694 (2000).</li><li>Dzitoyeva, S., Dimitrijevic, N., Manev, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-abdominal+injection+of+double-stranded+RNA+into+anesthetized+adult+Drosophila+triggers+RNA+interference+in+the+central+nervous+system.">Intra-abdominal injection of double-stranded RNA into anesthetized adult Drosophila triggers RNA interference in the central nervous system.</a> Molecular Psychiatry. 6 (6), 665-670 (2001).</li><li>Chaverra-Rodriguez, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+delivery+of+CRISPR-Cas9+ribonucleoprotein+into+arthropod+ovaries+for+heritable+germline+gene+editing.">Targeted delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein into arthropod ovaries for heritable germline gene editing.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 3008 (2018).</li><li>Macias, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-mediated+gene-editing+in+the+malaria+mosquito+anopheles+stephensi+by+ReMOT+control.">Cas9-mediated gene-editing in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi by ReMOT control.</a> G3. 10 (4), 1353-1360 (2020).</li><li>Heu, C. C., McCullough, F. M., Luan, J., Rasgon, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9-based+genome+editing+in+the+silverleaf+whitefly+(Bemisia+tabaci).">CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).</a> CRISPR Journal. 3 (2), 89-96 (2020).</li><li>Shirai, Y., Daimon, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutations+in+cardinal+are+responsible+for+the+red-1+and+peach+eye+color+mutants+of+the+red+flour+beetle+Tribolium+castaneum.">Mutations in cardinal are responsible for the red-1 and peach eye color mutants of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 529 (2), 372-378 (2020).</li><li>Hunter, W. B., Gonzalez, M. 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JLR과 DCR은 ReMOT 제어 기술에 대한 잠정특허 보호를 신청했습니다. O.S.A.는 Agragene, Inc.의 창립자이며 지분 지분을 가지고 있으며 회사의 과학 자문위원회에서 근무하고 있습니다. 다른 모든 저자는 경쟁 이익을 선언하지 않습니다.

최근 나소니아 비트리피스니체의 다양한 생물학적 질문2,3,7,17의모델 유기체로서 의외의 사용이 증가함에 따라, N. vitripennis 유전자의 기능 분석을 위한 단순화되고 효율적인 프로토콜을 가능하게 하기 위해 주입 방법을 개발하고 최적화할 필요가 있다. 유전자 편집 시약의 배아 미세 주?...

CRISPR/Cas9 유전자 편집은 기능성 유전 연구를 위한 강력한 기술이며, 특히 보석 말살, 나소니아 vitripennis와같은 많은 상승 모델 유기체에서. 사육의 용이성과 완전한 게놈의 가용성은 보석 말벌이 다른 생물학적 과정의 분자 메커니즘을 해명하기위한 중요한 실험 시스템입니다. 예를 들어, N. vitripennis는 최근에 haplodiploid 성 결정 시스템1,2,B 염색체3,4,5,6의생물학의 후성 유전학 적 기초를 해명하는 데 사용되었으며, circadian 및 계절 적조절7,8에대한 유전적기초가있다. N. vitripennis와 함께 작동 하도록 설정 하는 기능 중 일부는 짧은 세대 시간 포함 (~25°C에서 주), 높은 재생 속도, pupal 단계에서 쉽게 섹스 분리, 그리고 4°C에서 균주를 저장 하는 능력. 라이프 사이클은 여성 말벌이 블로우플라이, 사코카하 불라타의새끼를 기생시키는 것으로 시작됩니다. 그들의 ovipositor를 통해, 암컷은 블로우 플라이의 pupal 케이스에 50 개의 계란까지 누워. 계란은 S. bullata pupa에 먹이애로 발전하고, 앞으로 며칠 동안 계속 발전하고, 그 후에 강아지, 성숙한 백과기 및 호스트 puparium9에서출현에 선행됩니다.
RNA 간섭(RNAi)10 및 CRISPR/Cas911,12와같은 N. vitripennis에서기능성 유전 연구를 수행하는 분자 도구는 사용할 수 있지만, 주로 배아 미세주입을수행하는 데 어려움이 있기 때문에 제한된다. N. vitripennis 계란 개발을 위한 pupal 호스트를 필요로 하기 때문에, 계란 조작은 매우 도전. 전 -blastoderm 단계 배아는 호스트 블로우플라이 푸파에서 수집되어야하며, 신속하게 마이크로 주입하고 즉시 개발13을위해 호스트로 다시 옮겨져야 한다. 이러한 단계는 미세 주입 된 배아 또는 pupal 호스트(13)를손상시키지 않도록 정밀하고 전문적인 훈련이 필요합니다. 더욱이, 계란은 매우 작고 깨지기 쉬운, 특히 미세 주입 후, 주입 바늘의 지속적인 막힘을 일으키는 매우 점성 세포질(13). 이러한 기능은 배아 미세 주입을 매우 어렵게 만들며, 대부분의 N. vitripennis 실험실에서 결석한 고도로 훈련된 작업자와 특수 장비를 필요로 합니다.
CRISPR 시약의 전달을 위한 대체 주입 방법의 최적화는 모델 유기체로서 N. vitripennis의 통합에 기여할 것입니다. 강아지와 성인의 조작은 배아를 조작하는 것보다 덜 도전적이며 기본 주사 설정으로 달성 될 수 있습니다. 여기서, 두 가지 프로토콜은 푸파와 성인의 주사를 위해 기술된다: 주사를 위한 특수 한 장비를 관련시키는 하나, 및 유리 모세관 바늘을 장착한 아스피레이터 튜브 어셈블리의 사용을 관련시키는 다른. 흡구관의 사용은 배아 미세 주입을 위한 특수한 장비에 접근할 수 없는 실험실에 특히 적합합니다. 백색 또는 검은 새끼와 성인 말벌을 포함하여 N. vitripennis의다른 발달 단계의 효율적인 주사가 입증됩니다. 흰색 푸팔 단계에서 말벌은 RNAi 중재 녹다운 실험에 특히 적합합니다. 나소니아에서 RNAi는 처음 린치와 Desplan에 의해 설명 되었지만 200610,RNAi 주사가 수행 되는 방법에 대 한 사용할 수 있는 시각적 절차. RNAi는 최근에 B 염색체 PSR (아버지 성비율)3의 haploidizer 유전자를 발견하고 N. vitripennis 생물학적 리듬7에서시계 유전자, 기간의참여를 연구하기 위해 사용되었다.
검은 강아지와 성인 말벌은 ReMOT 제어를 사용하여 CRISPR / Cas9 생식선 유전자 편집을 유도하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다 (화물의 수용체 매개 난소 트랜스듀션) 및 BAPC (분지 수륙 양용 펩티드 캡슐) 프로토콜. 이들 2개의 난소 전달 방법은 최근에 표적 유전자, 신나바르7,12에서생식선 돌연변이를 생성하기 위한 나소니아에서 효과적이기 위하여 기술되었다. 여기서, 간단한 프로토콜은 특수 장비를 필요로하고 배아 미세 주입을 우회하지 않고, 나소니아에서 기능적 유전학 연구를 생성하고 다른 기생 말벌에서 가능성이 있는 pupal 및 성인 주사 모두에 대한 단계별 방법론의 시각적 절차를 포함하는 주사를 위해 제공됩니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 x 15 mm Stackable Petri Dishes, Polystyrene, Mono, Sterile</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>960-97693-083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminosilicate glass capillary tubing 1 mm(outside diameter) x 0.58 mm (inner diameter)</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>BF100-58-10</td>
			<td>Can also use Borosilicate or Quartz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated microcapillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177-5EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BAPC</td>
			<td>phoreus biotech</td>
			<td>BAPtofect-25 0.5 mg Kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 Protein with NLS</td>
			<td>PNABio</td>
			<td>CP01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting needle</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10806-330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNase/RNase-Free distilled Water</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10977-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtojet Express programmable microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Femtotips Microloader tips</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fine-tip paintbrush</td>
			<td>ZEM</td>
			<td>2595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flesh fly pupae,&#160;Sarcophaga bullata</td>
			<td>Ward&#39;s Science</td>
			<td>470180-392</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Food colorant dye</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Test Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>982010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>washable, no toxic school glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td>P-1000 or P-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-A3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>SZ51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pupal and adult injections for rnai and crispr gene editing in nasonia vitripennis

보석 말벌, 나소니아 vitripennis,haplo-diploid 성 결정의 후성 유전학을 연구 하는 효율적인 모델 시스템 되고있다, B 염색체 생물학, 호스트 공생 상호 작용, speciation, 그리고 독 합성. CRISPR/Cas9를 포함하여 몇몇 분자 공구의 가용성에도 불구하고, 기능적인 유전 연구는 아직도 이 유기체에서 제한됩니다. N. vitripennis에 CRISPR/Cas9 기술을 적용하는 주요 제한은 배아 미세 주입의 도전에서 비롯됩니다. 배아의 주사는 작은 배아 크기와 배아 발달을 위한 호스트 강아지의 요구 사항 때문에 이 유기체 및 일반적으로 많은 기생말에서 특히 어렵습니다. 이러한 과제를 해결하기 위해 Cas9 리보뉴클레오단백질 복합체는 배아 미세 주입이 아닌 성인 주사에 의한 여성 난소로의 복합 전달을 최적화하여 체세포 및 헤플라일성 세균 편집을 모두 생성했습니다. 주사 절차는 ReMOT 제어 (화물의 수용체 매개 난소 트랜스듀션) 또는 BAPC (분기 수륙 양용 펩티드 캡슐)를 사용하여 pupae및 여성 말벌에 최적화되었다. 이 방법은 사이트 특정 및 유전 성 생식선 돌연변이를 가능하게 하는 배아 주입에 효과적인 대안으로 표시됩니다.

이 논문은 펨토젯 또는 흡기 튜브를 사용하여 pupal 및 성인 미세 주입을위한 두 가지 쉬운 방법을 제시합니다. 첫 번째 방법은 RNAi 일관성에 중요한 액체를 보다 정밀하게 주입할 수 있지만 두 번째 방법은 나소니아 푸파또는 성인에게 더 많은 양의 액체를 주입할 수 있게 합니다.
표 1에 제시된 대표적인 결?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis at JoVE.com

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

여기서, 우리는 NASOnia vitripennis에 있는 효율적인 pupal 및 성인 주사를 위한 방법을 태아 micro주입에 접근하는 대안으로, RNA 간섭 (RNAi) 또는 CRISPR/Cas9 게놈 편집을 통해 유전자 녹아웃을 통해 RNA 침묵을 사용하여 관심있는 유전자의 기능적 분석을 가능하게 하는 방법을 기술합니다.

나소니아 vitripennis에서 RNAi와 CRISPR 유전자 편집을위한 푸팔과 성인 주사

The jewel wasp, Nasonia vitripennis, has become an efficient model system to study epigenetics of haplo-diploid sex determination, B-chromosome biology, ...

pupal-adult-injections-for-rnai-crispr-gene-editing-nasonia

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

5.1K 조회수.  University of California, San Diego. 여기서, 우리는 NASOnia vitripennis에 있는 효율적인 pupal 및 성인 주사를 위한 방법을 태아 micro주입에 접근하는 대안으로, RNA 간섭 (RNAi) 또는 CRISPR/Cas9 게놈 편집을 통해 유전자 녹아웃을 통해 RNA 침묵을 사용하여 관심있는 유전자의 기능적 분석을 가능하게 하는 방법을 기술합니다. 

비디오: Pupal and Adult Injections for RNAi and CRISPR Gene Editing in Nasonia vitripennis

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes (A. gambiae)

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video protocol illustrates a method used by the Dimopoulos lab to inject dsRNA into Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which harbor the malaria parasite.  The technique manipulating the injection setup and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.

Protocol for RNAi Assays in Adult Mosquitoes A. gambiae

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes. This video protocol illustrates a method used by the Dimopoulos lab to inject dsRNA into Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, which harbor the malaria parasite. The technique manipulating the injection setup and injecting dsRNA into the thorax is illustrated.

성인 모기 (A. gambiae)에서 RNAi의 Assays을위한 프로토콜

Reverse genetic approaches have proven extremely useful for determining  which genes underly resistance to vector pathogens in mosquitoes.  This video ...

연구

생물학

Localized RNAi and Ectopic Gene Expression in the Medicinal Leech

In this video, we show the use of a pneumatic capillary gun for the accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue. We use the procedure to perturb gene expression patterns in selected segments of leech embryos, leaving the untreated segments as internal controls.
The pneumatic capillary gun can be used to reach internal layers of cells at early stages of development without opening the specimen. As a method for localized introduction of substances into living tissues, the biolistic delivery with the gun has several advantages: it is fast, contact-free and non-destructive. In addition, a single capillary gun can be used for independent delivery of different substances. The delivery region can have lateral dimensions of ~50-150 &#181;m and extends over ~15 &#181;m around the mean penetration depth, which is adjustable between 0 and 50 &#181;m. This delivery has the advantage of being able to target a limited number of cells in a selected location intermediate between single cell knock down by microinjection and systemic knockdown through extracellular injections or by means of genetic approaches.
For knocking down or knocking in the expression of the axon guidance molecule Netrin, which is naturally expressed by some central neurons and in the ventral body wall, but not the dorsal domain, we deliver molecules of dsRNA or plasmid-DNA into the body wall and central ganglia. This procedure includes the following steps: (i) preparation of the experimental setup for a specific assay (adjusting the accelerating pressure), (ii) coating the particles with molecules of dsRNA or DNA, (iii) loading the coated particles into the gun, up to two reagents in one assay, (iv) preparing the animals for the particle delivery, (v) delivery of coated particles into the target tissue (body wall or ganglia), and (vi) processing the embryos (immunostaining, immunohistochemistry and neuronal labeling) to visualize the results, usually 2 to 3 days after the delivery.
When the particles were coated with netrin dsRNA, they caused clearly visible knock-down of netrin expression that only occurred in cells containing particles (usually, 1-2 particles per cell). Particles coated with a plasmid encoding EGFP induced fluorescence in neuronal cells when they stopped in their nuclei.

In this video, we show a procedure for an accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue with a novel miniature gene gun. We are knocking down the expression of the axon guidance molecule Netrin in leech embryos by delivering molecules of dsRNA into the ventral body wall and ganglia of single segments.

현지화된 RNAi과 약용 거머리의 이소성 유전자 발현

In this video, we show the use of a pneumatic capillary gun for the accurate biolistic delivery of reagents into live tissue. We use the procedure to ...

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of muscle specification, formation and function in model systems has provided valuable insight into muscle physiology. Therefore, identifying and characterizing molecular mechanisms that underlie muscle damage is critical. The structure of adult Drosophila multi-fiber muscles resemble vertebrate striated muscles 1 and the genetic tractability of Drosophila has made it a great system to analyze dystrophic muscle morphology and characterize the processes affecting muscular function in ageing adult flies 2. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. These preparations allow for the tissue to be stained with classical histological stains and labeled with protein detecting dyes, and specifically cryosections are ideal for immunohistochemical detection of proteins in intact muscles. This allows for analysis of muscle tissue structure, identification of morphological defects, and detection of the expression pattern for muscle/neuron-specific proteins in Drosophila adult muscles. These techniques can also be slightly modified for sectioning of other body parts.

Paraffin-Embedded and Frozen Sections of Drosophila Adult Muscles

Identification of mechanisms underlying muscle damage is crucial. Here we present the histological technique for preparing paraffin-embedded and frozen sections of Drosophila thoracic muscles. This allows analysis of muscle morphology and localization of protein and other muscle cell components.

의 파라핀 - 임베디드 및 냉동 섹션 Drosophila 성인 근육

The molecular characterization of muscular dystrophies and myopathies in humans has revealed the complexity of muscle disease and genetic analysis of ...

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion rate. This method can be used to obtain a better understanding of the process of diuresis in insects and is especially useful in the study of diuresis in blood-feeding arthropods that are able to take up huge amounts of liquid in a single blood meal. 
This RNAi-mediated gene knockdown combined with an in vivo diuresis assay was developed by the Hansen lab to study the effects of RNAi-mediated knockdown of aquaporin genes on Aedes aegypti mosquito diuresis1. 
The protocol is setup in two parts: the first demonstration illustrates how to construct a simple mosquito injection device and how to prepare and inject dsRNA into the thorax of mosquitoes for RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. The second demonstration illustrates how to determine excretion rates in mosquitoes using an in vivo bioassay.

RNAi-mediated Gene Knockdown and In Vivo Diuresis Assay in Adult Female Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

In this protocol we combine RNAi-mediated gene silencing with an in vivo diuresis assay to study the effects knockdown of genes of interest has on mosquito fluid excretion.

RNAi - 중재 유전자 최저 및<em&gt; VIVO에서</em성인 여자의&gt; 이뇨 분석<em&gt; Aedes aegypti</em&gt; 모기

This video protocol demonstrates an effective technique to knockdown a particular gene in an insect and conduct a novel bioassay to measure excretion ...

Using SecM Arrest Sequence as a Tool to Isolate Ribosome Bound Polypeptides

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway that polypeptide chain follows during co-translational folding to achieve its functional form is still an enigma. In order to understand this process and to determine the exact conformation of the co-translational folding intermediates, it is essential to develop techniques that allow the isolation of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes to allow their further structural analysis.
SecM (secretion monitor) is a 170 amino acid E. coli protein that regulates expression of the downstream SecA (secretion driving) ATPase in the secM-secA operon6. Nakatogawa and Ito originally found that a 17 amino acid long sequence (150-FSTPVWISQAQGIRAGP-166) in the C-terminal region of the SecM protein is sufficient and necessary to cause stalling of SecM elongation at Gly165, thereby producing peptidyl-glycyl-tRNA stably bound to the ribosomal P-site7-9. More importantly, it was found that this 17 amino acid long sequence can be fused to the C-terminus of virtually any full-length and/or truncated protein thus allowing the production of RNCs carrying nascent chains of predetermined sizes7. Thus, when fused or inserted into the target protein, SecM stalling sequence produces arrest of the polypeptide chain elongation and generates stable RNCs both in vivo in E. coli cells and in vitro in a cell-free system. Sucrose gradient centrifugation is further utilized to isolate RNCs.
The isolated RNCs can be used to analyze structural and functional features of the co-translational folding intermediates. Recently, this technique has been successfully used to gain insights into the structure of several ribosome bound nascent chains10,11. Here we describe the isolation of bovine Gamma-B Crystallin RNCs fused to SecM and generated in an in vitro translation system.

We describe here a technique that is now routinely used to isolate stably bound ribosome nascent chain complexes (RNCs). This technique takes advantage of the discovery that a 17 amino acid long SecM "arrest sequence" can halt translation elongation in a prokaryotic (E. coli) system, when inserted into (or fused to the C-terminus) of virtually any protein.

Ribosome 바운드 Polypeptides을 파악하는 도구로 SecM 체포 시퀀스를 사용하여

Extensive research has provided ample evidences suggesting that protein folding in the cell is a co-translational process1-5. However, the exact pathway ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

마우스의 빠른 비 침습 요추 경 막내 주사를 통해 생체 siRNA의 형질과 척수에있는 유전자 넉다운에

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are technically feasible and routine. However, some mouse models can have early onset of disease with a rapid progression that makes administration of potential therapies difficult. The temporal (or facial) vein is just anterior to the ear bud in mice and is clearly visible for the first two days after birth on either side of the head using a dissecting microscope. During this window, the temporal vein can be injected with volumes up to 50 &#956;l. The injection is safe and well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. A typical injection procedure is completed within 1-2 min, after which the pup is returned to the home cage. By the third postnatal day the vein is difficult to visualize and the injection procedure becomes technically unreliable. This technique has been used for delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which in turn can provide almost body-wide, stable transgene expression for the life of the animal depending on the viral serotype chosen.

Animal models of pediatric disease can experience early onset and aggressive disease progression. Clinically relevant therapy delivery to young mouse models can be technically difficult. This protocol describes a non-invasive intravenous injection method for newborn mice within the first two postnatal days of life.

신생아 마우스의 정맥 주사

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Silencing the Spark: CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Weakly Electric Fish

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these independently derived phenotypes, which share a common genetic architecture. This is perhaps best exemplified by the numerous convergent features of gymnotiforms and mormyrids, two species-rich teleost clades that produce and detect weak electric fields and are called weakly electric fish. In the 50 years since the discovery that weakly electric fish use electricity to sense their surroundings and communicate, a growing community of scientists has gained tremendous insights into evolution of development, systems and circuits neuroscience, cellular physiology, ecology, evolutionary biology, and behavior. More recently, there has been a proliferation of genomic resources for electric fish. Use of these resources has already facilitated important insights with regards to the connection between genotype and phenotype in these species. A major obstacle to integrating genomics data with phenotypic data of weakly electric fish is a present lack of functional genomics tools. We report here a full protocol for performing CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis that utilizes endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in weakly electric fish. We demonstrate that this protocol is equally effective in both the mormyrid species Brienomyrus brachyistius and the gymnotiform Brachyhypopomus gauderio by using CRISPR/Cas9 to target indels and point mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel gene scn4aa. Using this protocol, embryos from both species were obtained and genotyped to confirm that the predicted mutations in the first exon of the sodium channel scn4aa were present. The knock-out success phenotype was confirmed with recordings showing reduced electric organ discharge amplitudes when compared to uninjected size-matched controls.

Here, a protocol is presented to produce and rear CRISPR/Cas9 genome knockout electric fish. Outlined in detail are the required molecular biology, breeding, and husbandry requirements for both a gymnotiform and a mormyrid, and injection techniques to produce Cas9-induced indel F0 larvae.

불꽃을 침묵 : 약한 전기 물고기에서 CRISPR / Cas9 게놈 편집

Electroreception and electrogenesis have changed in the evolutionary history of vertebrates. There is a striking degree of convergence in these ...

TGF-&#946;-mediated Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EndMT) and the Functional Assessment of EndMT Effectors using CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

In response to specific external cues and the activation of certain transcription factors, endothelial cells can differentiate into a mesenchymal-like phenotype, a process that is termed endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Emerging results have suggested that EndMT is causally linked to multiple human diseases, such as fibrosis and cancer. In addition, endothelial-derived mesenchymal cells may be applied in tissue regeneration procedures, as they can be further differentiated into various cell types (e.g., osteoblasts and chondrocytes). Thus, the selective manipulation of EndMT may have clinical potential. Like epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), EndMT can be strongly induced by the secreted cytokine transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-&#946;), which stimulates the expression of so-called EndMT transcription factors (EndMT-TFs), including Snail and Slug. These EndMT-TFs then up- and downregulate the levels of mesenchymal and endothelial proteins, respectively. Here, we describe methods to investigate TGF-&#946;-induced EndMT in vitro, including a protocol to study the role of particular TFs in TGF-&#946;-induced EndMT. Using these techniques, we provide evidence that TGF-&#946;2 stimulates EndMT in murine pancreatic microvascular endothelial cells (MS-1 cells), and that the genetic depletion of Snail using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated gene editing, abrogates this phenomenon. This approach may serve as a model to interrogate potential modulators of endothelial biology, and can be used to perform genetic or pharmacological screens in order to identify novel regulators of EndMT, with potential application in human disease.

TGF-&#946;-mediated Endothelial to Mesenchymal Transition EndMT and the Functional Assessment of EndMT Effectors using CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

We describe methods to investigate TGF-&#946;2-induced EndMT in endothelial cells by observing cell morphology changes and examining the expression EndMT-related marker changes using immunofluorescence staining. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was described and used to deplete the gene encoding Snail to investigate its role in TGF-&#946;2-induced EndMT.

TGF-β 매개 내피- 중간엽 전환(EndMT)과 CRISPR/Cas9 유전자 편집을 사용하여 EndMT 이펙터의 기능평가

In response to specific external cues and the activation of certain transcription factors, endothelial cells can differentiate into a mesenchymal-like ...

Nuclei Isolation from Adult Mouse Kidney for Single-Nucleus RNA-Sequencing

The kidneys regulate diverse biological processes such as water, electrolyte, and acid-base homeostasis. Physiological functions of the kidney are executed by multiple cell types arranged in a complex architecture across the corticomedullary axis of the organ. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have accelerated the understanding of cell type-specific gene expression in renal physiology and disease. However, enzyme-based tissue dissociation protocols, which are frequently utilized for single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), require mostly fresh (non-archived) tissue, introduce transcriptional stress responses, and favor the selection of abundant cell types of the kidney cortex resulting in an underrepresentation of cells of the medulla.
Here, we present a protocol that avoids these problems. The protocol is based on nuclei isolation at 4 &#176;C from frozen kidney tissue. Nuclei are isolated from a central piece of the mouse kidney comprised of the cortex, outer medulla, and inner medulla. This reduces the overrepresentation of cortical cells typical for whole-kidney samples for the benefit of medullary cells such that data will represent the entire corticomedullary axis at sufficient abundance. The protocol is simple, rapid, and adaptable and provides a step towards the standardization of single-nuclei transcriptomics in kidney research.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate high-quality nuclei from frozen mouse kidneys that improve the representation of medullary kidney cell types and avoids the gene expression artifacts from enzymatic tissue dissociation.